Jacek Baj

Medical University of Lublin · Department of Human Anatomy

Modern technologies enable the exchange of information about the expansion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coro-navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the continually increasing number of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases almost in real time. The gravity of a current epidemiological situation is represented by the mortality rates, wh...

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) constitutes one of the hallmarks of carcinogen-esis consisting in the re-differentiation of the epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones changing the cellular phenotype into a malignant one. EMT has been shown to play a role in the malignant transformation and while occurring in the tumor microenvironment, it s...

Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance....

The alterations in serum trace element levels are common phenomena observed in patients with different psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, or major depressive disorder. The fluctuations in the trace element concentrations might act as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of many psychiatric and neurolog...

Background: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Currently, it is broadly accepted that the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of gastric cancer, both inter- and intra-tumor, display important barriers for finding specific biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of this malignancy. Early-onset gastri...

The pathogenesis of several ophthalmic diseases and the progression of various ocular symptoms might be a result of disturbed micronutrients’ homeostasis or accumulation of toxic xenobiotic metals in the eyeball. So far, metallomic studies of the human eyeball were mostly performed on the lens or anterior chamber fluid. However, numerous structures...

The year 2024 marks the 176 th anniversary of the birth of the great Italian neurologist and psychiatrist Leonardo Bianchi (1848-1927) who was one of the outstanding personalities responsible for the discovery of the cortical localization of language and other cognitive functions. He was one of the first scientists to study and understand the impor...

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, at the same time being one of the most prevalent causes of women's death. Many factors such as alcohol, weight fluctuations, or hormonal replacement therapy can potentially contribute to breast cancer development and progression. Another important factor in breast cancer onset includes micr...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which the pathological cumu-lation of fat with coexisting inflammation and damage of hepatic cells leads to progressive dysfunc-tions of the liver. Except for the commonly well-known major causes of NAFLD such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or diabetes, an unbalanced diet an...

Simple Summary Despite the significant improvements in the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer, this malignancy still remains one of the most prevalent worldwide, with a significant mortality rate. Recently, the number of studies concerning herbal medicine and its use in various cancers has increased significantly. For example,...

Changes in trace element concentrations are being wildly considered when it comes to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This study aims to present the role that trace elements play in the central nervous system. Moreover, we reviewed the mechanisms involved in their neurotoxicity. Low zinc concentratio...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in plant pigments as readily available nutraceuticals. Photosynthetic pigments, specifically chlorophylls and carotenoids, renowned for their non-toxic antioxidant properties, are increasingly finding applications beyond their health-promoting attributes. Consequently, there is an ongoing need for...

Supplementation of micronutrients is considered to be crucial in the reinforcement of the skin’s barrier. In this paper, 14 nutritional compounds commonly used in food or pharmaceutic industries were analyzed in terms of influencing skin conditions. The major objective of this paper was to provide a narrative review of the available literature rega...

The multifactorial etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) includes biological, environmental, genetic, and psychological aspects. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in metallomic studies in psychiatry, aiming to evaluate the role of chosen trace elements in the MDD etiology as well as the progression of symptoms. This narrative re...

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element with unique functions in the body; it acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism, the endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems, neurotransmitter production, and the regulation of reproductive hormones. However, overexposure to Mn is toxic, particularly to the central nervous system (C...

Introduction: Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, lead, etc. is becoming a major health concern. Some trace elements have been linked to neurotoxic effects and an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, although there is still an area for further investigations on how they ma...

Introduction: Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, lead, etc. is becoming a major health concern. Some trace elements have been linked to neurotoxic effects and an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, although there is still an area for further investigations on how they ma...

1) Objective Many studies confirmed the association between low levels of vitamin D and symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as lower immunity. COVID-19 pandemic mobility restrictions and avoidance of going outside to dimmish the possibility to contract the virus could lead to hypovitaminosis D3 in individuals if it was not accompanied by ap...

Objectives: The study aims to assess the relationship between the religiosity and intensity of anxiety of students from seven countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to present whether religious practices of different religions might be protective factors regarding students’ emotional well-being. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey...

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness and is characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and progressive optic nerve damage. The current therapeutic approaches for glaucoma management, such as eye drops and oral medications, face challenges including poor bioavailability, low patient compliance, and limited efficacy. In re...

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness and is characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and progressive optic nerve damage. The current therapeutic approaches for glaucoma management, such as eye drops and oral medications, face challenges including poor bioavailability, low patient compliance, and limited efficacy. In re...

Introduction: Vitamin D has a major positive impact on human health. Its daily supplementation regulates calcium metabolism, inflammatory and neuromodulatory processes. More importantly, vitamin D may be an important factor in reducing the risk of suicide among psychiatric patients. This review aims to describe the potential positive effect of vita...

Dyslipidaemia is a disorder of the lipid metabolism, caused mainly by poor eating habits. The most severe consequence of an inappropriate diet is the development of atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis. It is generally believed that a change in nutrition, and increased physical activity can eliminate these health problems. The contemporary researc...

Introduction Proper nutrition with fats has a protective effect on the functioning of the nervous system. However, a disturbed ratio of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids supply is nowadays a common phenomenon. A diet overloaded with saturated fats and a shortage of those essential ones in the company with possibly some unfavorable genetic endow...

One of the most common nerve palsies – common fibular nerve palsy – can be caused by the variant small sesamoid bone in the posterolateral compartment of the knee joint known as the fabella. We compared and reviewed all reported cases of common fibular nerve palsy due to fabellae in the English literature. Compression can develop spontaneously or p...

The anthropogenic environment and diet introduce many metals into the human body, both essential and toxic. Absorption leads to systemic exposure and accumulation in body fluids and tissues. Both excess and deficiency of trace elements are health hazards. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentration of 51 elements in liver...

Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepato...

The importance of brachial plexus palsy treatment is associated with its significant severity, along with Brachial plexus palsies can be treated by means of many different surgical and non-surgical methods which allow regeneration of full efficiency of the affected limb. The choice of method depends on such factors as type and region of injury, pat...

Aluminium (Al) is the most ubiquitous metal in the Earth’s crust. Even though its toxicity is well-documented, the role of Al in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases remains debatable. To establish the basic framework for future studies, we review literature reports on Al toxicokinetics and its role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), autism...

Introduction There are not conclusive findings regarding the possible protecting role of the religion on the mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, further research is needed to evaluate the role of religion in students’ mental health and well-being during crisis situations such as COVID-19 pandemic. Aim The purpose of this study wa...

Introduction Disturbed levels of chosen elements as well as accumulation of toxic metals in the human eye might lead to the pathogenesis of several ophthalmic diseases or worsen the symptoms of the current ones [1-3]. So far, most of the metallomic studies performed on the organ of vision concerned only animal studies. The majority of the studies p...

Introduction: There are no conclusive findings about the possible protective role of religion on students’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, more research is needed. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the level of emotional distress and religiosity among students from 7 different countr...

Introduction: Proper nutrition with fats has a protective effect on the functioning of the nervous system. However, a disturbed ratio of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids supply is nowadays a common phenomenon. A diet overloaded with saturated fats and a shortage of those essential ones in the company with possibly some unfavorable genetic endo...

Introduction: During COVID-19 pandemic, it was noticed that it was students who were mostly affected by the changes that aroused because of the pandemic. The interesting part is whether students’ well-being could be associated with their fields of study as well as coping strategies. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess 1) the mental health...

The COVID-19 Pandemic has conveyed an unprecedented worldwide challenge. Although there is much emphasis on caring for patients and communities, the high incidence of SARS-CoV-2 had seriously disturbed education and calls for prompt as well as serious consideration from educators in medical schools. The necessity to teach and prepare prospective me...

Palliative care via multidisciplinary programs is used to focus on patients’ necessities and assist in reducing their burden by providing the best available support to the patient. Palliative care is an important aspect of dealing with patients suffering from incurable tumors with poor prognoses. Though certain issues that neuro-oncology patients f...

The application of 3D printing in bone grafts is gaining in importance and is becoming more and more popular. The choice of the method has a direct impact on the preparation of the patient for surgery, the probability of rejection of the transplant, and many other complications. The aim of the article is to discuss methods of bone grafting and to c...

The niacin skin flush test (NSFT) is a simple method used to assess the content of fatty acids in cell membranes and is a possible indicator of factors hidden behind various outcomes in patients. The purpose of this paper is to determine the potential usefulness of NSFT in mental disorder diagnostics along with the determination of factors that may...

Introduction: A left-sided gallbladder (LSG) represents a rare anatomical variation defined by the location of the gallbladder to the left side of the liver falciform and round ligaments, which is often not discovered until surgery. The reported prevalence of this ectopia ranges from 0.2% to 1.1%. Aim: To summarize the knowledge about LSG and poss...

The most important function of the skin is to protect the body against harmful mechanical, physical and chemical factors. Its regenerative capacity is sufficient for self-repair in the event of damage, for example, during tattooing, which can be treated as an invasive procedure introducing pigment molecules into skin layers. In the present research...

Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification, solubilization and absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Primary BA escaping the active ileal re-absorption undergo the microbiota-dependent...

Postmortem carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) diffusion under ambient conditions was assessed in a human cadaver model. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the postmortem diffusion of HCN and CO greatly affected the determination of HCN, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and carboxymyoglobin (COMb). Layered samples of blo...

In this study, ionic liquids were used for the selective extraction/isolation of hemoglobin from human serum for cotinine determination using the ELISA Kit. The suitability of hydrophobic imidazolium-based ionic liquids was tested, of which OMIM BF4 (1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) turned out to be the most suitable for direct extrac...

Despite the vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being reported to be safe and effective, the unwillingness to vaccinate and doubts are still common. The aim of this international study was to assess the major reasons for the unwillingness to vaccinate in a group of students from Poland (n = 1202), Bangla...

Despite the vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being reported to be safe and effective, the unwillingness to vaccinate and doubts are still common. The aim of this international study was to assess the major reasons for the unwillingness to vaccinate in a group of students from Poland (n = 1202), Bangla...

Micro‐ and nanoplatics have been already reported to be potential carcinogenic/mutagenic substances that might cause DNA damage, leading to carcinogenesis. Thus, the effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics exposure on human health are currently being investigated extensively to establish clear relationships between those substances and health consequenc...

Introduction: Psychotic disorders are heterogeneous in terms of pathophysiology. Therefore, the validity of searching for a single biomarker of the disease is questioned, pointing to the need to stratify patients based on a common biological basis. The membrane hypothesis assumes that changes in fatty acid metabolism can lead to abnormal structure...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine active compound (EDC). It has been shown that human exposure to BPA has an impact on reproduction, thyroid function, hypertension, diabetes and obesity [1]. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the permissible dose of BPA is 50 μg/kg body weight / day [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO...

Introduction: According to Horrobin’s theory, abnormal fatty acid metabolism is a predisposing factor to the development of schizophrenia (SCHI), bipolar disorder (BD) or schizoaffective disorder (SCHA). The niacin test is a reproducible and non-invasive method of assessing the skin reaction to the application of nicotinic acid, which indicates dis...

Nanotechnology is developing intensively gaining wider and wider applications in medicine, including imaging diagnostics, but also therapeutic procedures, such as targeted drug transport or photothermal plasmon therapy (PPTT). A feature of NPs is, inter alia, the ability to scatter and absorb light related to the oscillation of electrons on their s...

Numerous factors affect reproduction, including stress, diet, obesity, the use of stimulants, or exposure to toxins, along with heavy elements (lead, silver, cadmium, uranium, vanadium, mercury, arsenic). Metals, like other xenotoxins, can cause infertility through, e.g., impairment of endocrine function and gametogenesis or excess production of re...

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic currently remains the most significant stressor affecting the global population. Researchers continually report widespread mistrust and negative attitudes towards vaccination, but only a little focus on its association with the emotional well-being. Objectives We aimed to investigate the attitudes towards vaccina...

In this review the authors discuss that COVID-19 has already had a direct impact on the physical health of many people and that it appears to have put at risk the mental health of large populations. In this review, we also discuss the relationship between mental disorders and the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We convey the disorders’ risk factors and the m...

Introduction: Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a state of excess sportsmen's overload caused by too high an intensity of training. The main cause of OTS is too big a training load. Also, they are other risk factors like restrictive diets, inordinate stress, and inflated expectations of a family and a coach. Description of the state of knowledge: desp...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a worldwide threat resulting in a pandemic in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection manifests itself as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is evidenced in a vast number of either specific or nonspecific symptoms. Except for typical (but nonspecific) symptoms such as fe...

Background: In the history of humanity, religions always played an important role especially in case of public health crises. Numerous studies performed during the COVID-19 pandemic specifies various factors that either alleviate or enhance emotional distress but only a few focus on the impact of religiosity on mental wellbeing. Aim of the study: T...

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. HPV infection has a strong relationship with the onset of cervix uteri, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx, but also tonsils and tongue cancers. Some epidemiological data indicate that except for gynecologic cancers, HPV infection can be one of the ris...

Introduction: Disturbed levels of chosen elements in the eye are crucial in the pathogenesis of several ophthalmic diseases. So far, metallomic studies did not concern optic chiasm but mostly structures such as lenses or vitreous humor. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the elemental composition of human optic chiasms by means of ind...

Introduction: Despite its great success, COVID-19 vaccination has been met either with trust, hesitation, or negation from the general population, including students. Objectives: The study aimed to assess: 1) the rate of COVID-19 vaccination in a group of students from Poland, Philippines, Bangladesh, India, Egypt, Pakistan, China, Mexico, and Viet...

Embryology is an essential tool in clinical practice especially for managing various medical disorders. As a course in medical schools, it is neither easy nor straightforward to understand and teach in the 21 st century curriculum, as such, it is easy to overlook. As a discipline, embryol-ogy has entered a phase of unparalleled transition in its un...

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide primarily produced within three brainstem regions including locus coeruleus, trigeminal nerve nucleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. NPS is involved in the central regulation of stress, fear, and cognitive integration. NPS is a mediator of behavior, seeking food, and the proliferation of new adipocytes in...

Introduction and objective: Gastric cancer is currently one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide with a high mortality rate. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection significantly contributes to the onset and progression of gastric cancer mainly due to the induction of chronic inflammatory responses. The pathogenicity of H. pylori is assoc...

Introduction: Optic neuropathies are a broad group of diseases in which the dominant disturbance is damage to the optic nerve, often irreversible. Underlying causes of neuropathy are both genetic and environmental. Despite limited treatment options, much research is currently being done on substances that could improve optic nerve function and alle...

INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a change of cigarette smoking habits of many students, but little is known about its relationship with their well-being. This study aimed to assess: 1) smoking behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2) the relationship between cigarette smoking and the intensity of the emotional distress among students...

The effect of metals on the functioning of the human eye is multifactorial and includes enzyme activity modulation, trace metal metabolic pathways changes, and cytotoxic activity. Functional dysfunctions appear mostly as a result of the accumulation of toxic xenobiotic metals or disturbances of micronutrients’ homeostasis. So far, the affinity of s...

Metals perform many important physiological functions in the human body. The distribution of elements in different tissues is not uniform. Moreover, some structures can be the site of an accumulation of essential or toxic metals, leading to multi-directional intracellular damage. In the nervous system, these disorders are especially dangerous. Meta...

Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma continue to remain a serious threat. In this review, we describe the most common biomarkers and genetic markers currently used in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. It can be observed that biomarkers and genetic markers might be applied in various parts of...

Optic neuropathies constitute a group of conditions with various etiologies and might be caused by different factors; we can distinguish the genetic and acquired causes of optic neuropathies. Even though the symptoms are not highly specific, this condition is primarily characterized by unilateral or bilateral vision loss with worsening color detect...

Oncoplastic breast surgery slowly becomes a part of routine breast cancer surgical management but evidence with regard to oncological safety remains limited. The aim of this study was to compare relevant factors associated with the particular type of breast carcinoma and the applied surgical techniques either with or without oncoplastic surgery. Th...

Trace element accumulation varies in different human tissues. Distribution of several elements was found to be disrupted in the case of excessive alcohol consumption, causing negative effects and exacerbation of pathological processes in the liver. In this study, we analyzed the levels and interactions between seven trace elements including calcium...

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that each year approximately 11 million people suffer from burn wounds, 180,000 of whom die because of such injuries. Regardless of the factors causing burns, these are complicated wounds that are difficult to heal and are associated with high mortality rates. Medical care of a burn...

The routine techniques currently applied for the determination of nicotine and its major metabolites, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, in biological fluids, include spectrophotometric, immunoassays, and chromatographic techniques. The aim of this study was to develop, and compare two new chromatographic methods high-performance liquid chroma...

Gastric cancer (GC) patients with peritoneal metastasis tend to achieve poor clinical outcomes. Until recently, the treatment options were limited mainly to either palliative chemotherapy or radiation therapy in exceptional cases. Currently, these patients benefit from multimodal treatment , such as cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic int...

Gynecological neoplasms pose a serious threat to women’s health. It is estimated that in 2020, there were nearly 1.3 million new cases worldwide, from which almost 50% ended in death. The most commonly diagnosed are cervical and endometrial cancers; when it comes to infertility, it affects ~48.5 million couples worldwide and the number is continual...

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected students’ lifestyle in the area of physical activity and body weight. However, little is known about how those changes affected students' well-being. Aim of the study: The study assesses: 1) the intensity of physical activity during and before the pandemic 2) the relationship between physical activit...

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the concern for health and the wellbeing worldwide. The uncertainty about the virus resulted in self-reaching for alternative protective drugs as well as dietary supplements. Aim of the study: The study assesses: 1) the prevalence of dietary supplement use 2) the relationship between weight and the w...

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all areas of life, forcing less activity and changes in body weight and emotional distress among students. Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess: 1) changes in body mass index (BMI) and body weight that occurred due to the pandemic 2) its relationship to the severity of emotional distress exper...

Choices regarding coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak may imply the development as well as the severity of emotional disorders. The aim of this web-based cross-sectional study was to: (1) assess the coping strategies for stress in a population of Polish students and (2) evaluate the impact of those strategies on the severity of...

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant stressor that has affected all groups in society. It was observed that students constitute a group that is the most vulnerable to the impairments of mental health due to the pandemic-associated changes in the world. In this work, we aimed to compare the mental well-being of students just...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains a huge challenge for contemporary healthcare systems. Apart from widely reported acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the virus affects many other systems inducing a vast number of symptoms such as gastrointestinal, neurological, dermatological, cardiovascular...

The main objective of this systematic review is to investigate the expression level of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in rectal cancer treated with either preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. In addition, we have summarized the effects of preoperative treatment of rectal cancer with regards to the expression levels of COX-2. A systematic l...

Background: COVID-19 affects lifestyle, well-being, and mental health for over a year now. The major fears of contracting the infection are mainly related to psychological, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. Students are reported to be the most vulnerable group characterized by one of the highest depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Stress c...

One of the recently evolving methods for cyanide determination in body fluids is GC-MS, following extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide or pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulfonate. The aim of this study was to improve previous GC methods by utilizing a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which could enhance selectivity and sensitivity a...

Background: A dynamic increase in the sale of supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic has been observed. Some of the studies suggest that the individuals started the intake of specific supplements during the pandemic to improve their immunity or simply to be protected against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to asse...

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is most known to cause a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal impairments; however, an increasing number of studies indicates that H. pylori infection might be involved in numerous extragastric diseases such as neurological, dermatological, hematologic, ocular, cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatobiliary, or even allergic...

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with more than 2 million new cases in 2020. Its incidence and death rates have increased over the last three decades due to the change in risk factor profiles, better cancer registration, and cancer detection. The number of risk factors of BC is significant and includes b...

The identification of biomarkers as diagnostic tools and predictors of response to treatment of neurological developmental disorders (NDD) such as schizophrenia (SZ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), still remains an important challenge for clinical medicine. Metallomic profiles of ASD patients cov...

Natural extracts are the source of many antioxidant substances. They have proven useful not only as supplements preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress and food additives preventing oxidation but also as system components for the production of metallic nanoparticles by the so-called green synthesis. This is important given the drastically in...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent metabolic chronic liver diseases in developed countries and puts the populations at risk of progression to liver necro-inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the onset of NAFLD and contributes to the progression fr...

Abstract Anatomy is an important subject to master since it is the backbone of numerous disciplines in the field of healthcare. As education advances, so do the expectations of students when it comes to their learning approach. To optimize efficient teaching and to maximize knowledge, medical universities are using a variety of methods in teaching...

Background Bile acids (BAs) are the major lipid components of bile. They are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. BAs have gained attention as drug candidates to control obesity and/or diabetic condition due to their role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the antisteatotic a...

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a significant impact on both physical and mental health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to (1) evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress levels among students from Polish universities during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) assess the risk factors of the higher intensity...

The aim of the study was the multi-elemental analysis of aqueous humor (AH) collected from patients undergoing cataract surgery. The study included: 16 patients with age-related macu-lar degeneration AMD (99 controls), 10 patients with retinopathy (105 controls), 61 patients with hypertension (54 controls), and 33 patients with coexisting diabetes...

Ultrasonografia (USG) jest nieinwazyjną metodą obrazowania pozwalającą na uzyskanie obrazu przekroju badanego obiektu.

Infections that are triggered by the accompanying immunosuppression in patients with burn wounds are very common regardless of age. Among burn patients, the most frequently diagnosed infections include the bacterial ones primarily caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Klebsiella pneumonia, as well as fungal infections with the etiology of Candida spp...