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四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析 Phytolith Analysis from the Baodun Archaeological Site, Xinjin, Sichuan

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Ancient civilization is mostly founded on well-developed agricultural economies, with the Chengdu Plain considered to be the " civilization center " of the upper Yangtze region in China. From result of fl oatation and phytolith analysis on cultural layers and from two pits
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34 卷,第 2
2015 5
人 类 学 学 报
ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA
Vol.34, No.2
May, 2015
收稿日期:2013-07-02;定稿日期:2013-10-07
基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展计划 (2015CB953803) 和国家自然科学基金面上项目 (41472145)资
作者简介:陈涛 (1986-),男,博士研究生,主要从事植物考古学研究。 E-mail: chentaose7en@163.com
通讯作者:吴妍,E-mail: wuyan@ivpp.ac.cn
CitationChen T, Jiang ZH, He KY, et al. Phytolith Analysis from the Baodun Archaeological Site, Xinjin, Sichuan[J]. Acta
Anthropologica Sinica, 2015, 34(2): 225-233
四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析
陈 涛 1, 2,江章华 3,何锟宇 3,杨 3Jade d’Alpoim GUEDES4
蒋洪恩 1, 2,胡耀武 1, 2,王昌燧 1, 2,吴 妍 1
1. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室 , 北京 100044
2. 中国科学院大学科技史与科技考古系 , 北京 100049 3. 成都文物考古研究所,成都 610071
4. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163
摘 要 : 农业是文明产生的深厚基础。成都平原是长江上游地区文明起源的中心,探讨其史前农业的经济
形态一直是学术界关心的热点问题。本文拟对新津宝墩遗址的文化层剖面及两处灰坑的样品进行植硅体
分析,并结合浮选结果,以期探讨宝墩遗址农业经济状况。研究结果表明,宝墩文化层中,存在大量具
有驯化特征的产于水稻叶秆的扇型和横排双裂片型 ( 哑铃型 ) 植硅体以及产于水稻稃壳的双峰型植硅体,
同时还存在少量黍稃壳植硅体碎片。水稻扇型植硅体多呈典型的驯化形态,总体尺寸较大,其测量数据
符合粳稻植硅体特征。这表明宝墩先民的经济结构是以稻作农业为主,兼有粟作农业。
关键词:成都平原;宝墩遗址;植硅体;稻作农业;粟作农业;新石器时代
中图法分类号 : Q914.2+2文献标识码 :A文章编号 :1000-3193(2015)02-0225-09
Phytolith Analysis from the Baodun Archaeological Site, Xinjin, Sichuan
CHEN Tao1,2, JIANG Zhanghua3, HE Kunyu3, YANG Yang3, Jade d’Alpoim GUEDES4,
JIANG Hongen1,2, HU Yaowu1,2, WANG Changsui1,2, WU Yan1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
2. Department of Scienti c History and Archaeometry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. The Chengdu City Institute of Archaeology, Chengdu 610071, China
4. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163
Abstract: Ancient civilization is mostly founded on well-developed agricultural economies,
with the Chengdu Plain considered to be the “civilization center” of the upper Yangtze region
in China. From result of oatation and phytolith analysis on cultural layers and from two pits
at the Baodun site, we obtained archaeobotanical knowledge that can be used to interpret local
DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2015.0023
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agricultural economies. In this study, we found abundant cuneiform bulliform cell and parallel-
bilobate short cell phytoliths from rice leaves, and double-peaked cell phytoliths from the glume
of rice. A small amount of husk phytoliths from common millet were also present. Our results
demonstrate that the general size of the cuneiform bulliform cell phytoliths are big and t well
with Oryza sativa L. ssp. Japonica. Thus, we conclude that the agricultural economy of the
ancient Baodun people was based mainly on rice and supplemented by millet.
Key words: Chendu plain; Baodun site; Phytolith; Rice agriculture; Millet agriculture
1 引 言
宝墩文化,是成都平原目前发现的最早的新石器时代考古学文化。其古城及大型礼
仪建筑群的发现,有力地证明了宝墩文化是文明孕育时期的考古学文化,成都平原是长江
上游地区文明起源的中心 [1]。众所周知,农业经济的发展是古代文明形成的最为重要的前
提条件。无疑,积极探索成都平原地区的农业发展状况,对正确认识长江上游地区史前文
化的经济基础以及文明化过程具有十分重要的意义。但是,目前成都平原史前农业考古的
研究还停留在初期阶段,仅有依据古代文献、出土农具、环境变迁以及文化传播等方面的
笼统探讨,基本观点认为宝墩文化时期,成都平原可能以粟作农业为主 [2-4]。要最终揭示
出该地区史前农业起源及其形态等问题还需要更多直接的、明确的植物遗存证据。
如今,成都平原地区的浮选工作已经陆续展开。宝墩遗址和金沙遗址的初步大植物
遗存研究结果表明,早在新石器时代晚期该地区有可能已确立了稻作农业为主,粟作农业
为辅的经济形态,并且一直持续到商周时期 [5-6]。然而,由于四川盆地的植物考古工作起
步较晚,仍处于基础资料的积累阶段。同时可能由于当地的土壤黏度高,导致炭化大植
物遗存保存较差,从而严重影响了相关史前农业信息的提取 [5]。与之相比,植硅体理化性
质稳定,具有原地沉积性、高残留性以及种属形态差异性等优点 [7],可有效验证和补充大
植物遗存的分析,更加全面地揭示先民利用植物的信息。尽管如此,较之长江中下游等
地区 [8-12],植硅体分析在四川地区农业考古中的应用较少,目前仅有都江堰芒城遗址的灰
[13-14] 及汉源麦坪遗址的文化层和灰坑开展过植硅体分析 [15]
宝墩文化是成都平原文明起源最古老、最重要的文化之一。宝墩遗址 (4500-3700 BP)
是宝墩文化时期最为重要的古城址。本文拟从成都宝墩遗址的代表性剖面和两处灰坑选取
样品,进行植硅体分析,结合浮选结果,以期更深入地揭示成都平原宝墩文化时期农业生
产状况,为探索成都平原早期文明的兴起提供新的资料和线索。
2 遗址背景
宝墩遗址位于新津县城西北约 5 km 的龙马乡宝墩村,地理位置为东经 103°45、北
30°26,海拔高度 472-474 m。遗址东北距发源于崇州市的西河约 4 km,西南 500 m
有铁溪河由西北流向东南 [16](图1)。研究区位于成都市区西南 38 km,处在川西平原西南
• 227 •2 陈 涛等:四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析
图 1 宝墩遗址地理位置示意图
Fig.1 Sketch map showing the geographic location of the Baodun site
边缘,与川西南低山丘陵接壤。该区地势平坦,属亚热带湿润气候亚区,四季分明,多年
平均气温为 15~16℃,多年平均降水量约 1000 mm[17]
成都平原史前城址群中,宝墩遗址的面积最大、年代亦最早。最新的考古调查显示,
宝墩遗址外城墙所包含的范围达 2.76 km2,是目前发现面积最大、且具有内、外双重城墙
的龙山时代城址之一 [18]宝墩遗址的城垣周长近 6.2 km,宽 15-25 m 以上,高度超过 4 m
该遗址出土的生产工具有较精致的斧、锛、凿、穿孔石刀等磨制石器以及陶质的纺轮和
网坠等。生活用器主要是陶器,其泥质陶多于夹砂陶,盛行小平底器和圈足器。典型器
物有绳纹花边罐、喇叭口高领罐、圈足尊等。房屋多为小型的木骨泥墙建筑,表面有火
烘烤过的痕迹。上述发现表明,宝墩先民已过着定居的农业生活 [19]
3 样品的采集
2010 10 月,成都文物考古研究所对宝墩遗址田角林东北区域进行了发掘,发掘面
300 平方米。以常规的柱状采样法从宝墩遗址 T3211 西壁剖面选取了 8品(图2),
同时运用水平采样法从属于宝墩文化一期灰坑 H92 H94 选取了 2个样品。现将 T3211
西壁剖面的文化内涵介绍如下:
1层,灰黑色耕土,土质疏松,厚 20-22 cm
2层,灰褐色黏土,土质较致密,厚 23-26 cm,有少量青瓷、白瓷出土,为唐宋
时期堆积。
3层,浅灰褐色黏土,土质疏松,厚 15-17 cm,有少量泥质灰陶出土,主要器类
为釉罐和板瓦,其中夹杂少量宝墩文化时期陶片,为汉代堆积。
4层,黄褐色黏沙土,土质疏松,10-11 cm有少量石块、红烧土和褐泥质灰陶出土,
主要器类有罐和板瓦,其中夹杂少量宝墩文化时期陶片,同为汉代堆积。
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5层,青灰色黏沙土,土质较致密,厚 20-22 cm,可分为 3个亚层。包含物与第 4
层基本一致,亦为汉代堆积。
6层,灰色黏土夹杂大量褐斑,土质致密,14-16 cm包含物有少量石块、红烧土、
炭屑和陶片,可辨器类有喇叭口高领罐、宽沿平底尊、敞口圈足尊、盘口圈足尊等,为宝
墩文化二期的堆积。
7层,黑褐色黏土,土质较致密,厚 22-24 cm,包含物与 6层基本一致,为宝墩
文化一期的堆积。
8层为生土。
根据 1996 年的发掘简报和最新的测年结果,将宝墩文化分为四期,其年代范围大致
推定在距今 4500~3700 年之间,每期延续时间两、三百年 [19-20](图3)。
图 2 宝墩遗址 T3211 西壁采样示意图
Fig.2 Sketch map showing the sampling location of trench T3211 at the Baodun site
图 3 宝墩遗址 14C 年代数据
Fig.3 14C dating data from the Baodun site
• 229 •2 陈 涛等:四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析
4 实验方法
采用赵志军改进的重液浮选法 [21],对样品进行处理。具体步骤简述如下:首先,将
土壤样品溶于 6% 碳酸氢钠溶液,震荡分散 8~12 小时;然后依次加入稀盐酸、浓硝酸和
双氧水,以去除碳酸盐和有机物等接着采用重力沉降法去除黏土,并将样品过 60 目网筛
再以比重为 2.3~2.4 的碘化钾与碘化镉重液,浮选出样品中的植硅体,清洗后,用加拿大
树胶制片。将制成的样品置于日本 Nikon 公司生产的型号为 eclipse LV100P0L 的显微镜
(200× 500×) 下进行观察、鉴定,并作数量统计。每一个样品均随机选择了 700 粒左右
的植硅体进行统计分析。按照最新的国际植硅体命名法规 (International code for phytolith
nomenclature1.0) 对部分植硅体的描述和命名做了更新 [22],同时列出传统命名以资对照。
5 结 果
宝墩遗址剖面和灰坑样品中,植硅体的基本组合为长方型、方型、扇型、双裂片型 (
铃型 )长鞍型、短鞍型、棒型、刺棒型、帽型、针型毛细胞 (尖型 )波状梯型 (齿型 )等,
此外还有海绵骨针和硅藻等生物化石 (45)。根据植硅体主要类型数量的变化,可将
植硅体图谱自下而上划分为 5个组合带 (6)
带Ⅰ (生土层 ):植硅体组合以扇型、方型、长方型、棒形等为主,其次是芦苇扇型、
双裂片型 (哑铃型 )和针型毛细胞 (尖型 ),并含有少量鞍型、波状梯型 (齿型 )、帽型以
及硅藻和海绵骨针。一定量的芦苇扇型和硅藻、海绵骨针的发现,反映了当时该区域为潮
湿的水环境。
带Ⅱ (新石器时代晚期,对应⑥~⑦层 ):植硅体组合仍是以扇型、方型、长方型、
双裂片型 (哑铃型 )为主,鞍型和帽型有少量增加,芦苇扇型和棒形减少,海绵骨针消失。
值得注意的是,出现了水稻扇型、横排双裂片型 (哑铃型 )和双峰型植硅体以及黍稃壳植
硅体。
带Ⅲ (汉代时期,对应③~⑤层 )
机动细胞植硅体扇型、方型和长方型总的比例增加,
占组合中的绝大多数。双裂片型 (哑铃型 )和帽型减少,农作物仅见少量水稻扇型植硅体,
基本不见海绵骨针和硅藻。
带Ⅳ (唐宋时期,对应②层 ):植硅体组合仍以扇型、方型、长方型占绝大多数,双
裂片型 (哑铃型 )型消失,基本不见海绵骨针、硅藻和农作物植硅体。
带Ⅴ (耕土层,对应①层 ):扇型、方型、长方型植硅体有所减少,但仍占大多数
双裂片型 (哑铃型 )、鞍型、帽型、波状梯型 (齿型 )和棒型增加,一度消失的海绵骨针、
硅藻和水稻植硅体再次出现。
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图中标尺棒长均为 20μm (Scale bar=20μm)
(a) T3211 ⑥层长方型植硅体 (Rectangle);
(b) T3211 ⑥层方型植硅体 (Square);
(c) T3211 ⑦层扇型植硅体 (Cuneiform bulliform cell);
(d) T3211 ⑦层芦苇扇型植硅体 (Scutiform);
(e) T3211 ⑥层双裂片型植硅体 (Bilobate short cell);
(f) 灰坑 H92 竹节型植硅体 (Oblong concave saddle);
(g) 灰坑 H94 刺棒型植硅体 (Elongate sinuous);
(h) T3211 ⑦层棒型植硅体 (Elongate);
(i) T3211 ⑥层针型毛细胞植硅体 (Acicular hair cell);
(j) T3211 ⑥层波状梯型植硅体 (Trapeziform sinuate);
(k) 灰坑 H94 硅藻 (Diatom);
(l) T3211 ⑥层海绵骨针 (Sponge spicule);
(m) T3211 ⑥层水稻扇型植硅体(Cuneiform bulliform cell from
rice);
(n) 灰坑 H94 水稻双峰型植硅体 (Double-peaked glume cell);
(o) T3211 ⑥层水稻横排双裂片型植硅体 (Parallel-bilobate short
cell);
(p) T3211 ⑥层黍稃壳η型植硅体 (η-shaped husk phytolith from
millet)
图 4 宝墩遗址 T3211 主要植硅体形态和硅藻化石
Fig.4 Photographs of representative phytoliths and diatoms from trench T3211 at the Baodun site
• 231 •2 陈 涛等:四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析
图 6 宝墩遗址 T3211 剖面植硅体、硅藻百分含量图谱
Fig.6 Content change (%) of phytoliths and diatoms from trench T3211 at the Baodun site
图 5 宝墩遗址 H92 和 H94 植硅体、硅藻百分含量图谱
Fig.5 Content change (%) of phytoliths and diatoms from pits H92 and H94 at the Baodun site
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6 讨论与结论
农业是文明产生的深厚基础。关于成都平原史前农业经济形态探讨,一直以来都是
学术界非常关心的热点问题。很多学者基于古代文献记载、出土农具、环境变迁以及文化
交流等方面对这一问题作了有益的、初步的探讨,认为宝墩文化时期,成都平原可能以粟
作农业为主 [2-4]。成都宝墩遗址的植硅体分析指出,宝墩文化层和灰坑样品中发现了大量
产生于水稻叶秆的驯化特征扇型植硅体 (底侧面布满龟裂纹,两侧向外突出 )以及横排双
裂片型 (哑铃型 )和产生于水稻颖片的双峰型植硅体。此外,还发现少量的粟类作物黍稃
壳植硅体 (45)( 可能也有粟稃壳植硅体,因破碎严重,无法确定 )。有学者指出
若某一考古遗址的同一遗迹中出现不同类型的水稻植硅体和大植物遗存,那么基本可确定
该遗址曾存在栽培稻 [23]。这次在宝墩遗址的宝墩文化地层和灰坑中,既然发现都有典型
扇型,横排双裂片型 (哑铃型 )和双峰型等多种类型的水稻植硅体,那么这些水稻遗存很
可能属于栽培稻。值得指出的是,宝墩文化层和灰坑中,所发现的水稻扇型植硅体大多呈
典型的驯化形态,即扇型边缘呈“鱼鳞状”纹饰的数量大于 9[24](图4m),从而进一步
证明宝墩遗址发现的水稻植硅体来自栽培稻。此外,2009 年宝墩遗址的浮选结果,也显
示无论是宝墩文化一期阶段,还是到了汉代,该地区都是以水稻的种植为主,粟仅在宝墩
文化一期占有少量比例 [5]。由此可见,植硅体的分析结果与浮选分析结果基本吻合。
将从宝墩遗址 T3211 的第 6层和第 7层以及属于宝墩文化一期的两个灰坑 H92
H94 中获得的水稻扇型植硅体进行了形态测量分析。结果发现,这批水稻扇型植硅体形态
的总体尺寸较大。从表 1可以看到,属于宝墩文化一期的水稻扇型植硅体的形状系数平均
值是 0.98,二期为 0.99,它们都处于粳稻范围内 [25]。同时,炭化稻米的形态测量结果,
长宽比平均值为 1.67<2.3,同样符合粳稻特征 [26]。综合上述两方面的分析,可以推测宝墩
先民以种植粳稻为主。另外,将宝墩遗址水稻扇型植硅体形态测量的数据与来自太湖地区
几个遗址的相关数据进行比较,不难发现,宝墩遗址水稻扇型植硅体的尺寸明显偏大 [27]
这一现象是否在成都平原地区具有普遍性,如何认识其产生的机制和原因,目前尚无同类
的材料可供对比分析,有待今后作更深入的探讨。
表 1 宝墩遗址与太湖地区部分新石器时代遗址水稻特征扇型植硅体形态参数对比数据
Tab.1 Morphological parameters data of rice cuneiform bulliform cell phytolith from the Baodun site and
some Neolithic sites in Tai Lake area
文化类型 形态特征参数 测量个数
纵长(μm) 横长(μm) b/a
马家浜文化 36.11 30.68 0.87 200
崧泽文化 41.58 35.34 0.92 200
良渚文化 41.79 34.28 0.89 150
宝墩文化一期 51.08±8.57 45.21±7.77 0.98±0.22 50
宝墩文化二期 51.14±9.57 45.29±9.40 0.99±0.23 42
• 233 •2 陈 涛等:四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析
综上研究,可得出以下结论:1) 宝墩遗址的植硅体分析表明,该地区的土壤环境能
够较好地保存古代植硅体记录,为研究古代农业和环境问题提供了一种有效的分析手段,
也为以后在该地区开展类似的工作奠定了基础。2) 宝墩文化一、二期先民的经济形态是
以稻作农业为主,所栽培的稻种可能属于粳稻类型,同时兼有粟作农业。稻作农业的发展,
为成都平原早期文明的兴起和发展提供了坚实的基础。
致 谢 : 感谢北京大学考古文博学院研究生石涛在取样期间给予的帮助。
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