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IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
Abstract—The Strategic Implementation Plan for speeding up
the transformation of European Cities into "Smart cities"
establishes 6 Actions Clusters and 11 Priority Areas. Some of
them are directly related to the transport and sustainable urban
mobility. The main goal is the application of new technologies to
minimize the loss of time and energy, and to improve the
satisfaction of citizens. The use and reuse of information as open
data, already collected from the Public Administration and
private entities is a source of possibilities adding extra value.
Technologies such as Bluetooth sensors, Open Data platforms
etc., become essential elements to achieve this goal. This paper
highlights the opportunity to take advantage of emerging
technologies, like the open source data platforms, or to use
services for data linked queries. As an example of application of
these technologies to the transport domain, several use cases with
some results are presented.
Index Terms— Information and Communications Technology,
Linked Open Data, Smart City, Traffic Management.
I. INTRODUCTION
INCE early 1995, the European Commission is promoting
activities related to Smart Cities, trying to improve public
services, transactions and interactions with citizens,
sustainability and European companies, through funding and
deployment of a wide variety of strategic ICT (Information
and Communications Technology) initiatives. [1].
The Gartner in its Hype Cycle for Smart City Technologies
and Solutions [2] defines the Smart City as "an urbanized area
where multiple public and private sectors cooperate to achieve
sustainable results through contextual analysis of the
information exchanged between them."
The Smart City aims to increase the quality of life of their
citizens through the use of intelligent technology (Big Data,
This work was supported in part by CONECTA project (SPIP2015-01777)
funded by the General Directorate of Traffic (DGT) of the Ministry of Interior
of Spain.
Francisco R. Soriano, IRTIC, Universitat de Valencia (UVEG), Valencia,
Spain (e-mail: francisco.r.soriano@uv.es ).
J. Javier Samper-Zapater, IRTIC, Unidad Polibienestar, Universitat de
Valencia (UVEG), Valencia, Spain (e-mail: jose.j.samper@.uv.es).
Juan José Martinez-Durá, IRTIC, Universitat de Valencia (UVEG),
Valencia, Spain (e-mail: juan.martinez-dura@uv.es ).
Ramón V. Cirilo-Gimeno, IRTIC, Universitat de Valencia (UVEG),
Valencia, Spain (e-mail: Ramon.V.Cirilo@uv.es ).
Javier Martínez Plumé, IRTIC, Universitat de Valencia (UVEG), Valencia,
Spain (e-mail: Javier.Martinez-Plume@uv.es).
IoT and M2M, sensors, mobile technologies, visualization 3D,
cloud platforms, open data platforms, etc.), improving the
quality and efficiency of services provided by both public
administrations and companies, to produce a development of
the economic, energy and environmentally sustainable city.
The main objective is to satisfy the increasingly demanding
and complex needs of citizens making the best possible use of
resources, which are in turn increasingly scarce and
diminishing [3].
The App Manifest for smart cities [4] includes the following
statement: "The city should be like the Internet, i.e. it should
allow creative development and deployment of applications in
order to empower citizens".
There are several interesting issues which are currently
being carried out within the framework of smart cities and
they are based on services and intelligent applications
developed in the Smart City [5]:
•More sustainable and more efficient cities
•More sustainable houses and buildings
• Efficient use of resources
•Efficient and sustainable transport
•Better urban planning
•Better administrative management
•Better information for citizens
The paradigm of Smart City is shown as the opportunity to
make available to citizens, businesses and administrations, a
number of new and innovative services and applications
settled on four axes or main facilitators [6]:
•The commitment and participation of citizens.
•Open access to data.
•Technologies of the Future Internet.
•The development of the city as advanced innovation
ecosystems.
A smart city should have a city strategy which consists of a
series of initiatives on features of Smart Cities to be developed
through specific projects using components that this city has
(institutional, technological, and human factors). There are no
general solutions, each city is unique. In figure 1 the
relationship between components and characteristics of Smart
Cities is shown.
Smart Mobility Trends. Open Data and Other
Tools.
Francisco R. Soriano, J. Javier Samper, Juan José Martínez-Durá, Ramón V. Cirilo and Javier
Martínez Plumé
S
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
Fig. 1. The relationship between components and characteristics of Smart
Cities [7].
The main objective of this article is to show the importance of
using emerging technologies in cities, and especially in the
domain of vehicle traffic in urban environments.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2
presents the concept of open and connected city that was
relevant for this work; Section 3 discusses open data platforms
and other technologies; Section 4 presents several case studies
and describes the design of the proposed approach; Section 5
presents the evaluation and the results obtained; and, finally,
Section 6 presents our final remarks and future works.
II. OPEN AND CONNECTED CITY
The opening of the data generated by the city and in the city
is the starting point for the emergence of innovative initiatives
capable of providing services based on information and
technology that will facilitate new relationships between
citizens and government applications. At the same time,
opening the city data enables the emergence of new businesses
based on the transformation of this wealth of information into
knowledge. Open Data refers not only to the opening of public
sector data made available to society on public platforms, but
also encompasses data produced by citizens and private
enterprises which share their data with the authorities, who
also share public data with the city [8]. It is a Win-to-Win
approach, where all stakeholders win with the opening of data
that are already available (some of them collected with public
taxes). Public administrations have historically been providing
data to their citizens, generally making great efforts which
also raised considerable challenges and obstacles. The
development of the Web, as well as technologies and practices
associated with it, today offers one of the best opportunities to
make a reality the goal of providing information and
disseminating large amounts and types of available data
services. In this context, data is a valuable asset and an
essential resource for almost any activity in our society that
everyone assumes that it should be shared [9], especially when
they already paid for them (through taxes) making Public
Administration work efficiently.
A. Strategic implementation plan of the European Union
The High Level Group of the European Innovation
Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities presented the
Strategic Implementation Plan for speeding up the
transformation of European Cities into "Smart cities" [10].
The six Action Clusters which were set up are:
• Business Models, Finance and Procurement
• Citizen Focus
• Integrated Infrastructures & Processes (including
Open Data)
• Policy & Regulations / Integrated Planning
• Sustainable Districts and Built Environment
• Sustainable Urban Mobility
Furthermore, eleven Priority Areas were identified in the
strategic plan. These priority areas have been set up to develop
smarter cities, of which eight are covered by the Action
Clusters.
One of them is “Sustainable Urban Mobility” with the
following goals:
• Improve clean power for transport: vehicles and
infrastructure
• Foster seamless door-to-door multi-modality in
urban transport
• Further clean logistics
• Open up intelligence in urban transport systems
• Enable tools for seamless door-to-door multi-
modality
• Promote sustainable and integrated mobility
planning
• Promote use of cleaner vehicles
On the other hand, according to a study published by
Analysis Mason titled "Cars Online: global trends, forecasts
and strategy between 2014 and 2024" [11], by 2024, 89% of
new cars sold worldwide are expected to have embedded
connectivity. Considering the report, the technology that is
being and will be developed for the manufacture of connected
cars will be an "essential part" in the Internet of Things. In the
near future all vehicles will be continuously interconnected
and geographically located during their journey, receiving
information about problems on the roads, even the intentions
of the vehicle that precedes them (See figure 2). Also, the
monitoring infrastructure of the city will disappear. The
vehicles are going to turn into a mobile sensor that will collect
all the information of the state of the city. There will be no
cameras, radar stations, data collection stations or detectors.
The information will be collected by the vehicle itself. This is
more reliable and cheaper, and it will allow the entire city to
be covered without having to establish monitoring systems,
data collection systems in every street.
SmartCity
Habitability
Government
Economy
Mobility
Environment
Citizen
Institutional
Factors
Technological
Factors
Human
Factors
Common Characteristics
Specific Components
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
Fig. 2. Interconnected Cars and Cities.
The existence of a Sensors Network will contribute to collect
valuable information about the cars and citizens moving into
the city. In this picture, the technologies related to the
communications as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) or Vehicle-to-
Infrastructure (V2I) and vice versa (I2V) will go on being very
important. Using V2V technology, vehicles ranging from cars
to trucks and buses to trains could one day be able to
communicate important safety and mobility information to one
another that can help save lives, prevent injuries, ease traffic
congestion, and improve the environment [12].
In this sense, an important issue related to the urban traffic and
the necessary knowledge for the city and citizens is the traffic
characterization. One ICT initiative for the city of Valencia
(Spain) is described below.
B. Urban Traffic characterization using wireless sensors
Urban traffic management requires detailed knowledge of
the state and behavior of the traffic area of interest. Dynamic
origin - destination matrices (ODM) are fundamental for road
traffic management parameters.
In recent years the application of Bluetooth (BT) devices or
Wi-Fi is being extended as a source of information for
obtaining traffic data [13], [14], [15].
Bluetooth sensors are unaffected by light or weather
conditions and their deployment has a low economical cost.
One of the drawbacks for the use of this technology is the
penetration of these devices among citizens; not all cars are
equipped with BT devices, and not all travelers have a device
(mobile phone) that can be detected by these sensors.
However, in practice this is not a problem, since it has been
proven that if a level of penetration of 25-30% of this
technology is reached, the resulting ODM provide 95% of
reliability [16].
Mobility Strategy, in the city of Valencia (Spain), has
developed a pilot project based on this type of sensor which
aims to analyze mobility in the urban area of the city. The
devices are located on two traffic signal poles in one of the
main streets with the highest traffic density. The equipment
allows the identification of one vehicle in different areas when
it approaches the sensor. Thus, the vehicle can be
subsequently located at any point in the network where the
sensors are placed, to obtain travel time and origin-destination
matrices. Figure 3 shows one of the installed sensors.
Fig. 3. Sensor device developed by LISITT and installed in Basque
Country (Spain).
A new intelligent transportation system equipment has been
installed next to the electromagnetic loops located on the road,
to facilitate a future comparison between the data obtained by
each one of the systems.
The data collected by sensors developed in LISITT [17] are
sent to the VLCI "Valencia Ciudad Inteligente" platform.
The VLCI digital platform has been designed by Telefonica
for the city of Valencia, which became the first Spanish city to
centralize all municipal information through a pioneer
technological solution based on the European standard FI-
WARE [18].
Following the strategy of smart cities, it has also been
decided to make available the data from the VLCI platform for
users which will lead to new developments. At present 66 data
sources are available with an API for developers that allows
the free use of this data under Creative Commons licence [19]
III. PLATFORMS FOR PUBLICATION AND
MANAGEMENT DATA
The data publishing platforms will be the key to establish a
strategy of openness technological support. It will be
necessary to try the development of customized platforms, that
fully meet the specific needs (either from scratch or, perhaps
more advisable, partly reusing other content management
systems and components already available on the market).
The ultimate goal of a publishing platform open data should
be not only to serve as a catalog for managing data published
by institutions, but also to provide the necessary support to all
the elements that will be part of that initiative of opened data
through a series of tools that together make up the platform
data: data access, searching and sorting, updating, display,
gallery applications, integration with social networks etc. [20].
A. CKAN platform
CKAN (stands for Comprehensive Knowledge Archive
Network) is a project of the Open Network Foundation. This is
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
a content management open source data that provides the
necessary tools to manage content databases and displays
them via the web. It allows all kinds of applications to be
developed by both enterprises and citizens [21].
Tim Berners-Lee asseverates that any data set in any format
can be supported by CKAN, and also CKAN provides the
necessary foundation to achieve a five-star Open Data [22].
The platform has a wide range of features among which we
could highlight [21]:
• Publication and data management, for example
through the automated collection of data from other
repositories.
• Search and reuse: syntactical search via keywords or
faceted search and filter based on the metadata
provided.
• Metadata: rich set of metadata available by default,
including geospatial metadata according to the
INSPIRE [23] directive, and possibility of
incorporating new custom metadata.
In addition, CKAN also allows advanced customization of
both the appearance of the catalog and its functionality,
through its mechanisms for the development of themes and
extensions.
B. Other Tools for data management
One tool that seems enough interesting is Fusion Table [24].
This is an experimental tool from Google where you can
"create a dynamic table" and import the file into multiple
formats as "csv", "kml" etc., previously downloaded. It is also
important to highlight this online tool as CKAN allows
visualization of data in different types of graphs and maps if
there are geo-referenced data. Furthermore, as added value it
can integrate data from different tables (see figure 4), allowing
both manual combination of tables selected by the user and as
an automatic search by the application of those tables that
could be combined with the prior matching degree of rows
that they have got. It also has an API for use by developers.
Fig. 4. Combining two data tables by Google Table Fusion.
IV. CASE STUDIES
A couple of case studies of implementation of open data
technologies in the domain of transport will be exposed:
A. Traffic and Transport Information Access Point
In 2010 the European Union (EU) created a policy to
promote the development and deployment of ITS (Intelligent
Transport Systems) in Europe [25]. This (very general)
directive is complemented by the subsequent creation (2012 -
2015) of a set of priorities regulated through delegated
regulations that establish the necessary specifications to ensure
compatibility, interoperability and continuity of the
implementation and operational use of data and procedures to
facilitate, where possible, the following types of information
or priorities:
• a.- provision of EU-wide multimodal travel
information services:
• b.- provision of EU-wide real-time traffic information
services;
• c.- data and procedures for the provision of free
safety-related Minimum Traffic Information;
• d.- the harmonized provision for an Interoperable
EU-wide eCall;
• e and f.- Provision of information services for safe
and secure parking places for trucks and commercial
vehicles.
Four of these previous priorities (b, c, d and e / f) have
already been regulated through delegated regulations and they
establish the obligation to create national SAP (Single Access
Point) with information that allows reuse of (public and
private) data available in each country to develop potential
markets. These regulations establish, for example, the
following requirements to ensure the availability,
dissemination, exchange and re-use of data [26]:
• Operators public or private service providers must
share and exchange the data collected (such as data
relevant to road traffic safety or the availability of
parking for trucks).
• The data should be available in the DATEX II format
[27] or a compatible system.
• Member States shall manage a unique national access
point to the data.
• The National Access Point shall group different
individual access points (public and private).
• Public and private road operators and service
providers shall ensure the timely renewal and quality
of data made available through their access point.
• Public and private road operators and service
providers will collaborate to harmonize the
presentation of the content of the information
provided to end users:
o it shall be provided in such a way as to
ensure the widest reach of end users
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
concerned by the given event or condition,
o it shall be made available by public and/or
private road operators and/or service
providers and/or broadcasters dedicated to
traffic information, where possible, and free
of charge to end users
o it shall inform end users of the existence of
the information service and its coverage.
Therefore, each Member State must implement its national
SAP, but it has not been determined how to implement it.
In Spain, several technical solutions were considered,
according to the internal document of the European
Commission FAQ:
• A website with different URLs to different
information providers.
• Using Web services to provide information to users
(or information providers with some added value)
previously recorded.
• Using a comprehensive information system integrator
(data warehouse).
All of these alternatives have advantages and disadvantages
in relation to their development or complexity, cost, scalability
and maintenance.
Regarding the architecture of the access point, there is no
obligation to use a specific architecture and also there is no
interest among EU states to seek harmonization of this
architecture. This gives freedom to choose the solution
adopted. Some decisions taken a priori can influence on the
chosen architecture, for example considering the possibility of
having to pay for some data.
As for the metadata itself it might be interesting to work on
a proposal for harmonization of a metadata catalog. It would
permit the existence and development of common search
algorithms and filtering. This catalog should include
information such as:
• available information is in the access point,
• refresh rate,
• who is the provider of the information, and
• distinct access methods and formats.
Therefore, the use of an open data platform as CKAN
greatly meets the requirements demanded for implementing
SAPs, established by the European regulations.
The common access point will coincide with the catalog
data or metadata, which will allow a more efficient
organization and easier access by potential users. It will
publish and manage collections of data with very few
resources and, once published users can explore and even pre-
visualize them through maps, graphs and tables.
As pre-publication steps, it is necessary to establish the
conditions of use, adoption, licensing and data preparation
(formats, metadata). To do this, it is also necessary to take into
account the Technical Interoperability Standard for Reusing
Information Resources in Spain (NTI) [28], since it is the
national legislation to ensure interoperability and use of
published data. Furthermore, it allows our platform data to be
federated through the national data catalog "datos.gob.es" and
later on through the website of the European Union data
"europeandataportal.eu" (figure 5).
To achieve this it would be advisable to consider both the
text of the standard itself and some of the technical guidelines
issued by different agencies, for example, the guideline made
by project Aragon Open Data [29] or Open Data Canarias
[30].
Fig. 5. European Data Portal
Although CKAN allows both static (data available through
files) and dynamic type data sets, the latter would be the best
choice for this type of implementation. Therefore it is a
question of establishing direct connection with the original
source from which the data is obtained through a web address
(URL) where they have been published. In this case, each time
the data is updated it will be directly reflected in the
cataloging platform without any intervention [31].
With respect to the sets of published data (datasets), using
native API CKAN as through any additional API provided,
users can access structured data formats such as JSON
(JavaScript Object Notation) [32] etc. Moreover, the
publication of data linked in Category 5 [14] makes it possible
to implement a supplementary service SPARQL endpoint [33]
that allows users to query data. Keep in mind that from the
user point of view, it is important to know the details of the
structure of the data, so they can have a clear idea of how to
query the data. For its development a tool like the Virtuoso
server, open source could be considered, which would provide
the appropriate repository for linked data in RDF format [34]
and also provide a SPARQL endpoint [35]. The proposed SAP
architecture can be seen in figure 6.
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
Fig. 6. SAP Architecture with Linked Open Data, based on [33].
For example, a particular application of this architecture
could be to search, using on-board devices, free parking places
based on geographical proximity and considering static and
dynamic data of a particular vehicle and updated information
about parking spaces in a city (open public data or LOD). The
voice-user interface (VUI) will make human interaction with
on-board devices possible through a voice/speech platform in
order to initiate an automated service or process via
VoiceXML specification [36]. See figure 7.
Fig. 7. Searching for free parking places.
B. CONECTA project
The CONECTA project was funded by the General
Directorate of Traffic (DGT) of the Spanish Ministry of the
Interior. Its main and prior objective was to answer the
question of why certain factors such as accidents and mobility
vary and, especially when road policies have not changed.
So far, the DGT conducts studies and investigations of
accidents and mobility using its own data, obtained during the
development of their skills (management of road safety and
traffic management and mobility on the road), but does not
consider other factors external to this administration.
The "internal" databases related to the CONECTA project
belong to the DGT together with "external" traffic databases
and try to find relationships that can explain facts and
indicators of accidents or road safety and mobility. An outline
of the proposed architecture is shown in figure 8.
Fig. 8. A proposal architecture based on LOD for CONECTA project.
The research carried out aimed at obtaining as a result a
basic list based on:
• open information currently available within the DGT
(through different departments) and
• another interesting open information that would
allow an interconnection process to be performed and
which did not belong to the DGT.
The methodology followed in the project was based on
using information and currently available parameters in traffic
(used currently for exploitation and statistics) and afterwards,
the addition of more data from other sources external to the
DGT information, and checking the potential usefulness of
these sources to provide extra information regarding mobility
and road safety knowledge currently available.
To carry out the CONECTA project the following "internal"
databases from the DGT were taken into account:
1. Accidents database (ARENA), compiled from traffic
accidents in which road safety agents have intervened
(traffic police or “guardia civil”) and
2. Database of incidents and traffic conditions
(INCITAR), compiled by either human resources
(traffic police, traffic management center operators)
or automatic resources (sensors on the road, incident
detection cameras...).
In the first phase of the project, the parameters and
indicators of these two databases were taken into account.
From these databases, a list of parameters used in current
traffic databases was created which in turn allowed us to be
linked to other external databases that were analyzed. Among
the external databases considered were those relating to:
1. Spanish Ministry of Public Works which gathers
diverse information, including public transport
information, transport infrastructure, public works on
roads, road tunnels or mountain passes,
2. INE (National Statistics Institute) that collects
CKAN
Data
Management
System
Virtuoso Server
Linked Dat a SPA RQL
endpoint
User / Client
Administrator
(LOD)
Parking
Places
VoiceXML-to-
SPARQL
Vehicle on-board
device (Voice
Browser)
SPARQL Endpoint
+
Geospatial services
Data Sources
Linked
Data
Server
Linked Data Cloud
SPARQL Endpoint
Link Discovery
Geospatial services
WHY certain
factors such as
accidents and
mobility vary?
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
various information including macroeconomic and
microeconomic factors in the country as fuel prices,
population densities or improved economic situation,
3. Spanish Ministry of Industry which provides
information on Technical Inspections of Vehicles
(ITV) and,
4. weather information from the State Meteorological
Agency - AEMET. Government of Spain.
A matching process was conducted between the data
(through descriptors), and those belonging to the internal
databases of the DGT, in order to detect relationships that
enable connection between them. The key was to find out the
position or area where a record in the database was allocated.
As a final result of the project the following was presented:
• A proposed open and external systems architecture
linked to the system to which the DGT should
connect to improve its exploitation and the
understanding of what happens on Spanish roads.
• A deployment plan to carry out such connections
including not only communications but the
methodology to link the internal databases with
external new ones to which it will connect.
V. TEST BED.
To demonstrate the usefulness of the results of research
carried out in the CONECTA project, some tests were carried
out to show the benefits of using these technologies.
Once the data (RDF triplets) is uploaded to the Virtuoso
server, it is possible to consult these data in our SPARQL
Endpoint, both Virtuoso (which is the principal one), and
CKAN, which, thanks to the Ckanext-SPARQL extension, is
the shortcut to Virtuoso. The results of the consultation were
obviously the same in both.
Several queries allowed link data (based on DATEX)
published by our Virtuoso server (see figure 9) with other
external data published by AEMET (meteorological data), and
also encyclopedic information in DBpedia [37].
Through the SERVICE sentence, it is possible to connect to
SPARQL endpoint of AEMET database to obtain quantitative
weather conditions from stations which had the same location
of the accident.
AEMET properties can be understood reviewing its ontology
available at [38]. The database AEMET provides useful
information about the weather and has data (meteorological
properties) such as direction in degrees of the maximum wind
speed (DMAX10), average wind speed in m/s (VV10m),
direction in degrees of average speed (DV10m). traveled
distance of wind in Hm (RVIENTO), maximum wind speed in
m/s (VMAX10m), environmental temperature in degrees
(TA), relative humidity in % (HR), precipitation in mm
(PREC) and dew point temperature in degrees Celsius (TPR),
compiled by different stations [39].
Moreover, DBPedia provides additional information about any
item described in the accident.
Obviously, for this type of queries, the properties (in this case
the Location and Date) must exist and belong to the same type
in all related sources.
Fig. 9. Traffic data in Virtuoso, based on DATEX2 standard
An example query and its results are shown in figure 10 and
11 respectively.
Fig. 10. SPARQL query.
IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Magazine. ITS Services to Smart-city Context
©2017 IEEE
Fig. 11. SPARQL results.
An interesting conclusion from the results shown above, is the
possibility of relating information from heterogeneous sources
(date/time and location of the accident) and determine, for
example in this case, if the temperature information at that
point presents outliers and which could therefore be decisive
or not when establishing the possible causes of the accident.
In this case, note that the temperature of Zaragoza when the
accident occurred (on 21-08-2011 at 17:10), reached 37.8
Celsius degrees, a priori information that could be considered
important.
Some techniques from machine learning or data mining could
be used for automatic processes of data extraction and later
statistical and predictive analysis.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Emphasis was placed on the importance of using ICT in the
management of the Smart Cities and the importance of the
public administrations releasing data for their use in different
applications deployed in such cities.
The use of open data can impact positively on citizens in
particular and society in general. Open databases throughout
society means an approach where all stakeholders win:
• particular users, through better services,
• public administration through improved transparency
of their data and activities for the citizen, and
• companies which can use the data to provide further
added value and thus business and wealth (jobs) or
can sell their data and information.
To carry out this data opening an agreement on a certain level
of harmonization and organization is necessary: structure or
format, data catalogs, harmonization metadata, which allow
the relationships between all open databases available to be
searched for and established. For this purpose the use of
platforms such as CKAN could be an important advantage. As
stated in the delegated Regulation (EU) No 886/2013 of the
European Commission [39], in an access point, data must be
collected, formatted and then be accessible for exchange and
reuse by any user of this type of information (minimum
universal traffic in relation to road safety). In addition, a
national SAP unifies the access points established by the
managers of the road network and / or service providers,
public and / or private, operating in their territory. The CKAN
tool represents a unique opportunity for implement it. The
CONECTA project can prove that the link between different
and seemingly unrelated databases, can allow a better
explanation of behavior or situations, such as to answer to the
question as why the traffic and accidents is increasing when
the economic situation improves.
Nowadays, the main problem is that the existing open data
are not in a format suitable for reuse in our proposal. For
example, in the case of AEMET [39], (site that has some
linked data for testing) is not functional now, since it stopped
publishing Linked Data a few years ago. In the future, new
sources and decision support systems will be added to detect
extraordinary conditions or potentially causative factors.
REFERENCES
[1] “Smart Cities”. EU Platform for Intelligent Cities [Online]. Available:
http://www.epic-cities.eu/content/smart-cities
[2] “Hype Cycle for Smart City” Technologies. Urban and Regional
Innovation Research. 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://www.urenio.org/2013/01/05/hype-cycle-for-smart-city-
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