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Scientific Journal of Applied Research Available online at www.sjar.net SJAR/2012/1-2/44-48 ©SJAR Journal, Science Explorer Publications
Effect of spirulina platensis as a dietary
supplement on broiler performance in comparison
with prebiotics
Hussein A. Kaoud
Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University,
Egypt
Corresponding author Email: ka-oud@link.net
ABSTACT: A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementations of
prebiotic (Lactose and Myco) and Spirulina platensis on broiler performance, carcass yield, and
organs weights. Six hundred 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary
treatments for 6 wk. The dietary treatments were 1) control, 2) basal diets supplemented with
prebiotic (lactose) (1 kg per ton of feed), 3) basal diets supplemented with prebiotic (Myco) (1 kg
per ton of feed), 4) basal diets supplemented with dry powder Spirulina platensis (1 kg per ton of
feed). The body weights, average daily weight gain, carcass yield percentage, and feed
conversion rate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by the dietary inclusion of the prebiotic and
Spirulina platensis as compared the control fed broilers. In conclusion, the prebiotic and
Spirulina platensis supplementation significantly increased BW and decreased feed gain ratios
and decreased the mortality. The Spirulina platensis offers a good alternative to improve poultry
production.
Key words: prebiotic- Spirulina platensis - performance- broilers
INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics are used in the poultry industry to prevent disease so as to improve meat and egg production.
However, the use of antibiotics in feed resulted in development of drug-resistant bacteria (Sorum and
Sunde,2001 ), drug residues in the body of the birds (Burgat , 1999) and imbalance of normal micro flora
(Andremont , 2000). In addition, the banded use of dietary antibiotics had driven the worldwide implantation of
alternative strategies to prevent proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. As a consequence, it has become
necessary to develop alternatives using either beneficial microorganisms or non-digestible ingredients that
enhance microbial growth. A probiotic is a viable microbial dietary supplement that beneficially affects the host,
either animal or man, through its effects in the intestinal tract (Fuller, 1989). The bacterial genera most often
used as probiotics are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria although other groups are also represented (Patterson and
Burkholder, 2003). The health-promoting effect of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the colon has been mainly
associated with their capacity to stimulate the immune response and to inhibit the growth of pathogenic
bacteria.
Prebiotics – are indigestible carbohydrates, which pass through small intestines and are broken down in the
colon. Oligofructans and inulin are considered as the standard prebiotics. They are not digested in the human
or animal small intestines, but are selectively fermented in the colon by bifidobacteria to short-chain fatty acids,
which in turn reduce pH in the colon, create unfavorable conditions for development of pathogenic bacteria and
facilitate resorption of minerals. Avian species cannot digest lactose because they lack of endogenous lactase,
hence lactose present in the feed is being digested by intestine bacteria (Siddons and ECoates,1972) In the
course of these microbial processes more volatile fatty acids and lactic acid are released and more microbial
proteins are produced (Hinton et al,1990).Many studies have shown that, in contrast to other carbohydrates,
lactose changes micro biota of large intestines by creating an acidic environment. Lower pH reduced the
number of pathogenic bacteria, more ammonia is used for biosynthesis of microbial proteins and less gets into
the blood (Chambers et al,1997; Simoyi et al,2006). It has been noticed that when lactose is used as prebiotic,
the number of Lactobacillus reuteri bacteria increases and the number of Salmonella bacteria in digestive tract
of birds decreases (Corrier et al,1997). The most relevant health benefits attributed to the consumption of
prebiotics are: immune stimulation, enhancement of the resistance to infectious diseases, alleviation of lactose
Sci J App Res. Vol., 1 (2), 44-48, 2012
intolerance, and improvement of serum lipids in hyperlipidemia, reduction of cholesterol and blood pressure,
production of B-vitamins, and an increase in calcium and magnesium absorption. As a dietary supplement the
fructans help prevent constipation and regulate passage time, thereby reducing the risk of colonic cancer.
Spirulina is a cyanobacterium that has been commercially cultivated for more than 10 years due to its high
nutritional content; e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, essential fatty acid and b- carotene (Vonshak,
,1997). Spirulina can be considered a nutritional supplement that has various health benefits for humans, and a
feed supplement for animals having economic benefits. To date, there is a limited amount of data that could be
used to improve the growth of the broiler performance. It has also been reported that Spirulina has health
benefits in conditions such as diabetes mellitus and arthritis (Parikh,et al, 2001; Rasool et al,2006 ).
Bifidobacteria are characterized by antimicrobial, ant carcinogenic, ant allergic, and immune-stimulating
effect. They also improve absorption of minerals, protect from diarrhea, and optimize nutrient digestion
processes (Gružauskas et al, 2004).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Birds
Five hundred, one d-old male Hubbard broiler chicks were obtained from a local commercial hatchery. Chicks
were vaccinated for Newcastle, infectious bronchitis, and Marek’s disease at the hatchery as well as Avian Flu
(H5N2) at age 9 days. Chicks were randomly allocated to 4 experimental treatments for 6 wk. Each treatment
had 4 replicates of 30 broilers. Each replicate was assigned to a clean floor pen (2 x 2 m), and birds were raised
on a wood shaving.
Dietary treatment
The 1st group was served as the control group and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were experimental groups.
Prebiotic Bactocell ® (obtained from Lallemand SAS in France) was added to combined feed of the 2nd group of
chicks at a rate of 1 Kg product/ton of starter (1-14 day) and grower (15-42) feeds
Birds of the 3rd group were supplemented by the prebiotic Myco® at a rate of 1 Kg product/ton of starter (1-
14 day) and grower (15-42) feeds.
Myco is a prebiotic composed of mannose oligosaccharides derived from the cell wall of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisia. The preparation had been manufactured by Probyn international, USA.
Birds of the 4th group had Spirulina platensis, preserved added to their feed at a rate of 1 Kg /ton of
starter( 1-14 day) and grower(15-42) feeds Microalgae Spirulina platensis, preserved in a laboratory at Faculty
of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cairo University of Egypt, was used in this study. It was grown at 25 ± 20 °C
in Zarrouk liquid medium (Parada et al., 1998), for 8-10 days under white fluorescent light (90 mmol photon m-
2s-1) with 14 h illumination. At the exponential growth phase, culture was filtered through filters 47 mm
(diameter) (Whatman GF/C). The filter was put in a glass Petri dish in the oven at 35 °C for 3 days (Boussiba
and Richmond, 1976).
Growth Performance Traits
All birds were weighed individually after their arrival from the hatchery to the experimental farm (initial weight)
and on day 42. Daily weight gain for each dietary treatment was calculated. Feed consumption was recorded in
the course of the whole experiment for each treatment, and the feed conversion rates were calculated
subsequently
Organ Weights and Carcass Yield Percentages
At the end of experiment, after weighing, 10 birds per treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered. The
proventiculus, gizzard, liver, thymus, cecum, and colon were excised and weighed. The gastrointestinal tract
was weighed after removal of the content. Afterward, the birds were scalded, de-feathered, and carcasses were
eviscerated. The head, neck, and feet were removed, and the carcass weight was then determined, and the
carcass yield percentage was calculated by dividing the carcass weight by the live BW of birds multiplied by
100.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance on the SAS 6.0. Significance of differences
between groups was determined using the Duncan test forpost-hoc comparisons. Differences were considered
significant if P0.05.
RESULTS
Growth Performance
The initial BW of chicks did not differ between the dietary treatments (Table 1). At the end of the experiment (d
42), birds supplemented with Spirulina platensis had a greater body weight (2. 279 ± 1.82) as compared with
Sci J App Res. Vol., 1 (2), 44-48, 2012
controls (2.322 ± 1.65 kg). Moreover, prebiotic (Lactose) and prebiotic (Myco) -supplemented birds had a
greater body weight (2.279± 1.82 and 2.275± 2.16 respectively) than the control birds (Table 1).
Daily weight gain
The average daily weight gain (from d 1 to 42) increased for birds supplemented with Spirulina platensis
(51.42± 0.49) compared with control birds (49.32± 0.52) and birds supplemented with prebiotic 1 (50.49± 0.41)
and prebiotic 2 (50.65± 0.48). Furthermore, prebiotic 1 and prebiotic 2-supplemented birds had a slight greater
daily weight gain than control birds (Table 1).
Effect of Feed Conversion Rate Mortality and carcass Percentage
Feed conversion rate (FCR) was lower for birds supplemented with Spirulina platensis (1.78) than control
birds (1.88) and birds supplemented with prebiotic 1 (1.86) and prebiotic 2 (1.85). In addition, probiotic, and
prebiotic 2 -supplemented birds had a lower FCR than control birds (Table 2)The mortality rate was lower for the
Spirulina platensis -supplemented group (2.5%) than both the prebiotic1 and prebiotic 2-supplemented group
(3.5% and 3%, respectively) compared to control group (4%).
The means of the carcass weight percentage relative to the BW for control group, prebiotic 1 and 2 as well as
Spirulina platensis supplemented groups are recorded in Table 2.
The Spirulina platensis -supplemented group had a greater (P < 0.05) carcass percentage (64.87± 1.12 %)
compared with the control group (61.10 ± 1.37 %) and prebiotic 1 and 2-supplemented group (61.40±1.62 and
64.87± 1.12, respectively), Table 2.
Effect of feed supplementations on absolute weights of organs
The means of the absolute weights of organs for dietary treatments are recorded in Table 3. The weight of
proventriculus decreased for prebiotic 2 (8.1 ± 0.33) compared with the control group (8. 4 ±0.37g) and other
supplemented group (Table 4). The weight of caecum and colon were decreased for all supplemented groups
compared with the control group. Spirulina platensis -supplemented group showed a decrease in liver weight
(38.4 ± 1.4g) compared with either the control group (44.3 ± 3.22 g) or other -supplemented groups (Table4).
The weight of bursa was significantly higher in Spirulina platensis -supplemented group (4.9 ± 0.29 g) than in
control group and the other-supplemented groups .
In addition, the weight of thymus was increased for all supplemented groups compared with the control group.
DISCUSSION
The primary role of feed is not only to provide enough nutrients to fulfill metabolic requirements of the body but
also to modulate various functions of the body. Probiotic and prebiotic are either beneficial microorganisms or
substrates that facilitate the growth of these microorganisms, which can be suitably harnessed by the food
manufacturers and hold considerable promise for the health care industry.
Various authors have noted that probiotics improve birds' growth parameters (Kralik et al, 2004; Torres-
Rodriguez et al,2007). Probiotic and prebiotic stimulate the immune system of an organism, increasing its
protective capacity against pathogenic bacteria, as well as stimulating production of certain digestion enzymes,
vitamins and other biologically active substances, all of which affect organism’s health via its digestive tract
(Grajek et al, 2005).
Improvement in growth performance and feed efficiency of broiler chickens fed prebiotic (Cavazzoni et al, 1998
; Jin et al,1998; Samli et al,2007) may be attributed to the total effects of their action including the maintenance
of beneficial microbial population (Fuller, 1989), improving feed intake and digestion (Nahanshon, Nakaue et
al,1992), and altering bacterial metabolism (Cole et al, 1987; LZ et al,1997). Avian species cannot digest lactose
because they lack of endogenous lactase, hence lactose present in the feed is being digested by intestinal
bacteria (Siddons and Ecoates, 1972). In the course of these microbial processes, more volatile fatty acids and
lactic acid are released and more microbial proteins are produced (Hinton et al,1990). Many studies have
shown that, in contrast to other carbohydrates, lactose changes micro biota of large intestines by creating an
acidic environment. Lower pH reduced the number of pathogenic bacteria, more ammonia is used for
biosynthesis of microbial proteins and less gets into the blood (Chambers et al, 1997; Simoyi et al, 2006). It has
been noticed that when lactose is used as prebiotic, the number of Lactobacillus reuteri bacteria in increases
and the number of Salmonella bacteria in digestive tract of birds decreases (Corrier et al, 1997).
Prebiotics play an important role in formation of stable intestine micro flora and affect both health and
development of the intestine. Intestine micro flora plays an important role in feed digestion and conversion. Use
of prebiotics in poorer industrial bird production conditions or for weaker bird groups may produce higher
productivity effect (Torres-Rodriguez et al, 2007). In the present study, the beneficial effects of two prebiotics
Sci J App Res.
(Myco and lactose
BW are in agreement with previous
al
greater growth
significant difference in the carcass yield
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
Brune,1982;
function, reproduction and growth, as reported by
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
(
Tokai
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
the FCR was improved by
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
was improved by 1.6 %.
3. Under the influence of
FCR was improved by
Sci J App Res.
(Myco and lactose
BW are in agreement with previous
al
,2004;
Mountzouris et al,2007;
greater growth
significant difference in the carcass yield
S. platensis
dried
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
Brune,1982;
Ross and Dominy ,1985
function, reproduction and growth, as reported by
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
Tokai
et al,1987;
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
Parameter
Initial
B WT(g)
Weight at d
42 (kg)
Daily weight
gain (g)
Table 2. Effect of feed supplementations on FCR
Parameter
FCR
Mortality %
Carcass
percentage
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
the FCR was improved by
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
was improved by 1.6 %.
3. Under the influence of
FCR was improved by
Organ
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Liver
Cecum and Colon
Bursa
Thymus
Sci J App Res.
Vol., 1 (2),
4
(Myco and lactose
) preparations on
BW are in agreement with previous
Mountzouris et al,2007;
greater growth
-promoting
effect and increased
significant difference in the carcass yield
dried
-
supplement
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
Ross and Dominy ,1985
function, reproduction and growth, as reported by
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
et al,1987;
Mariey et al,2012
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
Parameter
Control
Initial
B WT(g)
42.6± 1.1
Weight at d
42 (kg)
2.19 ± 1.65
Daily weight
gain (g)
49.32± 0.52
a,b
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 2. Effect of feed supplementations on FCR
Parameter
Control
1.88
Mortality %
4.5
Carcass
percentage
61.10 ±1.37
a,b
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
a,b
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
the FCR was improved by
1.1
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
was improved by 1.6 %.
3. Under the influence of
Spirulina platensis
FCR was improved by
6.3
%.
Organ
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Cecum and Colon
Bursa
Thymus
4
4-48, 2012
) preparations on
broiler performance parameters incl
BW are in agreement with previous
studies
Mountzouris et al,2007;
Samli
et al,2007
effect and increased
significant difference in the carcass yield
supplement
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
Ross and Dominy ,1985
;
Ross and Dominy
function, reproduction and growth, as reported by
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
Mariey et al,2012
).
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
Control
42.6± 1.1
2.19 ± 1.65
e
49.32± 0.52
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 2. Effect of feed supplementations on FCR
Control
61.10 ±1.37
c
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
Dietary treatment
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
1.1
%.
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
Spirulina platensis
%.
Control
8.-4
± 0.37 c
44 ± 3.43 c
44.3 ± 3.22
10.8 ± 0.27
4.6 ± 0.48
9.6 ± 0.6
broiler performance parameters incl
studies
(
Cavazzoni et al
et al,2007
)
However,
effect and increased
the carcass yield percentage. In addition, there was a highly
significant difference in the carcass yield
(3.77
%) compared
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
Ross and Dominy
function, reproduction and growth, as reported by
(
Qureshi et al, 1994
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
Dietary treatment
Prebiotic Lactose
(1)
42.7± 0.76
2.279± 1.82
50.49± 0.41
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 2. Effect of feed supplementations on FCR
and mortality and carcass percentage of the experimental birds
Dietary treatment
Prebiotic
(Lactose)
1.86
3.5
61.40±
1.62
c
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
Dietary treatment
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
CONCLUSION
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
Spirulina platensis
-
supplemented body weight was higher by
Prebiotic
Lactose (1)
± 0.37 c
8.2 ± 0.33 c
44 ± 3.43 c
42.9 ± 4.2 c
44.3 ± 3.22
c
44.1 ±2.47
10.8 ± 0.27
b
10.8± 0.52
4.6 ± 0.48
ab
4.8 ± 0.62
9.6 ± 0.6
ab
11.4 ± 0.43
broiler performance parameters incl
Cavazzoni et al
,
1998;
However,
Spirulina platensis
the carcass yield percentage. In addition, there was a highly
%) compared
to control group.
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
Ross and Dominy
1990).
Spirul
Qureshi et al, 1994
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
Dietary treatment
Prebiotic Lactose
Prebiotic Myco(2)
42.7± 0.76
42.9± 1.74
2.279± 1.82
d
2.275± 2.16
50.49± 0.41
50.65± 0.48
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
and mortality and carcass percentage of the experimental birds
Dietary treatment
Prebiotic
(Myco)
1.85
3
61.9±
0.77
c
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
CONCLUSION
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
supplemented body weight was higher by
Prebiotic
Lactose (1)
8.2 ± 0.33 c
42.9 ± 4.2 c
44.1 ±2.47
c
10.8± 0.52
b
4.8 ± 0.62
b
11.4 ± 0.43
a
broiler performance parameters incl
uding
average daily BW gain, FCR, and
1998;
Jin et al,
1998; Zulkifli et al
Spirulina platensis
the carcass yield percentage. In addition, there was a highly
to control group.
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
all of the essential amino acids and rich in minerals and vitamins
(Bourges
Spirul
ina
has been shown to enhance immune
Qureshi et al, 1994
) and (
Khan et al,2005
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
Prebiotic Myco(2)
42.9± 1.74
2.275± 2.16
d
50.65± 0.48
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
and mortality and carcass percentage of the experimental birds
S. platensis
1.78
25
64.87± 1.12
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
supplemented body weight was higher by
Prebiotic
Myco (2)
8.1 ± 0.33
b
42.5 ± 3.47
b
43.7 ± 3.24
c
10.9± 0.49
b
4.8 ± 0.69
b
11.4 ± 0.43
a
average daily BW gain, FCR, and
1998; Zulkifli et al
Spirulina platensis
dried-
supplement
the carcass yield percentage. In addition, there was a highly
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
et al,1971;
Anusuya et al,1981;
has been shown to enhance immune
Khan et al,2005
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
Table 1. Effect of feed supplementations on BW (g) and daily weight gain (g), of the ex
perimental birds
Prebiotic Myco(2)
S. platensis
42.2± 0.97
2.322±1.82
51.42± 0.49
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
P
0.05).
and mortality and carcass percentage of the experimental birds
S. platensis
64.87± 1.12
b
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
P
0.05).
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (
P
0.05).
1. Under the influence of the prebiotic lactose broilers body weight was higher by
3.80%
percent period and
2. Under the influence of the prebiotic MYCO broilers body weight was higher by
3.6%
percent and the FCR
supplemented body weight was higher by
6%
S. platensis
8.3 ± 0.32 c
41.8 ± 2
c
38.4 ± 1.4
11.1± 0.62
4.9 ± 0.29
a
11.4 ± 0.43
average daily BW gain, FCR, and
1998; Zulkifli et al
,2000;
Kabir, et
supplement
displayed
the carcass yield percentage. In addition, there was a highly
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
Anusuya et al,1981;
has been shown to enhance immune
Khan et al,2005
)
Feeding Spirulina
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
perimental birds
1
S. platensis
42.2± 0.97
2.322±1.82
b
51.42± 0.49
0.05).
and mortality and carcass percentage of the experimental birds
0.05).
Table 3 . Effect of feed supplementations on absolute organ weights (g) of broiler chickens (n=10)
0.05).
percent period and
percent and the FCR
6%
percent and the
S. platensis
8.3 ± 0.32 c
41.8 ± 2
b
38.4 ± 1.4
b
11.1± 0.62
b
11.4 ± 0.43
a
average daily BW gain, FCR, and
Kabir, et
displayed
a
the carcass yield percentage. In addition, there was a highly
has an excellent nutritional profile (high carotenoids, high protein with includes
Anusuya et al,1981;
has been shown to enhance immune
Feeding Spirulina
containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins
and mortality and carcass percentage of the experimental birds
percent period and
percent and the FCR
percent and the
Sci J App Res. Vol., 1 (2), 44-48, 2012
4. In conclusion, Spirulina platensis may be used as a supplement at 1kg\tone feed for broiler chicks.
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