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International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(5): 1529-1532
P-ISSN: 2349–8528
E-ISSN: 2321–4902
IJCS 2019; 7(5): 1529-1532
© 2019 IJCS
Received: 14-07-2019
Accepted: 18-08-2019
Haramohan Rath
Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
SN Khajanji
Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
BB Panda
ICAR – National Rice Research
Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
Ipsita Pattanaik
Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Correspondence
Haramohan Rath
Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh India
Effect of stand establishment methods and
hydrogel application on soil enzyme activity
under rice-greengram cropping system
Haramohan Rath, SN Khajanji, BB Panda and Ipsita Pattanaik
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of methods of stand establishment of kharif rice and
rabi greengram along with and without hydrogel application in greengram on soil enzyme activities i.e
Flourescein diacetate (FDA), phosphatase and dehydrogenase at ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack, Odisha in 2017-
18. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replication. Rice variety shahbhagi was taken
in kharif under two methods of establishment i.e. direct seeded and transplanted rice whereas greengram
variety IPM 2-3 was taken under conventional tillage, conservation agriculture (zero tillage + residue
retention) and paira along with and without hydrogel application and an absolute rice fallow. Results
revealed that dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity was significantly higher under DSR compared
to TPR, whereas no significant difference was noticed for FDA and alkaline phosphatase activity. In
greengram, the enzymatic activities varied significantly with different stand establishment methods.
Highest enzymatic activity (FDA, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) was reported in
greengram under conventional tillage with hydrogel application. Soil enzymatic activity in rice fallow
was recorded the lowest followed by paira greengram. However, on system basis, no significant
difference in enzyme activity was recorded.
Keywords: Stand establishment, hydrogel, Flourescein Diacetate, dehydrogenase, phosphatase
Introduction
Productivity and Sustainability of agricultural systems are two important parameters for a long
term profitable cropping system. Major issue of sustainability is related to soil quality which
changes with time (Karlen et al., 1997) [7] and choice of cropping system. Many parts of
eastern India is characterised by growing rice in kharif and leaving the land fallow in rabi
season. Despite of the immense scope, extensive use of rice– fallow for cultivation of pulses/
oilseed crops is mostly restricted because of the several biotic, abiotic and socio– economic
constraints (Panda et al. 2000) [11]. Inclusion of legumes in rice fallow system not only
increased the overall productivity of the system but also improves physico-chemical and
biological properties of the soil. Rice-green gram is a predominant cropping system in rainfed
areas of eastern India. Greengram is best suited to the low moisture condition due to its short
duration and hardy nature.
Soil enzymes have their catalytic role in decomposition of soil organic matter and nutrient
cycling and strongly influence agronomic productivity. However, tillage, moisture and
residues application impact enzymatic activity and availability of plant nutrients (Celika, 2011)
[3]. No tillage with residue retention is known to increase the soil microbial activity (Govaerts
et al., 2007) [6]. The activities of different enzymes is typically thought to be regulating nutrient
availability, resistance and resilience capacity of soil (Demoling et al., 2007; Kumar et al.,
2014) [4, 9]. Therefore, Soil enzymes have been suggested as potential indicators of soil quality,
owing to it’s biological nature, simple measurement and rapid response to changes in soil
management (Ling et al., 2010) [10]. However, it is necessary to understand the relationship
between different cultural practices and enzyme pools activity to predict the potential impact
of soil and crop management.
Material and Method
An experiment was laid out to study the soil enzyme activity under rainfed rice greengram
cropping system during both kharif and rabi seasons in 2017-18 at ICAR - National Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha.
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International Journal of Chemical Studies http://www.chemijournal.com
The soil texture of experimental site was clay loam (vertisol)
with pH 6.5, EC 0.065ds/m, BD 1.24 and organic carbon
0.56.The test crops taken were rice (var- Shahabhagi) and
greengram (var- IPM 2-3). For all treatments, recommended
dose of 80:40:40 and 20: 40: 20 of N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 was
applied to rice and greengram respectively. Hydrogel was
applied to greengram (dry season) at a dose of 2.5kg ha-1. The
experiment was laid out in split plot design. The details of
treatment is presented in table.1.
Table 1: Treatments details of experiment
Main plots
Establishment methods in rice
TPR
Transplanted rice
DSR
Direct seeded rice
Sub plots
Management practices in greengram
C
Conventional tillage
C+H
Conventional tillage + Hydrogel application
CA
Zero tillage + Residue retention
CA+H
Zero tillage + Residue retention + Hydrogel
P
Paira cropping
P+H
Paira cropping + Hydrogel application
F
Rice fallow
Soil moisture was measured by gravitational method and
expressed in percentage of oven dry soil and calculated by
following formula
W1 – W2
Soil moisture content (%) = ×100
W2
where, W1 = weight of moist soil and W2 = weight of oven
dried soil
The dehydrogenase activity in soil was determined by Casida
et al., (1964) [2] method. Flourescein diacetate (FDA)
hydrolysis in soil was measured by Adam and Duncan (2001)
[1] method. The acid and alkaline phosphatise was measured
by Tabatabai and Bremner (1969) [12] method.
Result Discussion
Enzymatic activity in soil after rice
The activity of dehydrogenase and acid phosphate found to
differ significantly with stand establishment methods in rice.
Direct seeded rice recorded significantly higher acid
phosphatase (22.14µg pNPg-1d-1) and dehydrogenase
(47.41µgTPFg-1d-1) compared to transplanted rice (21.08µg
pNPg-1d-1, 42 µg TPFg-1d-1 resp.), confirming high enzymatic
activity and higher live microbial population under direct
seeded rice than transplanted rice. Higher dehydrogenase and
acid phosphatase activity under direct seeded rice could be
attributed to better soil aeration and congenial rhizospheric
moisture (Fig.1) and favourable soil temperature resulting in
higher oxidation of organic compound. However, the
enzymatic activity namely FDA, and alkaline phosphate
didn’t differ significantly with respect to stand establishment
in rice.
Enzymatic activity after greengram
The enzymatic activity found to differ significantly with
respect to management practices in greengram. Higher FDA
activity was recorded under conventional tillage with
application of hydrogel (l1.62µg fluorescein g-1h-1), which
was significantly higher than conservation agriculture, paira,
paira along with hydrogel and rice fallow while comparable
with conventional and conservation agriculture along with
application of hydrogel, The lowest FDA activity was
recorded under rice fallow (9.77µg fluorescein g-1h-1)
followed by paira greengram (l0.11µg fluorescein g-1h-1). This
might be due to higher microbial activity owing to high
organic matter decomposition (Jordan et al., 1995) [5] and
higher root activity as highest plant population was recorded
under conventional tillage with hydrogel application while
lowest plant population was recorded under paira cropping.
With respect to dehydrogenase activity, the highest value
(40.89 µg TPF g-1d-1) was recorded under conventional tillage
with hydrogel application, comparable with all others except
paira greengram (36.84µg TPFg-1d-1). Lowest dehydrogenase
activity was recorded under rice fallow (33.07µg TPFg-1d-1).
The highest enzymatic activity might be due to soil moisture
at the root zone (Fig.2) and soil aearion. The result also
established the legume effect on soil microbial activity which
was positively correlated with plant population which was
highest under conventional tillage with hydrogel application
and lowest under paira greengram. Lowest value under rice
fallow was due to rapid drying of soil moisture due to lack of
vegetation (Khan, 1970) [8].
The acid phosphate activity was recorded highest under
conventional tillage along with application of hydrogel
(26.92µg pNP g-1 d-1) which was comparable with
conventional greengram and significantly higher than all other
treatments. The lowest value was recorded in rice fallow
(19.05pNP g-1 d-1) followed by paira greengram with hydrogel
application (21.52pNP g-1 d-1). In terms of alkaline phosphate,
similar pattern was recorded where greengram under
conventional with application of hydrogel recorded highest
(9.25µg pNPg-1d-1) which was comparable with conventional
and significantly higher than all other treatments while lowest
vale was recorded under rice fallow (9.25µg pNPg-1d-1). The
higher value of phosphatase under conventional tillage might
be due to pH suitability, owing to optimum soil moisture and
plant population of greengram.
The result also established that application of hydrogel had no
effect on enzymatic activities (FDA, dehydrogenase, acid and
alkaline phosphatase) in soil under all methods of
establishment adopted in greengram. The effect of stand
establishment methods of rice had also no significant on
enzyme activity under greengram, i.e. on system basis, no
significant difference in enzyme activity was reported.
Table 2: Effect of stand establishment of rice on enzymatic activity of soil
Treatments
FDA activity
(µg fluorescein g-1 h-1)
Dehydrogenase Activity
(µg TPF g-1 d-1)
Acid phosphatase activity
(µg pNP g-1 d-1)
Alkaline phosphatase
Activity (µg pNP g-1 d-1)
Establishment methods in rice
TPR
10.77
42.00
21.08
7.23
DSR
11.12
47.41
22.14
7.41
SEm±
0.34
0.82
0.19
0.14
CD (p=0.05)
NS
4.98
1.14
NS
Management practices in greengram
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International Journal of Chemical Studies http://www.chemijournal.com
C
10.72
46.49
22.63
7.54
C+H
11.37
45.69
21.21
7.58
CA
11.19
43.62
22.46
7.15
CA+H
11.38
44.55
20.91
7.23
P
10.98
42.35
21.13
7.12
P+H
10.76
45.50
22.37
7.42
F
10.22
44.74
20.55
7.20
SEm±
0.53
2.41
1.09
0.33
CD (p=0.05)
NS
NS
NS
NS
MxS (p=0.05)
NS
NS
NS
NS
Table 3: Effect of stand establishment of rice and greengram on enzymatic activity of soil
Treatments
FDA Activity
(µg fluorescein g-1 h-1)
Dehydrogenase
Activity (µg TPF g-1 d-1)
Acid phosphatase activity
(µg pNP g-1 d-1)
Alkaline phosphatase
(µg pNP g-1 d-1)
Establishment methods in rice
TPR
10.52
36.66
22.14
7.63
DSR
10.83
38.72
23.43
8.21
SEm±
0.24
0.66
0.42
0.11
CD (p=0.05)
NS
NS
NS
NS
Management practices in greengram
C
11.16
39.36
23.91
8.76
C+H
11.62
40.89
26.92
9.25
CA
10.62
37.63
22.15
7.54
CA+H
10.84
38.50
22.72
7.42
P
10.11
36.84
23.24
7.75
P+H
10.62
37.54
21.52
7.79
F
9.77
33.07
19.05
6.92
SEm±
0.34
1.39
1.31
0.44
CD (p=0.05)
0.99
4.06
3.83
1.29
MxS (p=0.05)
NS
NS
NS
NS
Fig 1: Soil moisture content (%) during rice
Fig 2: Soil moisture content (%) during greengram
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International Journal of Chemical Studies http://www.chemijournal.com
Conclusion
Direct seeded rice followed by greengram grown under
conventional tillage with hydrogel application was emerged
as the best treatment as it encouraged more enzyme activity
whereas rice fallow recorded the lowest enzyme activity.
Therefore, inclusion of greengram in rice fallows under
conventional tillage with hydrogel application after direct
seeded rice is recommended for better soil health and
sustainability.
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