Jalal-Eddeen Abubakar Saleh

World Health Organization, Nigeria. · Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

Background: According to the Global TB report 2019, a total of 7 million new TB cases were notified globally in 2018, out of an estimated 10 million cases, resulting in a gap of 3 million between the incident and notified TB cases, with Nigeria contributing 12% of such a gap. To address this gap, the WHO Nigeria country office, in collaboration wit...

The World Health Organisation (WHO) independent monitoring report (IMR) for the Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) replacement campaign in Nigeria aims to ensure the campaigns met the minimum WHO standard through monitoring and guiding of the processs to achieve universal LLIN coverage and stop malaria transmission. The concept of an independen...

Background: In Nigeria, the 2018 world malaria report shows that the coun-try's malaria surveillance system detects less than 20 per cent of the total malaria case. In malaria control programmes, the main source of data is health facility-based and reported routinely through the health information systems. The collected data is mainly for monitorin...

Background: Malaria, a disease that is endemic in Nigeria and contributing up to 25 per cent of infant mortality and 30 per cent of under-five mortality, is among the 17 per cent of the global burden of infectious diseases. Nigeria, which has 27 per cent malaria prevalence, is among the top eleven high-burden countries globally. In September 2018,...

Universal Access to Malaria Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment as a Strategy toward Disease Control and Elimination: A Critical Look at Northeastern Nigeria Abstract Background: As early as 2008 there was a call by the United Nations Secretary General to halt malaria death by ensuring universal coverage of malaria interventions to be attained by 2...

Background Nigeria is the only country in Africa that is yet to be certified as polio free. Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is the foundation of the polio eradication initiative since it provides information to alert both health managers and clinician that timely actions should be initiated to interrupt transmission of the polio viru...

Background:Childhood tuberculosis (CTB), remains a neglected aspect of the TB epidemic despite accounting for 10% of the global TB burden and being responsible for 210,000 deaths in 2016.  Furthermore, TB research, prevention, and control worldwide has predominantly focused on adults, neglecting children 0-14 years old.  In Nigeria, there is pa...

Background: Malaria is a disease caused by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Nigeria, one of the two epicenters of malaria transmission across the globe, contributes to 40 percent global malaria burden. The disease, considered a global priority, has an annual global death toll of around 400,000 people. The global reduction in malaria burden wh...

Background: Malaria remains one of the major public health problems as well as the main cause of mortality among young children in sub Saharan Africa and Nigeria in particular. It is endemic throughout Nigeria with about 97% of the population at risk and an estimated 300,000 deaths annually. Malaria is responsible for 60% of outpatient visits and 3...

Objective To identify and address gaps in acute flaccid surveillance for polioeradication in Buchi stateIntroductionPoliomyelitis a disease targeted for eradication since 19881still pose public health challenge. The Eastern Mediterranean andAfrican Regions out of the six World Health Organization (WHO)Regions are yet to be certified polio free2. Th...

Background: Poliomyelitis, a disease that predominantly affects children under the age of five years, is a highly infectious viral disease transmitted through the faeco-oral route. The disease could result in irreversible paralysis in 1:200 infections and has a case fatality rate of 5-10% especially when the respiratory muscles become immobilized....

The need for a country or region to achieve certification as polio-free requires spending at least 3 consecutive years without a reported case of polio. Meeting the acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) core surveillance indicators forms an important requirement during the stipulated period towards achieving certification. In addition to meeting the AFP co...

Background: Measles, a highly infectious viral disease, is endemic in developing countries with a peak of transmission from October to March. The case fatality rate of measles in the developing countries stands at around 3-5%; this could be as high as 10% during epidemics. Although natural infection with the measles virus confers life-long immunity...

Background Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects more than one-third of the world's population with approximately 9 million new cases and a death toll of one and a half million in 2013. A disease that is primarily airborne in its transmission in greater majority of cases and thus it is not possibl...

Although efforts have been made towards improving the health of children across the globe with notable results, maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) remains a major contributor to the maternal and neonatal death rates in Nigeria and other developing countries. To achieve the global NNT goal elimination goal, it is paramount to establish the true pre...

Background: Neonatal tetanus (NNT), a deadly vaccine preventable disease and one of the most underreported diseases in the developing countries, is seen in the newborn within the first 28 days of life. NNT remains one of the leading causes of deaths among neonates in the developing countries with about 130,000 neonatal deaths recorded in 2004. In t...

The need for public health practitioners to acquire the attributes and the necessary skills that makes up an effective leader should not be over emphasized especially now that the challenges in the public health sector is more than ever before with emerging and re-emerging diseases. We all know that public health leadership aims to protect health o...

Background: In spite of the significant achievement of the global NNT elimination campaign and with the deadline set at 2015, NNT is still among the leading causes of death in 25 developing countries. Additionally, the sub-Saharan African region still has the lowest coverage of Antenatal care services and hospital deliveries. Study Design: Retrospe...

Background: Neonatal tetanus (NNT) remains among the leading causes of deaths among neonates in the developing countries with a recorded 130,000 neonatal deaths in 2004. In addition to immunizing pregnant women with 3 doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine, hygienic delivery of the newborn and caring of the umbilical cord are key prerequisite towards meet...

Background: Neonatal tetanus (NNT) is a deadly vaccine preventable disease and one of the most underreported diseases in the developing countries seen in the newborn within the first 28 days of life. NNT remains one of the leading causes of deaths among neonates in the developing countries with about 130,000 neonatal deaths recorded in 2004. Despit...

In 1994 when the global neonatal tetanus (NNT) elimination campaign started gaining momentum, there were 104 out of the 161 developing countries that achieved the NNT elimination in 2000 with 24 other countries close to achieving. Nigeria is among the remaining countries that are yet to achieve the global NNT elimination target as set by the WHO. A...

Background Neonatal tetanus (NNT) is considered as one of the most underreported diseases in the developing countries, seen in the newborn within the first 28 days of life. In the 1989 World Health Assembly and the 1990 world summit for children, WHO/UNICEF together with partner agencies to set up a strategic framework for the elimination of the di...

To achieve the global maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) elimination, it is vital to develop an ideal theoretical framework that can be used for the disease elimination. The theoretical framework for this review is the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), a modified model of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). The TPB was meant to be applied to the...

In this 21 st century of technological advancement, it is very clear that the challenges before the public health sector and most importantly the leadership are enormous, spanning from bio-terrorism, the super bugs, drug resistance, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, increase in preventable metabolic and nutritional disorders, widening g...

Background: With the exception of South Africa and India, the number people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWHA) in Nigeria exceeds that of any other country in the World. Access to HIV/AIDS treatment services remains a challenge as only 6% of PLWHAs have accessed the services. This stands in the way of achieving the National HIV/AIDS p...

The increasing challenges in the field of public health is on the increase more than ever before and some of these challenges are not only natural but man-made threats; this calls for a concerted effort to have a perfect global surveillance system in place to ensure timeliness, accuracy, reliability, and completeness of disease tracking and reporti...

Background Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects more than one-third of the world's population with approximately 9 million new cases and a death toll of one and a half million in 2013. A disease that is primarily airborne in its transmission in greater majority of cases and thus it is not possibl...

Although efforts have been made towards improving the health of children across the globe with notable results, neonatal tetanus (NNT) remains a major contributor to the neonatal death rates in Nigeria. This problem calls for a concerted effort by the government to achieve the revised global NNT elimination deadline of 2015. The purpose of this cro...

Although efforts have been made towards improving the health of children across the globe with notable results, neonatal tetanus (NNT) remains a major contributor to the neonatal death rates in Nigeria. This problem calls for a concerted effort by the government to achieve the revised global NNT elimination deadline of 2015. The purpose of this cro...

Objective: Cervical cancer which affects relatively young women of child bearing age is considered to be the second most common cancer in women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developing countries, a reflection of global health inequity. There are more than 450,000 newly diagnosed cases annually with over a quarter of million deaths...

Background: Malaria is an important parasitic disease of humans caused by infection with a parasite of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by female anopheles. Infection caused by P. falciparum is the most serious of all the other species (P. ovale, P. vivax and P. malariae) especially in terms of morbidity and mortality hence the reason why most...

Malaria is an important parasitic disease of humans caused by infection with a parasite of the genus Polasmodium and transmitted by female anopheles. Infection caused by P. falciparum is the most serious of all the other species (P. ovale, P. vivax and P. malariae) especially in terms of morbidity and mortality hence the reason why most of the rese...

Combination therapy, in modern medicine, has come a long way in the management of chronic disorders or syndromes. Diabetes mellitus, which is rather considered a syndrome, is characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency and orresistance. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, in which insulin resistance is the promin...

Asthma can be defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is reversible either spontaneously or by treatment. Despite the exponential increase in asthma research, the prevalence of asthma is on the increase, especially in children and young adults in the western societies. Inhaled therapies are the mainstay of asthma management. T...

Pulmonary hypertension is a disorder that is perpetually fatal unless a tentative therapy is instituted. It can be described as a syndrome considering its clinical and pathophysiological manifestations. In this disorder, there is an imbalance within the vascular mediators which possibly arises due to pulmonary endothelial cell injury or dysfunction...

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common clinical disorder which is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. Due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed and poorly treated PE, there is a need for protocols based on risk factor assessment to facilitate early diagnosis of PE and protocols to ensure ear...

Asthma is a clinical syndrome characterised by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract in which many cells and cellular elements play a role, in particular mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells. Patients often require long-term anti-inflammatory and reliever drugs to achieve a normal life....

Heart failure is a chronic and progressive disorder which results due to inability of the heart to pump adequate blood to meet up the metabolic demands of the body. Detecting patients with heart failure could be simple but rather complex of clinical decisions as presentation could be classical or non-specific with minimal symptoms and orsigns. Mana...

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common clinical disorder which is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. Due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed and poorly treated PE, there is a need for protocols based on risk factor assessment to facilitate early diagnosis of PE and protocols to ensure ear...

Diabetes mellitus is often described as a syndrome considering its clinical and pathophysiological manifestations. It results due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency and or resistance. Diabetic nephropathy forms part of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. The incidence is on the increase the world over hence an important ca...

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common clinical disorder which is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. Due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed and poorly treated PE, there is a need for protocols based on risk factor assessment to facilitate early diagnosis of PE and protocols to ensure early and adequ...