James E Evans

The Roskamp Institute

Currently approved blood biomarkers detect intracranial lesions in adult patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) acutely post-injury. However, blood biomarkers are still needed to help with a differential diagnosis of mild TBI (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at chronic post-injury time points. Owing to the assoc...

Background: Apolipoprotein ε allele 4 (APOE4) influences the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The entorhinal cortex (EC) area in the brain is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is rich in DHA. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of APOE4 and DHA lipid species on the c...

With age the apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele (involved in lipid homeostasis) is associated with perturbation of bioenergetics pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We therefore hypothesized that in aging mice APOE genotype would affect the L-carnitine system (central to lipid bioenergetics), in the brain and in the periphery. Using liquid chromat...

The apolipoprotein E e4 allele (APOE4) is a major risk factor, contributing to vascular pathologies in AD which include CAA, BBB dysfunction and reduced cerebral vascular integrity. The diminished capacity of APOE4 to transport docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential fatty acid required for the structural and functional maintenance and vascular in...

Background The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examined the influence of APOE genotypes on blood and brain markers of the L-carnitine system, necessary for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and their collective influence on the clinical and...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia in the elderly with no available disease modifying treatments. Altered gut microbial composition has been widely acknowledged as a common feature of AD, which potentially contributes to progression or onset of AD. To assess the hypothesis that Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), which ha...

Background Nearly 250,000 veterans from the 1990–1991 Gulf War have Gulf War Illness (GWI), a condition with heterogeneous pathobiology that remains difficult to diagnose. As such, availability of blood biomarkers that reflect the underlying biology of GWI would help clinicians provide appropriate care to ill veterans. In this study, we measured bl...

Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the greatest risk factors for AD is the apolipoprotein E4 (E4) allele. The APOE4 genotype has been shown to negatively impact vascular amyloid clearance, however, its direct influence on the molecular integrity of the cerebrovasculature compared to other APOE vari...

Background: Nearly 250,000 veterans from the 1990-1991 Gulf War have Gulf War Illness (GWI), a condition with heterogeneous pathobiology that remains difficult to diagnose. As such, availability of blood biomarkers that reflect the underlying biology of GWI will help clinicians provide appropriate care to ill veterans. In this study, we measured bl...

Background Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex illness which disproportionally affects females. This illness is associated with immune and metabolic perturbations that may be influenced by lipid metabolism. We therefore hypothesized that plasma lipids from ME/CFS patients will provide a unique biomarker signatur...

Cerebrovascular dysfunction and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Molecular damage to cerebrovessels in AD may result in alterations in vascular clearance mechanisms leading to amyloid deposition around blood vessels and diminished neurovascular-coupling. The sequelae of molecular events leading to...

Gulf War Illness is a multisymptomatic condition which affects 30% of veterans from the 1991 Gulf War. While there is evidence for a role of peripheral cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses in Gulf War Illness, a potential role of the adaptive immune system in the central nervous system pathology of this condition remains unknown. Furtherm...

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. Gary S. Laco should not be listed as an author in the author group.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) affects 30% of veterans from the 1991 Gulf War (GW), who suffer from symptoms that reflect ongoing mitochondria dysfunction. Brain mitochondria bioenergetics dysfunction in GWI animal models corresponds with astroglia activation and neuroinflammation. In a pilot study of GW veterans (n = 43), we observed that blood nicotinami...

The differential diagnosis between mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) sequelae and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is challenging due to their symptomatic overlap and co-morbidity. As such, there is a need to develop biomarkers which can help with differential diagnosis of these two conditions. Studies from our group and others suggest that b...

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

Gulf War Illness (GWI), affecting 30% of veterans from the 1991 Gulf War (GW), is a multi-symptom illness with features similar to those of patients with autoimmune diseases. The objective of the current work is to determine if exposure to GW-related pesticides, such as permethrin (PER), activates peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) adaptiv...

Total Phospholipid levels in the hippocampi of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in total phospholipid (PE, LPE, PC, LPC, PI, SM) species in the hippocampi of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI (A–F). N = 4 for all groups at each time point. All data represent mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by...

Arachidonic acid to decosahexaenoic acid ratio containing phospholipid species in the hippocampus of repetitive mTBI and PSAPP mice. Significant changes in arachidonic acid to decosahexaenoic acid ratio for PC, PE, and PI phospholipid species in the hippocampus of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI and AD (A–H). Sample size for all groups across all...

Arachidonic acid and decosahexaenoic acid containing phospholipid species in the cortex of repetitive mTBI and PSAPP mice. Significant changes in arachidonic acid and decosahexaenoic acid containing PC (C,D), PE (A,B), PI (E,F), and LPC (G,H) species in the cortex of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI and AD. Sample size for all groups across all tim...

Phosphatidylinositol lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylinositiol. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spec...

Sphingomyelin lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing sphingomyelin. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Highl...

Phosphatidylcholine lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry....

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/...

Total Phospholipid levels in the hippocampi of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in total phospholipid (PE, LPE, PC, LPC, PI, SM) species in the hippocampi of the PSAPP mouse model compared to littermate controls (A–F). N = 4 for all groups at each time point. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid speci...

Total etherPE and ether PC levels in the hippocampus of repetitive-mTBI and PSAPP mice. Significant changes in total etherPE and etherPC lipid species in the hippocampus of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI and AD (A–D). Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual...

Arachidonic acid and decosahexaenoic acid containing phospholipid species in the hippocampus of repetitive mTBI and PSAPP mice. Significant changes in arachidonic acid and decosahexaenoic acid containing PC, PE and PI species in the hippocampus of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI and AD (A–H). Sample size for all groups across all time points is n...

Total Phospholipid levels in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in total phospholipid (PE, LPE, PC, LPC, PI, SM) species in the cortex of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI (A–F). Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quant...

Total Phospholipid levels in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in total phospholipid (PE, LPE, PC, LPC, PI, SM) species in the cortex of a PSAPP mouse model (A–F). Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by li...

Total etherPE and ether PC levels in the cortex of repetitive mTBI and PSAPP mice (A–D). Significant changes in total etherPE and etherPC lipid species in the cortex of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI and AD. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular l...

Phosphatidylcholine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectro...

Phosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylethanolamine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/ma...

Lysophosphatidylcholine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass...

Lysophosphatidylcholine lipid species in the hippocampus of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass...

Phosphatidylinositol lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylinositol. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometr...

Sphingomyelin lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing sphingomyelin. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Highlighted...

Phosphatidylcholine lipid species in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry....

Phosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylethanolamine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spec...

Sphingomyelin lipid species in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing sphingomyelin. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Highlighted...

Arachidonic acid to decosahexaenoic acid ratio containing phospholipid species in the cortex of repetitive mTBI and PSAPP mice. Significant changes in arachidonic acid to decosahexaenoic acid ratio for PC (C,D), PE (A,B), PI (E,F), and LPC (G,H) phospholipid species in the cortex of a mouse model of repetitive-mTBI and AD. Sample size for all group...

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatog...

Sphingomyelin lipid species in the hippocampus of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing sphingomyelin. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Highli...

Lysophosphatidycholine lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectr...

Phosphatidylethanolamine lipid in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylethanolamine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry...

Phosphatidylinositol lipid species in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylinositol. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry...

Lysophosphatidylcholine lipid species in the cortex of PSAPP mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylcholine. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represents mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ± SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectr...

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) is a major epigenetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The precise nature of how rmTBI leads to or precipitates AD pathology is currently unknown. Numerous neurological conditions have shown an important role for dysfunctional phospholipid metabolism as a driving factor for the pathogenesis of...

Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) can potentially manifest into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The apolipoprotein E (APOE4) genotype, a well-recognized potent genetic risk factor in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, has been linked to worse outcome after TBI in individuals who carry this allele...

Phosphatidylcholine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylcholine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by l...

Sphingomyelin lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing sphingomyelin after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatogra...

Phosphatidylinositol lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylinositol after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liqui...

Sphingomyelin lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing sphingomyelin after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid chromatograp...

Lysophosphatidylcholine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylcholine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantif...

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylethanolamine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were qua...

Phosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylethanolamine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quant...

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the hippocampus of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing lysophosphatidylethanolamine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (5.5 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species we...

Phosphatidylethanolamine lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylethanolamine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified...

Phosphatidylcholine lipid species in the cortex of r-mTBI mice. Significant changes in individual species containing phosphatidylcholine after repetitive mTBI in hTau mice. Sample size for all groups across all time points is n = 4. All data represent mean μM per (10 mg) wet weight ±SEM. Individual molecular lipid species were quantified by liquid...

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy typified by immunoreactive tau aggregates in the depths of the sulci. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms involved have not been largely explored. Phospholipids are important molecu...

Abstract There are nearly 250,000 Gulf War (GW) veterans who suffer from Gulf War Illness (GWI), a multi-symptom condition that remains untreatable. The main objective was to determine if targeting peroxisomal function could be of therapeutic value in GWI. We performed a pilot study that showed accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), w...

As the lipidomics field continues to advance, self-evaluation within the community is critical. Here, we performed an interlaboratory comparison exercise for lipidomics using Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1950 Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma, a commercially available reference material. The interlaboratory study comprised 31 diverse laborato...

Gulf War Illness (GWI), which affects at least one fourth of the 700,000 veterans deployed to the Gulf War (GW), is characterized by persistent and heterogeneous symptoms, including pain, fatigue and cognitive problems. As a consequence, this illness remains difficult to diagnose. Rodent models have been shown to exhibit different symptomatic featu...

Principal component analysis for mice samples showing factors and total variance associated with each component, which were significantly associated with exposure based on MLM analyses. In mice, for PC 5 components were identified with PCA analysis, of which component 4 (p = 0.005) was significant for PB+PER exposure. For LPC 4 components were iden...

Total plasma levels for human samples, mice and rat model of PC, LPC, PE, LPE, PI and SM quantified by LC/MS analyses (all values are presented in μM ± SEM). Individual molecular species of each class were quantified by LC/MS and summed after lipidomeDB analyses to generate total lipid levels. *denotes significant p values for p<0.05. (DOCX)

Plasma levels for humans, mice and rat model of AA and DHA containing PC, LPC, PE and LPE species quantified by LC/MS analyses (all values are presented in μM ± SEM). No DHA containing LPE species were identified for the rat model, therefore ratio for AAtoDHA containing LPE species could not be determined.*denotes significant p values for p<0.05. (...

Principal component analysis for human samples showing factors and total variance associated with each component, which were significantly associated with exposure based on MLM analyses. In humans, for PC 8 components were identified with PCA analysis, of which components 2 (p = 0.005), 4 (p<0.001), 5 (p = 0.006) and 6 (p = 0.032) were significant...

Principal component analysis for rat samples showing factors and total variance associated with each component, which were significantly associated with exposure based on MLM analyses. In rats, for PC 3 components were identified with PCA analysis, of which component 1 (p = 0.017) and 2 (p<0.001) were significant for PB+PER+DEET and stress exposure...

Plasma levels for humans, mice and rat model of SFA, MUFA and PUFA containing PC, LPC, PE, LPE and PI species quantified by LC/MS analyses (all values are presented in μM ± SEM). *denotes significant p values for p<0.05. (DOCX)

Plasma levels for humans, mice and rat model of ether containing PC, LPC, PE and LPE species quantified by LC/MS analyses (all values are presented in μM ± SEM). *denotes significant p values for p<0.05. (DOCX)

This study was designed to explore the influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) on blood phospholipids (PL) in predicting preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lipidomic analyses were also performed on blood from an AD mouse model expressing human APOE isoforms (EFAD) and five AD mutations and from 195 cognitively normal participants, 23 of who convert...

Neurophysiological and neurological dysfunction is usually experienced for a short period of time in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, around 15 % of patients exhibit symptoms months after TBI. Phospholipid (PL) changes have been observed in plasma from mTBI patients at chronic stages, suggesting a role in TBI pathology. We...

Gulf War Illness (GWI) affects 25% of veterans from the 1990-1991 Gulf War (GW) and is accompanied by damage to the brain regions involved in memory processing. After twenty-five years, the chronic pathobiology of GWI is still unexplained. To address this problem, we examined the long-term consequences of GW exposures in an established GWI mouse mo...

Exposure to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk factor for chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is characterized by patchy deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in neurons and astrocytes at the depths of cortical sulci. We developed an mTBI paradigm to explore effects of repetitive concussive-type injury over sever...

Abstract Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) results in neuropathological and biochemical consequences in the human visual system. Using a recently developed mouse model of rmTBI, with control mice receiving repetitive anesthesia alone (r-sham) we assessed the effects on the retina and optic nerve using histology, immunohistochemistry,...

Integration of the identified dysregulated proteins into networks: Network #1—Cellular Assembly and Organization, Cellular Function and Maintenance, Tissue Development. Network was generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Twenty molecules were affected and IPA score was 46. Solid lines indicate direct interaction. Dashed lines indicate indire...

Canonical pathways associated with the effects of r-mTBI on optic nerve tissue at 3 weeks post injury. The list shows pathways that were significantly upregulated with log(p-value) >1.3 (equivalent to a p-value of <0.05). The radio value represents the number of molecules affected in the current data set for the particular pathway compared to the t...

MS/MS product ion identification of fatty acid composition and position for major molecular species detected. (PDF)

Integration of the identified dysregulated proteins into networks: Network #2 –Cancer, Lipid Metabolism, Molecular Transport. Fifteen molecules were affected and IPA score was 32. Solid lines indicate direct interaction. Dashed lines indicate indirect interactions. Red molecules were up-regulated and green molecules were down-regulated. The two mol...

Integration of the identified dysregulated proteins into networks: Network #4 -Behavior, Cell Morphology, Cellular Function and Maintenance. Six molecules were affected and IPA score was 10. Solid lines indicate direct interaction. Dashed lines indicate indirect interactions. Red molecules were up-regulated and green molecules were down-regulated....

Proteomic data for significantly up- or downregulated proteins at in optic nerve tissue at 3 weeks post injury. Proteins are listed ranked by the level of dysregulation: the down-regulated proteins sorted from the most downregulated to the least downregulated, while the unregulated sorted from the least upregulated to the most upregulated. (PDF)

Integration of the identified dysregulated proteins into networks: Network #3—Hereditary Disorder, Skeletal and Muscular Disorders, Cell Morphology. Twelve molecules were affected and IPA score was 12. Solid lines indicate direct interaction. Dashed lines indicate indirect interactions. Red molecules were up-regulated and green molecules were down-...

Phospholipid molecular species identified in optic nerve tissue at 3 weeks post injury by LC/MS. Mass estimate (m/z) for each species was obtained either in positive ion mode [M+H]+ or in negative ion mode [M-H]-. Mean values and standard deviations are expressed in μg/sample. Significant change is calculated by t-test and the level of significance...

In the military population, there is high comorbidity between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the inherent risk of psychological trauma associated with combat. These disorders present with long-term neurological dysfunction and remain difficult to diagnose owing to their comorbidity and overlappin...

Phospholipid (PL) abnormalities are observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), suggesting their role in TBI pathology. Therefore, PL levels were examined in a TBI mouse model that received 1.8 mm deep controlled cortical impact injury or craniectomy only (control). The rotarod and Barnes maze acquisition and...

Preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, has been found to reduce the subsequent risk for breast cancer in female offspring. As this protective effect could be due to exposure to preeclampsia-specific proteins during intrauterine life, the proteomic profiles of umbilical cord blood plasma between pree...