I Ketut Adnyana Adnyana

Bandung Institute of Technology | ITB · Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy

Background: Eggshells are one of the most common culinary wastes, yet using eggshell membrane detritus in medical treatments remains largely unexplored. Objective: This study aims to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of eggshell membrane hydrolysate. Method: Eggshell membrane hydrolysate was prepared using acid-base hydrolysis. The intraplanta...

This study aimed to characterize chitin extracted from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells, as well as to assess its in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory potentials. In silico molecular docking, molecular dynamic, and ADMET prediction analyses were also carried out. Chitin was extracted from mangrove crab sh...

Objectives Cucumis sativus L. (C. sativus) is vegetable commonly used for managing blood pressure and often consumed in combination with standard antihypertensive therapy, despite lack of scientific evidence supporting their use. Combination of herbs and standard medication could have positive or negative effects. Therefore, this study aimed to eva...

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the interactions between twelve extracellular enzymes and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the active site. Methods: The Zdock web server was accessed to perform molecular docking simulations for predicting interactions between the extracellular enzymes and the active site of Nrf2. The...

Context: Water kefir is a fermented beverage that is typically made in the home by inoculating a sugar-rich solution with a microbial community (water kefir grains). Several studies on the metabolite content and hepatoprotective effects of water kefir have been published, but carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury has not been studi...

The liver is extremely vulnerable to damage because of its role in metabolism. Toxin, metabolic syndrome, alcohol, microorganisms, and autoimmune diseases can be the cause of liver damage. While different etiologies can cause liver disease, pathophysiologically, there are similarities in the role of free radicals, inflammatory mediators, and gut mi...

Context: The essential oil of the Ageratum conyzoides (100 mg/kg BW) previously demonstrated anti-neuropathic pain activity with various mechanisms of action. However, the safety data of this essential oil is unknown. Aims: To evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity profile of the A. conyzoides essential oil. Methods: The acute toxicity study...

Aims: Obesity is a non-communicable disease whose prevalence continues to increase every year throughout the world. Obesity contributes to the emergence of several diseases such as type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and non-alcoholic fatty liver. A number of studies report that natural ingredients have the pot...

Obesity is defined as excessive and abnormal accumulation of fat in the body which can affect the health of the human body. Obesity is associated with several chronic diseases such as type-II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lipid disorders, joint disorders, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Management of obesity includes non-pharmacol...

This study aims to determine the antiobesity activity of Calophyllum soulattri leaves extract (CSLE) on high fat diet-fed rats (HFD) and to predict the molecular docking and pharmacokinetics of selected compounds of Calophyllum soulattri to fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO). Daily body weight, organ, carcass fat (renal and anal), body m...

Traditionally, Ageratum conyzoides is used to treat several inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatism and as wounds healing. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of 50% ethanol extract of A.conyzoides leaves. Anti-inflammatory assay was carried out in vivo using the 1% carrageenan induction method. The animals...

Athletes have a high need to maintain their performance to stay fit while performing a high training intensity and frequent exercise. It makes athletes have a high need for supplements. However, athletes are prohibited from taking supplements included in the doping category. The lowest risk of doping is herbal-based supplements. This study used a s...

This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the literature on sports nutrition as recovery published between 1964 and 2022. This study illustrates the structure and trends in sports nutrition publications by using scientific mapping and analyzing publication performance. This study identified the contributions of authors, journals, countr...

Weightlifting is a type of sport that demands beneficial complementary supplements. This is because of the highly intensive training and tight schedules, which requires the body to be maintained at the prime condition to avoid injury. Furthermore, supplements and natural products are needed to accelerate athletes' recovery and avoid doping. Cinnamo...

Hibiscus surattensis L. is a traditional medicinal plant often used for diabetes treatment in Indonesia, especially in Central Sulawesi. The leaves contain mainly kaempferol, morine, and trifolin which have various pharmacological effects, including high antioxidant properties and the potential to increase insulin secretion. Therefore, this study a...

In Indonesia, the sap of Angelica keiskei Koidzumi has been utilized traditionally as a blood-sugar reducer, nonetheless, its molecular mechanism still needs to be studied. This study aimed to isolate xanthoangelol (XA) from the yellow sap of A. keiskei planted in Mount Rinjani, Indonesia, and to investigate its mechanism by in silico and in vitro...

Background: Neuropathic pain has become a contributor to the global burden of illness. However, the currently available drugs exhibit inadequate pain relief and significant side effects. Our previous study demonstrated that the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides had potent anti-neuropathic pain activity through opioid receptor activation. Precoc...

Neuropathic pain is a condition that caused by a lesion or somatosensory system disease. This condition affects to the general health of the human. However, the systematic review of the worldwide or the global burden of neuropathic pain is not available. The objective of the study was to review the neuropathic pain global burden including causes, p...

Electroencephalograph (EEG) is an alternative tool to detect brain abnormalities, but research on dementia patients is still limited. This study aimed to determine the differences in EEG waves with closed eyes between older women with dementia and non-dementia. This research uses a cross-sectional method. Examination of dementia using MMSE (Mini-Me...

Introduction: Menopausal women show some changes physically and psychologically. Decreased plasma estradiol, decreased sleep quality and cognitive function are some of the main problems in women with menopause. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercises in the Menopausal woman. Methods: This study was conducted using...

Highlights •Peperomia pellucida’ extracts accelerate normal healing process of alveolar bone. •Ethanol extract significantly increase trabecular thickness on tooth socket. •The extracts can increase fibroblast significantly in short term administration. •The extracts also can reduce the number of polymorphonuclear cells significantly. •Some phytoch...

Sunscreen is a cosmetic substance that has the ability to reflect or absorb sunlight actively. It can prevent skin irritation due to UV rays. One of the natural ingredients with a sunscreen effect is the Edible-nest swiftlet's (Aerodramus fuciphagus) nest (ESN). This study aimed to determine the value of the sun protective factor (SPF) of the ESN w...

α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and xanthone are some of the marker compounds found in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) whose activity on several treatment targets including toward the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) receptors, diphenyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme, and aldose reductase enzyme is unknown. Although this plant...

Centella asiatica is known to improve cognitive function, but its influence on several domains of cognitive function in dementia women is still limited. This study aimed to determine the effect of Centella asiatica on cognitive function in women elderly with dementia. Screening for dementia used an MMSE questionnaire (Mini-Mental State Examination)...

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth has been studied as an anti-osteoporotic agent. However, there is no report about its estrogenic activity, which is important for its anti-osteoporotic activity. Thus, the aim of this research was to study the estrogenic potency of P. pellucida extracts. The estrogenic activity of P. pellucida extracts (n-hexane, ethy...

Context: Diabetes is a chronic health condition with insulin disturbance. Hibiscus surattensis L. is a medicinal plant and plays a pivotal role in diabetes. Aims: To evaluate the effect of H. surattensis leaves extract to increase insulin secretion and repair pancreatic tissue damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Methods: This rese...

Context: Diabetes is a chronic health condition with insulin disturbance. Hibiscus surattensis L. is a medicinal plant and plays a pivotal role in diabetes. Aims: To evaluate the effect of H. surattensis leaves extract to increase insulin secretion and repair pancreatic tissue damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Methods: This rese...

Background: Nowadays obesity recognized as chronic or non-communicable disease. Pathophysiology of obesity caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Obesity was known to be a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate activity of ethanol extract of red spinach (EERS) to prevent ob...

Accumulation of phosphorylated-tau and low levels of superoxide dismutase is associated with dementia affecting the quality of life in the elderly. This study aimed to determine differences in quality of life (QoL), phosphorylated-tau (p-TAU), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) plasma in women elderly with and without dementia. The research method was...

Keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume) is an Indonesian medicinal plant that has various pharmacological properties. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been proposed as a model that can bridge the gap between cell assays and rodent assays. Evaluation of the toxic effects of natural products using the Zebrafish model can be assessed starting...

Lebah madu merupakan golongan serangga yang dapat menghasilkan madu. Produk madu ini dihasilkan dari nectar yang diolah oleh lebah madu sebagai cadangan makanan bagi koloni lebah madu. Komposisi kimia yang terkandung pada madu menjadikan produk alam ini memiliki manfaat yang banyak. Salah satunya adalah manfaat untuk meningkatkan stamina. Peningkat...

Objective: For evaluating the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori, the agar dilution method is the gold standard; however, using this method in daily practice is laborious. E-test has been proposed to be an uncomplicated method. This study was aimed at validating the E-test and detecting the presence of any bias between the agar dilution...

Background Neuropathic pain is one of the contributors to the global burdens of illness. At present many patients do not achieve satisfactory pain relief even with synthetic pain-killers. Taking this into consideration, it is necessary to search for natural product-derived alternative treatment with confirmed safety and efficacy. Ageratum conyzoide...

Garcinia mangostana Linn. or mangosteen through various parts of the plant and its contents are widely used as an alternative medicine for various diseases by assessing their pharmacological effects, including antidiabet ec, antihyperlipidemia, antiobesity, antioxidants, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidepressant, antibacterial, renop...

Extracts of Peperomia pellucida [L.] Kunth have previously been demonstrated to have in vivo estrogenic-like effects, thereby functioning as an anti-osteoporotic agent. However, the compounds responsible for these effects have not yet been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to isolate and elucidate potential compounds with estrogenic a...

Dementia is increasing in the world which is a major cause of disability and dependence in the elderly. This causes the elderly can not do their daily activities so often live in a nursing home. It is important to know the factors associated with dementia to prevent and treat dementia with appropriate interventions. The objective of this study was...

Helicobacter pylori infects more than half the human population. However, the prevalence in Indonesia is low, as is the prevalence of gastric cancer. Hence, it could be instructive to compare these prevalence rates and their determining factors with those of countries that have high gastric cancer incidence. Ethnicity and genetic characteristics of...

The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of tamoenju (Hibiscus surattensis L.) leaves, used as a traditional antidiabetic agent in Central Sulawesi, has high inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The aim of this study was to isolate the active compound of EAF that was carried out by step gradient polarity extraction,...

Antimicrobial resistance for Helicobacter pylori infection still become problem in Indonesia especially for metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance that is commonly used in the national regiment therapy. Finding a new antimicrobial agent against this bacterium is still a challenge to face. Propolis extract is well known substance which has anti...

Objective: For evaluating the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori, the agar dilution method is the gold standard; however, using this method in daily practice is laborious. E-test has been proposed to be an uncomplicated method. This study was aimed at validating the E-test and detecting the presence of any bias between the agar dilution m...

ABSTRAK Penurunan daya ingat dan ketidakmampuan dalam melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari menjadi salah satu alasan lansia dikirim ke panti wredha. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor demografi dan demensia dengan kemandirian lansia dalam memenuhi aktivitas dasar dan instrumental di panti wredha. Desain penelitian ini adalah...

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to examine whether 6-week daily consumption of honey from Apis mellifera and Apis cerana species would affect performance and reduce blood lactate in futsal athletes. Subjects and Methods. In this study, 30 male futsal athletes volunteered to be subjects. A group of 15 futsal athletes volunteered for rand...

Angelica keiskei sap is used as a blood-sugar reducer in Indonesia, however its molecular mechanism has not yet been explored. 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD) is one of the major components extracted from A. keiskei sap. The aim of this work was to isolate 4-HD from the sap of A. keiskei planted in Lombok, Indonesia, and to study in silico and in vitro me...

Duku’s mistletoe leaves (Dendrophtoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is a parasitic plant part with botanical insecticides quality. Preliminary test was done using phenolic extract test with FeCl 3 to know the content of the leaves’s phenolic compound and its toxicity effect. The effects of the toxicity were observed with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) met...

Obesity associated with several chronic diseases. Based on this condition, natural products use should be considered as alternative treatment. The objectives of this research are to evaluate effect of senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaves extracts and its fractions on pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression of t...

Inhibition of α-glucosidase is a method used to identify bioactive secondary metabolite that has the potency to treat diabetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical activity (i.e. antioxidant and inhibition of α-glucosidase) of four different types of Dendrophthoepentandra (L.) Miq leaves extract through the α-glucosidase inhibitor...

Uji aktivitas antioksidan yang dilakukan terhadap ekstrak methanol dari daun benalu duku hijau (Dendrophthoe pentandara (L.) Miq) dan daun benalu duku merah (Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser) dengan menggunakan metode DPPH bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan antara kedua daun benalu duku yang berbeda warna tersebut. Daun benalu duk...

Objective This research aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of leaf extract and active subfraction from English wild sour or Hibiscus surattensis L., evaluating antioxidant activity, and determining phytochemical constituents that potential for treating various ailments such as diabetes and hepatitis. Background Antioxidant potential of e...

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of a film formulation that combines κ-Carrageenan and konjac glucomannan for soft capsule application. For the acute toxicity study, a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the film suspension was administered orally to rats. The animals were observed for toxic symptoms and...

Peredaran obat ilegal dan penyalahgunaan obat pada komunitas Sekolah Dasar di Indonesia semakin masif dan memprihatinkan. Wujud inovasi untuk memproteksi siswa SD dari masalah tersebut yaitu melalui kolaborasi akademisi Institut Teknologi Bandung dengan profesional Balai POM di Palu berupa edukasi anti penyalahgunaan obat kepada siswa SD melalui me...

Uji fenolik ekstrak dilakukan dengan menggunakan FeCl 3 untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa fenolik dari daun benalu duku hijau (Dendrophthoe pentandara (L.) Miq) dan daun benalu duku merah (Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser) serta efek toksisitas telah diamati dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Daun benalu duku diekstrak hingga diper...

Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: Fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet test were conducted using male Mus musculus mice, divided into 10 groups randomly, which were normal, control (alloxan induced...

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increasing blood glucose level caused by lack of insulin hormone. One of the plants that were often used as traditional medicine for diabetes in Indonesia was okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruit. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antidiabetes activity of okra fru...

Objective: The objective of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and flavonoid total of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq extract.Methods: The leaf of D. pentandra (L.) Miq was gradually extracted using methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. From that extraction process, various...

Inhaler is the most preferable device to deliver medication in order to treat asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Incorrect usage of inhaler influences the clinical effectiveness of the delivered drug. A pilot study was conducted to determine the appropriateness of inhaler handling technique among asthma and COPD patients. As m...

Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on insulin resistance and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ by measuring blood glucose level and PPAR- γ expression on adipocyte cell culture. Methods: Insulin tolerance test were conducted using male wistar rat divided into 9 groups, which were normal, contr...

Objective: Obesity is a condition characterized by accumulation of excessive and abnormal fat which influence to body health. Therapeutic strategies for obesity include antiobesity drugs use and life-style modification. Long-term effect of antiobesity drugs use give several problems in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, natural products-based...

Wound is a condition where there is damage to normal tissue structure and function. This tissue damage may be accompanied by infection or not. Wound can be treated with the help of medicines. The Dayak Tunjung community in East Kalimantan has been used karehau leaves as a traditional medicine to treat wounds. The aim of this research was to evaluat...

Anredera cordifolia and Centella asiatica are the traditional medicinal plant used to treat several diseases in Southeast Asia countries. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the activities of these two plants extracts-based ointment and its combination as a wound healing in diabetic-induced rabbits. This study was performed by in vivo...

Objective: The prevalence of obesity increases each year globally. Multifactorial etiology of obesity requires therapy management including changing of diet and medicines. Some of obesity drugs have shown ineffectiveness and safety. The previous study showed that water extract of tamarind could reduce body weight (bw). This study aimed to test the...

p> Abstrak Diabetes melitus (DM) adalah sekelompok gangguan metabolik yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia. Salah satu tanaman yang mempunyai efek antidiabetes adalah daun singawalang ( Petiveria alliacea L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antidiabetes dengan model hewan defisiensi insulin dan penghambatan enzim alfa glukosidase....

Hisbiscus surattensis L the local name “tamoenju” is utilized by ethnic Sumari (Central Sulawesi) as an antidiabetic herbal, but definitive studies on efficacy and safety are lacking. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the leaves and fractions using in vitro and in vivo models. Ethanol e...

This slides was presented by Prof. I Ketut Adnyana in the Dies Natalis ITB ceremony 2 March 2018.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 10% of the aged over 60 year population have this disease. The aim of OA treatment is to reduce pain, which is the most OA patients chief complaint. People in Indonesia are very interested in use of herbal therapies from origin...

The research aims to measure the uranium concentration of soil samples collected from different regions are located around the nuclear research center at Tuwaitha to a contamination ratio statement of these regions, which include agricultural residential regions as well as being the regions for livestock of all kinds. The nuclear track detector (CR...

Objective: Aim of this research was to investigated the potential activity of osteoblast proliferation induced by 50% ethanolic extract of Arenga pinnata (endosperm) dan Vigna radiata (peel) to accelerate bone healing process after tooth extraction. Methods: Nine male white Wistar-type Rats were divided into three group, treated by 50% ethanolic ex...

Futsal sangat diminati oleh berbagai kalangan di zaman ini. Banyak orang memainkan olahraga ini untuk prestasi maupun rekreasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisiologi diantaranya denyut jantung, kadar asam laktat, pengeluaran energi, dan jumlah langkah para pemain futsal profesional dalam dua pertandingan berturut-turut....

Garcinia mangostana L.has been used as an antioxidant to inhibit oxidation of low density lipoproteins and as an antiobesity agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a Mangosteen (G. mangostana L.) Pericarp Ethanolic Extract (MPEE) on lipid profile in rats fed with high-fat diet.The experimental study was conducted in male Wistar...

Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on glucose tolerance and Glucose Transporter (GLUT)-4 by measuring blood glucose level and GLUT-4 expression on cardiac cell musce and adipocyte cell culture. Methods: Glucose tolerance test were conducted using male wistar rat divided into 9 groups, which were normal, control...

In this study, antioxidant activities and identification of the bioactive substances in Gnetum gnemon L. (Gg) seed hard shell were evaluated. The seed of Gnetum gnemon L., an Indonesian native plant, is commonly consumed as a vegetable or further processed as cracker. Isolated substances from Gnetum gnemon seed are mainly stilbenoid derivatives whi...

Objective: Centella asiatica Linn. is known and used as traditional antidiabetic drug especially in ayurvedic traditional system in some countries. The main objective of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract, saponin-rich fraction (SRF), nonsaponin fraction (NSF), and asiaticoside compound isolated from C. asiatica L...

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var rubrum) has been widely used as traditional medicine in many countries, especially in Indonesia, China, and Malaysia. The traditional use of red ginger is in accordance with its pharmacological activity and chemical content. Many studies have shown that red ginger exhibited pharmacological activities as an...

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential benefit of particle reduction down to nanoscale on curcumin, a unique natural active compound facing therapeutic problems due to low solubility and permeability. In addition, the presence of TPGS as a surfactant for multiple functions on curcumin nanoparticle was addressed. Observation was focused...

Introduction: Type 2 diabetic patients whom also diagnosed with hypertension often received a complex medication regimen. The situation may lead to the increased risk of drug-related problems (DRPs). The aim of the study was to identify the DRPs in Type 2 diabetic patients whom also diagnosed with hypertension in the following domains: Problems, ca...

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) merupakan jenis ikan tropis berukuran kecil yang banyak ditemukandi negara India dan Asia Selatan. Hingga saat ini, zebrafish telah digunakan sebagai organismemodel untuk pengembangan berbagai model penyakit, studi toksikologi, studi neurobiologi,gangguan-gangguan metabolisme, dan pengembangan genetika. Beberapa keunggulan d...

Latar belakang dan Tujuan: Atlet remaja memiliki resiko besar terhadap penurunan asupan nutrisi karena meningkatnya kebutuhan energi. Memperoleh asupan nutrisi yang seimbang menjadi sebuah masalah yang dihadapi oleh remaja karena gaya hidup yang cenderung mengabaikan kandungan nutrisi yang dikonsumsi. Banyak atlet remaja mengkonsumsi minuman berene...

Objective: Tamarind (Tamarindusindica L.) is one of the plants, which most of its parts are not only rich in nutrients, but also has been used widely in the community as a medicine, and one of them is believed to have effectiveness as anti-asthma.Methods: The study of that anti-asthma activity was conducted by using the test method of improvement b...

Tamarind water extract has been shown to demonstrate an anti-obesity effect. In this research, long-term use of tamarind pulp water extract safety was evaluated. Tamarind pulp was extracted by reflux method, followed by freeze-drying to obtain dry extract. Wistar rats were divided into six groups, with 20 animals of each sex per group. The control...

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is chronic inflammation disorder that can be treated with anti-inflammatory drug such as methylprednisolone. Several medicinal plants shave the potential to be used in arthritis therapy, one of which is Muntingia calabura L. The objective of this research was to study the antirheumatic activity of M. calabura leaves...

One of the main causes of cardiovascular disease is hyperlipidemia, an elevation of lipid in the blood. Lipids are major components of atherogenic plaques and many studies have proven that lipids disrupt the structure and function of blood vessels by forming lipid layers in the endothelial wall. Therefore, hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for athero...

Obesity is often identified as a nutritional disorder, and this condition continues to be one of the most important yet preventable health hazards. It may be a complex group of diseases and should be characterized as a syndrome that results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Furthermore, obesity is associated with several dise...

Quercetin (3,3’4’,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) has been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity. However, its low oral bioavailability limits the application of quercetin in therapy. Ester derivatives of quercetin have been reported to have higher bioavailability than quercetin. This research aimed to study the anti-inflammatory activities and gast...