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Wieviel weniger darf´s denn sein? Düstere Zukunftsaussichten für die Bodenseefischerei, eine der größten Binnenfischereien Europas

Authors:
  • Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW)
  • Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg

Abstract

The professional fishermen of Lake Constance are facing challenging times. Due to decreasing nutrient levels their yields are constantly declining. In comparison to former mesotrophic times during 1990 to 2005 with TPmix-levels from 35 to 10 μg L-1, the yield of whitefish, their main target species, has reduced during recent years (2006 until today) with TPmix-levels < 10 μg L-1 by half. In addition, due to the pelagial invasion of the non-native three-spined stickleback in 2013 and its competition for food with whitefish, a further decrease in growth and yield was observed. Since 2013 only 25 % of the amount of whitefish formerly caught during the last mesotrophic phase was generated by local fishermen. This yield is nearly 100 t below the mean value of the last oligotrophic phase during 1910 and 1955 and therefore 100 t below the expected yield for recent days. Thus, the number of active fishermen at Lake Constance are constantly declining and actual fisheries management decisions could not stop this trend. Due to the fact that in 2016 the invasive quagga mussel was introduced in the lake, further decreases in nutrient level and yield are expected. Secondary, the local stock of cormorants is increasing dramatically, leading to increasing predation pressure on fish species targeted by fishermen. All in all, one of the most environmentally sustainable forms of animal food production, namely inland fisheries of Lake Constance, is shortly before extinction. New management decisions with the help of all involved stakeholders at Lake Constance are needed to reverse this trend.
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ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI
Zeitschrift für Fischerei
Erstes deutschsprachiges OpenAccess-Journal der Fischereiforschung
Perspekven
Wieviel weniger darf´s denn sein? Düstere Zukunsaussichten für die
Bodenseescherei, eine der größten Binnenschereien Europas
1 Fischereiforschungsstelle Baden-


Korrespondierender Autor
Jan Baer





Zierhinweis


-
-



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

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


Zusammenfassung


  
  -1 
-1-
 -
 




     

 -
-
  
-
    
       



      


Abstract
   -
-
       -1   
  
-1-

-


 -
  

     


       


      

Jan Baer1, Alexander Brinker1
Binnenscherei
Binnenscherei
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI



 © Autor(en) 2022
Fazit für die Praxis
-
-


  

   
-

   


guurosus

    -
     
        
  

Perca uvialis-
  Abramis brama   Rulus
rulus     -
  Salmo trua  Salvelinus
alpinusEsox lucius
     
Jahrhundert die Grundlage der regionalen Fischerei und da-

        
-
 
        

   -
  
   -
   

  
 -

 


    -
    
   -
   

  
    -
  -
   -
   
 
1. Ausgangslage
       -
     

-


-
     
Gasterosteus aculeatus
-


     
 Coregonus spp.     
 
   Coregonus wartmanni
 Coregonus macrophthal-
musCoregonus arenicolus
     Coregonus
Abbildung 1


Binnenscherei
 
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI


Seite 3 / 13© Autor(en) 2022

    -

-
 -


 
      -
  

      

-
   
 
-
he        
    
       
-
 -


1.1. Phosphor: Das eigentliche Regulav

      -
     

 -

     
-
-1
-1
-

      

-
-

       
-

       
-
 
     

 

-
-

    -

         -

-
       -
      
         -1
  -

         -
      

-
        

Tabelle 1

-

 

Felchenertrag in
-



 
-1 Felchen  -
 
-1 Felchen  
 
-1 Felchen  
 
-1 Felchen  
 
-1

  
 
-1   

Binnenscherei
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI



Seite 4 / 13 © Autor(en) 2022
      
   
     -
   -

    
    -
-

-
    
   -1

    
    
    
      
     
-
 -1.
-

 
     -
    
    
    -

      
   -
     
    
    
    -
   
    -
   
    
  -
-
-
      
   
     
   
    
      
      -
   
    
   
    

  
   
 
   
      
-

-
-
 et
     

    

     
-
-
 

1.2. Die Invasion des Schlings:
Ein zusätzlicher Wirkfaktor
-

   
   
    
-
    
    
    
   -
    
 
   
    
-
   -
 

    
    
    
   
   -

     -

  -
  
 -
 -
    
   
     
 -
-
    
    

     -
Abbildung 2


-


Abbildung 3



Binnenscherei
 
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI


© Autor(en) 2022
    -
   
 
   et
   -
    -
 

fressen auch Felchenei-
    

     
   
 
 

   
  
   
-
 -
   
   -
  -
    
 

       -

      
 -
       
       
        
  
      
        
   -

1.3. Konsequenzen für die Binnenscherei
-
te sich der Felchenertrag
    -
  
   
    
  

    
   -
  
   -
   
   
  -
 
    -1 -
 
   
  -
  
  -
  -
  
Abbildung 4


Abbildung 5


Binnenscherei
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI



 © Autor(en) 2022
  

   
 -
   
   -

  -
  

   -
  
 
   
  
   
 -
 
 
Erscheinen dieser für
  
   
  -
  -
   
    
  
      
  -
  
          -
   
     -
-
 -

     
   -
       -




     -
     


    

      
       -
   -
     

   
-

       
    

-
schen Staaten.
1.4. Managementansätze
     
    
        
  
-1
 4   

 -



   -
    
      -
     
      -

   
  -
  


-
-
Abbildung 6


Binnenscherei
 
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI


© Autor(en) 2022

    
-
    -

-1-
 
     

    







       -


-
      


  -

    -
      -
-

-

   -

      
   
 -
     

      -
      
      -
    


    -
      
    -

 
       -

Abbildung 7


Binnenscherei
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI



Seite 8 / 13 © Autor(en) 2022
2. Derzeige Realität

-
-
 

        -
  
      

       
-

       
 -1-

        

  
      -




       
   
       
-


-

-


-
-



-


Abbildung 8


-1

Binnenscherei
 
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI


© Autor(en) 2022
3. Zukunsaussichten
      
     
  -

1. -
     
     et

       -

    Dreissena rostriformis
bugensis
      -
        -
      
      

    
      

     
  
 
    -
 
   
     
 -

3.   Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis  -
-
      
 -




      -


Abbildung 9



Binnenscherei
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI



 © Autor(en) 2022
     -

      -
-

-
-


       
      -
  
     
      
-
 -

      

   -
-
  
 
-


 
   
    -

   -
    
    
      
      -
       
 -
     -
     -
    
     
     
 -

  
    -

   -
    
       
      -

    
-
   
      
     
 


  
 -
      -
     -
 
     
-
        

    -
-
 

     
      
  
      

    
       
    -
        -
     
      
 
       
 -

 
  
   

   

     
     -
Leuciscus leuciscus
       
-


    


 
Binnenscherei
 
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI


Seite 11 / 13© Autor(en) 2022
Literaturverzeichnis
        

     -




     
    -
   



         -
    -
 
       
  
-


  


  -

      
    

 
      -
      

-
       
 -
      
 

        
       -
        
      


         
-
 
    
-

      -



-


 -
     
     
    


    
   -
-

       
   Gasterosteus acu-
leatus    
   -


       
 

          
 -


     
 

-

-
-



     -
 -
     


   -

  -

    
-
-


    -

        
      -
      
 

Binnenscherei
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI



 © Autor(en) 2022
   
      -
-

-
   -


-
    
    

 
     
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada

          
       
     

         -
  
     -
     -
    -
  
-

        


      

         
-
       

        
       



-
    -
 
     
     



      -


   

-
-

-

     -
   

      -
    
  -


    
-
        

      
-

     
-





-

      
-
      
   


     -
         




   
     -
   


   -
      


         -
 
-

     

-



     -
Binnenscherei
 
ZEITSCHRIFT
FÜR FISCHEREI


Seite 13 / 13© Autor(en) 2022

        -
-


-
     
    
     
      

        -
      
    
   



   
      
   


 -
 -
    

     

-
  

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... For example, the re-oligotrophication of lakes in Europe has already caused changes in lake fisheries in recent decades (Eckmann et al 2006, Baer et al 2017, and these effects may be further compounded by quagga mussels. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), first detected in the open water fish community of Lake Constance in 2013, quickly became the dominant fish species (50%−70% of all fish individuals are stickleback) and may have already reduced Lake Constance fish catches (Baer and Brinker 2022). Quaggas may exacerbate or mitigate the effects of three-spined sticklebacks on pelagic fisheries, but at the moment, such anticipated effects are speculative. ...
Article
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Quagga mussels have expanded their range across the northern hemisphere in recent decades owing to their dispersal abilities, prolific reproduction rates, and broad ecological tolerances. Their remarkable capacity to filter particulates from the water column has had profound effects on inland aquatic ecosystems. In the North American Great Lakes, quagga mussel populations have increased inexorably since the late 1980’s, but it remains unclear whether quagga mussels will follow a similar trajectory in Europe where they have appeared more recently. Here we apply knowledge from a long-term quagga population monitoring effort in the North American lakes to predict future quagga populations in deep European lakes, where quaggas are quickly becoming a conspicuous part of the underwater landscape. We predict that quagga mussel biomass in Lakes Biel, Constance, and Geneva may increase by a factor of 9–20 by 2045. Like in North America, this increase may be characterized by a shift to larger individuals and deeper depths as the population matures. If realized, this rapid expansion of quagga mussels would likely drive the largest aquatic ecosystem change in deep European lakes since the eutrophication period of the mid-20th century.
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Die Gesamtartenliste der sich im Süßwasser reproduzierenden Fische und Neunaugen Deutschlands umfasst 111 etablierte Arten. Eine Rote-Liste-Kategorie wird für die 90 indigenen und archäobiotischen Arten ermittelt. Die bundesweite Gefährdungsanalyse beruht auf den länderspezifischen Einschätzungen von 59 Expertinnen und Experten aus allen Ländern und wurde durch eine quantitative Auswertung der Befischungsdaten von 6.424 Messstellen aus den Programmen der Europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie bzw. der Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie sowie Erkenntnisse aus weiteren wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen gestützt. Insgesamt werden 9 Arten als ausgestorben oder verschollen und 38 weitere als bestandsgefährdet (Rote-Liste-Kategorien 1, 2, 3 und G) eingestuft. Von Letzteren sind 11 Arten vom Aussterben bedroht. Der zuvor als ausgestorben betrachtete Tiefseesaibling Salvelinus profundus und der verschollen geglaubte Steingreßling Romanogobio uranoscopus wurden wiederentdeckt. Deutschland hat für die weltweite Erhaltung von 21 Arten eine erhöhte Verantwortlichkeit, darunter befinden sich 7 Endemiten. Süßwasserfische und Neunaugen werden maßgeblich durch Gewässerverschmutzung und -ausbau gefährdet. Darüber hinaus gibt das Schwinden von Süßwasserfisch- und Neunaugenbeständen durch die in den letzten Jahren vermehrt auftretenden Dürresommer einen Ausblick auf die potenziellen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels.
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Upper Lake Constance (ULC) is a large pre-alpine lake situated between Austria, Germany and Switzerland (9°18'E, 47°39'N). Along with the smaller, conjoined expanse of Lower Lake Constance, it forms the third largest lake in Europe. Its waters underwent pronounced eutrophication during the 20th century. Commercial fisheries benefitted strongly from the increased productivity during an initial mesotrophic phase, but these advantages were effectively neutralized when eutrophication became severe. By the turn of the 21 st century, internationally coordinated measures to reduce nutrient input to the lake had returned ULC to its historic reference state as an oligotrophic ecosystem. However, the remarkable success of the nutrient management program has been to the detriment of commercial fishers. Yields of most commercially important fish species have decreased, along with lake productivity. As a consequence, the high market demand for local fish products is nowadays met mainly by imports, the ecological footprint of which offsets the local benefits of environmental restoration. Responsibility for fisheries and environmental aspects of ULC managing is shared by the national and federal state administrations and in all cases, tourism, drinking water and environmental interests now take priority over fisheries. As a result, the number of fishers operating viably on Germany's largest inland water body continues to decline and the long-term viability of commercial capture operations is in doubt. Aquaculture of locally desired fish species may become an important factor in the future of the Lake Constance fisheries.
Article
In large and deep Lake Constance, total phosphorus concentrations during winter mixing (TPmix) were reduced by a factor of three (> 80 to ca. 30 ;g/l) from about 1979 to 1993. This resulted in an amplification and lengthening of phosphorus (P) depleted conditions throughout the season and water column. The response of the phytoplankton community depended on the time of the year and the level of aggregation under consideration. Total phytoplankton biomass quantified in terms of algal biovolume or chlorophyll concentrations decreased in summer, i. e. during the period of most severe P depletion, to about half of the original values during the first decade. In subsequent years, summer chlorophyll concentrations remained at this lower level whereas total biovolume increased again despite further decreases of TPmix. Average algal biomass in spring and autumn fluctuated without a distinct relationship to TPmix although P was depleted below the detection level during parts of these time intervals in recent years. This moderate response by community level parameters is attributed to changes in the temporal and internal organization of the algal community. Population dynamics and the relative importance of various taxonomical and functional groups such as mixotrophs and less-edible forms clearly changed in spring and summer. The renewed increase in algal biovolume in summer is mostly caused by species which are able to exploit additional P sources. For example, Dinobryon is an evidently mixotrophic organism which ingests P rich bacteria, its strongest competitors for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Ceratium hirundinella might be migrating between the euphotic zone and deeper, P enriched water layers under suitable hydrodynamical conditions. At the level of genera and higher taxa, consistent trends in respect to TPmix were observed in spring and summer mostly indicating an adaptation to more oligotrophic conditions. In contrast, the functional group of well-edible algae showed little interannual variability and did not change in absolute numbers. This suggests that, in contrast to less-edible algae, well-edible forms are more strongly under top-down than bottom-up control, and that the nutritional basis of most herbivores changed less than it would be expected from the decrease in total algal biomass.
Article
Around 1350 the authorities of the Lake Constance region began to regulate the local fisheries by issuing fishermen’s ordinances and signing fisheries treaties with other principalities with the stated interest of protecting the fish stocks, which were considered a commons. The fishermen and their guilds were heavily involved in this process, since some of their practices - like the destruction of spawn and the catching of young fish - could have devastating consequences. The fishermen and their authorites decided regularly for more than four centuries to prioritise the long-term preservation of the fish stocks and not short-term profits to be made on the local fish markets. Thus, they avoided the disastrous outcome of a ‘Tragedy of the Commons’.
Chapter
Lake productivity ultimately depends on phosphorus (P) supply rates (Schindler, 1977). Community interactions, especially size-selective predation by fishes and size-dependent rates of grazing and nutrient recycling by zooplankton, determine the efficiency and rate with which P inputs are translated to ecosystem productivity (Carpenter and Kitchell, 1993). Limnologists are now trying to determine how trophic cascades interact with the P cycle to influence lake productivity (McQueen et al., 1986; Elser and Goldman, 1991; Carpenter et al., 1991). One informative approach analyzes food web interactions in P currency, thereby integrating the direct and indirect effects of fishes on lake P cycles.
Article
Responses of an unexploited population of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to the fertilization of Lake 226 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, are described for the fifth through eighth years of fertilization (1977–80) and for three years after fertilization was terminated (1981–83). A vinyl curtain separated Lake 226 into two basins. One basin (L226NE) received additions of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon; the other (L226SW) received nitrogen and carbon. Lake whitefish in L226NE were faster growing, had higher condition (k), were more numerous, had higher survival from age 0 to age 1, had greater biomass, and had greater production than L226SW whitefish from 1977 to 1980. Some of these effects continued in 1981 and 1982 after fertilization was terminated, but only biomass differences remained by 1983.
Article
The responses of an unexploited population of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to fertilization of Lake 226 (L226), the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, were measured for 4 yr (1973–77). A vinyl sea curtain separated the lake into a northeast (NE) basin, which received P, N, and C additions, and a southwest (SW) basin, which received only N and C additions. Lake whitefish in the NE basin grew faster, had higher coefficients of condition, and had greater recruitment and production than those in the SW basin during the 2nd through 4th yr of fertilization. No differences between basins were detected in annual survival for fish , but survival of age 0 fish was greater in the NE basin. Whitefish production in L226NE averaged twice that in L226SW from the 2nd to the 4th yr of fertilization, though significant variations occurred between years in both the NE and SW populations.
Article
Lake Brienz, an oligotrophic pre-alpine Swiss lake, went through a mesotrophic period between around 1960 and 1990. The lake is moderately turbid caused by fine suspended solids from glaciers. In 1999, yield of the economically important whitefish collapsed to about 10% of preceding years. Age and growth analysis of the two whitefish types examined – small and large type – revealed an almost complete halt of growth from 1999 until June 2000, paralleled by poor condition. Zooplankton data showed that cladocerans, the preferred food of whitefish, were rare from January 1999 until June 2000. In order to elucidate the trophic relationships between zooplankton and fish, the «Wisconsin Bioenergetics Model 3.0» was applied. The analysis showed that poor growth and condition of whitefish in 1999 and 2000 were caused by the scarcity of primary food organisms. The relatively small and slender fish could not be caught by legal gillnets, which resulted in poor fishing yield. Evidence is presented that cladoceran biomass governs food consumption by the fish («bottom- up effect»), while the effect of fish predation on cladocerans was found to be negligible, most likely also during the period of poor growth. Turbidity did not appear to significantly interfere with the feeding of whitefish. Growth, condition and commercial yield of whitefish partly increased again after 2000, but due to the very low productivity of Lake Brienz, fishing yield will remain low. Food chains in such oligotrophic systems are fragile. It is likely that a future collapse of the cladoceran population and, thus, the whitefish fishery will happen again.