Huansheng Yang

Hunan Normal University · School of life science

This study explored the effects of different vitamin B5 (VB5) levels on intestinal growth and function of weaned piglets. Twenty-one piglets (7.20 ± 1.11 kg) were included in a 28-day feeding trial with three treatments, including 0 mg/kg (L-VB5), 10 mg/kg (Control) and 50 mg/kg (H-VB5) of VB5 supplement. The results showed that: Large intestine we...

Thirty-six healthy 21-day-old weaned ternary piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into two treatments with 18 replicates per treatment and one pig per replicate. The control group was fed with a basal diet and the test group was fed with diets supplemented with 1 kg/t tea residue. The test period was 28 days. The results are...

Thirty-six healthy 21-day-old weaned ternary piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into 2 treatments with 18 replicates per treatment and 1 pig per replicate. The control group was fed with basal diet and the test group was fed with diets supplemented with 1 kg/t tea residue. The test period was 28 days. The results are as fo...

Early weaning stress impairs intestinal health in piglets. miRNAs are crucial for maintaining host homeostasis, while their implication for animal health remains unclear. To identify weaning-associated miRNAs, piglets were sampled at day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 after weaning. The data indicated that the highest levels of miR-199a-5p in jejunal villus upp...

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of iron on intestinal epithelium development of suckling piglets. Compared with newborn piglets, 7-day-old and 21-day-old piglets showed changes in the morphology of the jejunum, increased proliferation, differentiated epithelial cells, and expanded enteroids. Intestinal epithelium maturation markers an...

Antibiotic resistance of pathogens, which is caused by the abuse of in-feed antibiotics, threatens the sustainable development of livestock production. The present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of porcine intestinal antimicrobial peptide (PIAP) as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in terms of growth performance, intestinal morpholog...

The abuse of antibiotics has become a serious health challenge in the veterinary field. It creates environmental selection pressure on bacteria and facilitates the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes. The speed of discovery and application of cost-effective alternatives to antibiotics is slow in pig production. Natural products from biosynt...

This study explored the effects of different protein and energy levels on growth performance and serum biochemical indices of ewes during early and mid-pregnancy. A total of 132 ewes were assigned to 5 groups (P1, P2 = E2, P3, E1, E3) to dietary protein levels (P1: 9.22%, P2: 10.04%, P3: 10.86%) and dietary energy levels (E1: 9.04 MJ/kg, E2: 9.53 M...

Background: Lysine (Lys) is the first limiting amino acid for pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets. Three experiments were conducted to estimate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement for growing (Exp. 1), early finishing (Exp. 2), and late finishing (Exp. 3) pigs under commercial conditions. Results and conclusions: In Exp....

Background The intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2) is a well-established model to study porcine intestinal physiology. IPEC-J2 cells undergo spontaneous differentiation during culture while changes in expression patterns of differentiated IPEC-J2 remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the expression profiles of...

Beta-alanine is an important amino acid involved in several metabolic reactions in the body. The study aimed to investigate the effect of β-alanine supplementation on intestinal development and the immune performance of weaned piglets. Thirty-two 21-day-old healthy weaned piglets (half female and half male; Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an ini...

High intramuscular fat content of pigs improves pork quality and increasing intramuscular fat deposition is a long-term goal in the husbandry of pigs reared for meat production. There are significant phenotypic differences between the Ningxiang (NX) pigs (an indigenous Chinese breed) and Large White (LW) pigs (a western, lean-type breed). The prese...

Niacin plays an important role in regulating the gut health of weaned piglets. In this study, 48 25-day-old weaned piglets (7.9 ± 0.20 kg) produced by 14 sows (3 to 4 piglets per sow) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 2 piglets in each replicate. Each group was fed diets supplemented with 22.5 (N1), 30 (N2), 45...

Tannic acid (TA) has received widespread attention for its beneficial biological function with antioxidant capacity. This study investigated the protective role of TA on the intestinal antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier in weaned piglets and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). A total of 18 weaned piglets were randomly allocated...

Alpha (α)‐tocopherol is a major component of dietary vitamin E. Despite being one of the most widely used food supplements in both animals and humans, its role in intestinal functions remains unknown. We were able to examine and accurately demonstrate its permeability effect in vitro and its differentiated effect on tight junction expression in dif...

As one of the local pig breeds in China with a high fat rate, improving the lean meat rate of Ningxiang pigs through nutritional intervention is an urgent issue to be solved. As an important feed additive, niacin plays an important role in lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation and mechanism of niacin on fat d...

Gut microbes can affect host adaptation to various environment conditions. Escherichia coli is a common gut species, including pathogenic strains and nonpathogenic strains. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different E. coli strains in the gut on the health of pigs. In this study, the complete genomes of two E. coli strains iso...

This study was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths on growth performance, intestinal morphology, epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in weaned piglets. Thirty-two weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, BW = 7.81 ± 0.26 kg) were weaned at 21 d and random...

This study investigated the effects of diet with different amylose–amylopectin ratios (AAR) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities and mRNA expression of nutrients transporters in piglets with short-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal injections. Sixty 21 days-old piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire; 6.504...

Background In modern animal husbandry, breeders pay increasing attention to improving sow nutrition during pregnancy and lactation to favor the health of neonates. Sow milk is a main food source for piglets during their first three weeks of life, which is not only a rich repository of essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds, bu...

The effects of excessive dietary iron intake on the body have been an important topic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-dose iron on intestinal damage and regeneration in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model mice. A total of 72 8-week-old adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two dietary treatme...

Riboflavin is a water‐soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of protein, fats and carbohydrates as a coenzyme. Pigs, mainly weaned piglets, are prone to riboflavin deficiency. Therefore, this study devoted to explore the effects of riboflavin on intestinal development and function of weaned piglets. A total of 21 piglets, weaned at day 21 of ag...

This study aimed to investigate whether lactating Hu sheep’s dietary protein levels could generate dynamic effects on the performance of their offspring. Twelve ewes with similar parity were fed iso-energy diets which contained different protein levels (P1: 9.82%, P2: 10.99%) (n = 6), and the corresponding offspring were divided into SP1 and SP2 (n...

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of replacing corn silage with Phragmites australis shoot remainder (PSR) silage on intake, growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen microbial diversity of growing-finishing beef. Fifteen Angus beef cattle with an average body weight of 253 ± 2.94 kg were randomly divide...

Weaning of piglets could increase the risk of infecting with Gram-negative pathogens, which can further bring about a wide array of virulence factors including the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It is in common practice that the use of antibiotics has been restricted in animal husbandry. Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) plays an important role in th...

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO), Chinese herbal medicine extract (CHE) or their combination on the growth performance, diarrhoea incidence, serum biochemical profiles, inflammatory cytokine expression, intestinal morphology and microflora of weaned piglets. Thirty-two ([Landrace ×...

Intestinal epithelial homeostasis plays an important role in intestinal morphology and function. However, the developmental changes in intestinal epithelial cell turnover in piglets during early weaning are unknown so far. Thus, the aim of this work was to detect changes in piglet gut development from weaning to post-weaning d 14. Accordingly, 40 p...

This study aimed to assess the changes of small intestinal morphology, progenitors, differentiated epithelial cells, and potential mechanisms in neonatal piglets. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of samples from 36 piglets suggested that dramatic changes were observed in the jejunum crypts depth and crypt fission index of neonatal piglets (P < 0.001)...

Early weaning in piglets can cause a series of negative effects. This causes serious losses to the livestock industry. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine (D-GlcNAc) plays an important role in regulating the homeostasis of the intestine. This study aimed to investigate the effects of D-GlcNAc on the growth performance and intestinal function of weaned piglets....

It has been widely known that oxidative stress disrupts the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system in the body. During pregnancy, the physiological generation of ROS is involved in a variety of developmental processes ranging from oocyte maturation to luteolysis and embryo implantation. While abnormal overproductio...

This study investigated rumen fermentation and histological and microbial diversity in male Hu lamb fed diets with different metabolizable energy (ME) levels (MEA, 9.17 MJ/kg, MEB, 10.00 MJ/kg, and MEC, 10.82 MJ/kg). Thirty-six male Hu lambs were randomly allotted to three treatments, and the feeding trial lasted for 67 days. Rumen fermentation res...

Gut microbiota is the natural residents of the intestinal ecosystem which display multiple functions that provide beneficial effects on host physiology. Disturbances in gut microbiota in weaning stress are regulated by the immune system and oxidative stress-related protein pathways. Weaning stress also alters gut microbiota response, limits digesti...

This study aimed to investigate the effects of iron, vitamin A (VA) and their interaction on intestinal development and differentiation of cells in suckling piglets. Therefore, 32 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire 0-day-old newborn boars with similar body weights were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 1 pig in each repl...

The present study aimed to investigate whether inflammation-associated responses in piglets are induced by high protein (HP) through activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Sixteen piglets (35 d of age, Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire, weaned at d 21, initial BW = 9.70 ± 0.11 kg) were allocated to 18% and 26% CP (HP group) at random, com...

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for animals. Many studies have been conducted on the effects of dietary Cu on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and function of piglets. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be explored. Intestinal stem cells (ISC) drive the development and constant renewal of intestinal epithelium. Therefo...

Background: Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) plays an important role in piglets' intestinal health. It is controversial whether diarrhea could be relieved by changing DAR in weaning piglets. Methods: Sixty (Landrace × Yorkshire) castrated male pigs (initial body weight (BW) 6.51 ± 0.64 kg) were randomly allocated to five groups (one pig p...

Recently, herbal extracts have been applied in multiple aspects, such as medicine and animal feed. Different compositions of herbal extract mixture (HEM) have various components and diverse functions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HEM (Lonicera japonica, Astragalus membranaceus, Eucommia folium, and Codonopsis pilosula) on intestinal...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different protein levels in late pregnancy on ewe and lamb growth performance, serum biochemical indexes. Thirty-three ewes (46.4 ± 1.38 kg initial weight) were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 11 ewes in each group. The protein levels of three diets formulated to provide components to...

Niacin deficiency leads to inflammation of mucous membranes and diarrhoea.There are few reports on the effects of niacin on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. The present study was conducted...

Sixteen 35-day-old piglets, including eight Large White (LW) piglets (a lean-type pig breed) and eight Ningxiang (NX) piglets (a fatty-type Chinese Indigenous pig breed), were fed the same diet for 105 days. NX pigs had higher intramuscular fat content than LW pigs (p < 0.05). According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the relative abundances of the ge...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Amaranthus hypochondriacus (AH) inclusion in the diets of gestating and lactating sows on the lactational feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of suckling piglets. During gestation, 40 multiparous Landrace sows were restrictively fed with either a control diet or a d...

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of indole-3-acetate sodium (IAA-Na) inclusion in diets on the egg production performance, egg quality, intestinal tissue morphology, serum hormone levels and biochemical parameters of Danzhou chickens to preliminarily explore the efficacy of IAA-Na as a feed additive. A total of 192 Danzhou chicke...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adding Pennisetum purpureum (P. purpureum, also known as Napier grass or elephant grass) to the diets of late gestation on the antioxidant indexes, immune indexes and faecal microbiota of sows. At the 90 days of gestation, 300 healthy sows were randomly divided into three groups, and they...

Folate is increasingly thought to promote gastrointestinal health and regulate the diversity of gut microbiota to alleviate weaning stress in piglets. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of folate on organ weight, digesta pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration, and intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets. A total o...

This study investigated the different addition levels of iron (Fe) in growing-finishing pigs and the effect of different Fe levels on growth performance, haematological status, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal digestion. A total of 1,200 barrows and gilts [(Large White × Landrace) × Duroc]with average initial body weight (BW; 27.74 ±0.28...

In the present study, the feasibility of sugarcane top (ST) application in the goat’s diet was evaluated. A total of 20 goats were randomly divided into four groups. The dietary treatments were set as follows: animals were fed with king grass (KG), KG with exogenous enzymes (KGE), ST, and ST with exogenous enzymes (STE). The animals were given free...

Background: Antioxidant function could be regulated by resistant starch supplementation in rats with kidney disease. It is controversial whether antioxidant ability could be regulated by changing dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) when weaned piglets under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress. Methods: Sixty male weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace ×...

Fifty‐six piglets were weaned at 21 days and randomly assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 7 replicate pens for a 14‐day experimental period. The eight experimental diets were prepared via a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with citric acid (CA; 0 and 0.3%) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na +K − Cl mEq/kg of the diet; −50, 100, 250, and 400...

This study evaluated the effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum biochemical of female Hu lambs. Seventy female Hu lambs (aged 4 months) were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments. Lambs were fed diets with 5 levels of metabolizable energy (ME): 9.17 (E1), 9.59 (E2), 10.00 (E3), 10.41 (E4)...

Defective implantation is related to pregnancy-associated disorders such as spontaneous miscarriage, intrauterine fetal growth restriction and others. Several factors proclaimed to be involved such as physiological, nutritional, environmental and managemental that leads to cause oxidative stress. Overloading of free radicals promotes oxidative stre...

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary folic acid on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal epithelial cells renewal in post-weaning piglets. Twenty-eight piglets (weaned at day 21, initial body weight of 6.73 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 7 pens per diet and 1 piglet per pe...

Iron is an essential metal for both animals and microbiota. In general, neonates and infants of humans and animals are at the risk of iron insufficiency. However, excess dietary iron usually causes negative impacts on the host and microbiota. This study aimed to investigate overloaded dietary iron supplementation on growth performance, the distribu...

Background: Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) plays important role in piglets’ immune system. It is controversial whether diarrhea could be relieved by changing DRA in weaning piglets. Methods: A total of 60 (Landrace × Yorkshire) castrated male pigs (initial body weight 6.51 ± 0.64 kg) were allotted to 5 groups (1 pig/cage and 12 replicates/...

This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical index, and meat quality of Hu male lambs. Sixty lambs were randomly divided into 5 groups with 12 lambs in each group. The protein levels of the five diets were: 125 g/kg, 132 g/kg, 140 g/kg, 148 g/kg, and 156 g/kg. Fifteen lambs were...

This study investigated whether dietary metabolizable energy (ME) could generate dynamical effects on rumen fermentation, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology , and microbial composition of growing ewes. A total of twenty-eight female Hu lambs were randomly allotted to two treatments with different dietary ME levels: 9.17 (FEA) and 10.41 MJ/kg (...

Background: In modern animal husbandry, the relationship between sow and piglets is closely linked as breeders pay more attention to improving sow nutrition during pregnancy and lactation to favor the growing of neonates. Sow milk is the main food for piglets during their first three weeks of life, which is not only a rich repository of essential n...

Background: In modern animal husbandry, breeders pay increasing attention to improving sow nutrition during pregnancy and lactation to favor the health of neonates. Sow milk is a main food for piglets during their first three weeks of life, which is not only a rich repository of essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds, but also...

Background Many countries are increasingly prohibiting the addition of antibiotics in livestock diets. Therefore, herb extracts have gradually drawn attention to substitute antibiotics. Our present study aimed to determine the effects of herbal extract mixture (HEM) in dietary on growth performance, organ weight, intestinal morphology and intestina...

The purpose of the present study is to discover the effects of iron on the intestinal development and epithelial maturation of suckling piglets. Twenty-seven newborn male piglets from 9 sows (3 piglets per sow), with similar body weight were selected. The 3 piglets from the same sow were randomly divided into 1 of 3 groups. The piglets were orally...

Few studies focused on the effects of iron on characterizing alterations of metabolic processes in neonatal piglets. In the present study, 16 neonatal piglets were randomly assigned to two groups. In the first group piglets were given an intramuscularly injection of iron dextran at 150 mg as a positive control (CON) and the second group were not su...

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of ewe growth performance, serum biochemical indicators and lamb growth and development at different protein levels in late pregnancy. A total of 15 pregnant ewes (46.4 ± 1.38kg initial BW) were assigned to 3 groups with 5 ewes in each group in a randomized block design. P1, P2 and P3 of three gr...

Background: Probiotics are being considered as valuable microorganisms related to human health. Hu sheep is referred as one of the important sheep breeds in China. Goat milk produced by Hu sheep is characterized with high nutritional value and hypoallergenic in nature. Particularly, this milk contains plenty of milk prebiotic and probiotic bacteri...

The present study was to evaluate the consequences of iron status across oral and parenteral iron administrations in prevention of iron deficiency anemia. A total of 24 one-day-old male neonatal piglets were allocated into three groups given non-iron supplementation (NON), intramuscular iron dextran injection (FeDex), and oral administration of fer...

Background Inflammation is a complex response of the host defense system to different internal and external stimuli. It is believed that persistent inflammation may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases such as, inflammatory bowel disease, neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress is the main factor responsible for the augmentation...

Fifty-six piglets (6.26 ± 0.64 kg BW) were weaned at 21 days and randomly assigned to one of eight dietary treatments with seven replicate pens for a 14-day experimental period. The eight experimental diets were prepared via a 2×4 factorial arrangement with citric acid (CA; 0 and 0.3%) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na + K − Cl mEq/kg of the...

Antibiotics are commonly overused to reduce weaning stress that leads to economic loss in swine production. As potential substitutes of antibiotics, plant extracts have attracted the attention of researchers. However, one of plant extracts, tannic acid (TA) has an adverse effect on the growth performance, palatability, and intestinal absorption in...

Weaning stresses often induce markedly structural and functional changes in the small intestine. However, little data are available on the changes of the morphology, function, and healthin the cecum of piglets post-weaning. This study was conducted to measure the effects of weaning on the cecum in piglets. Forty piglets were weaned at 21 d and samp...

An experiment was conducted with the objectives of determining the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of amino acids (AA) in housefly (HF) and black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae meal by growing pigs. Ten pigs fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum with an average init...

Background Lauric acid (LA) has antimicrobial effects and the potential to replace antibiotics in feeds to prevent postweaning diarrhea and increase overall swine productivity. The effects of lauric acid on the intestinal epithelial cells remain unclear. Materials and Methods Materials and Methods: This study investigates the effects of LA on pig...

Vitamin B6 (VB6), which is an essential functional substance for biosome, plays an irreplaceable role in animal health. However, there are few studies that focus on the correlation between VB6 and intestinal health in weaned piglets. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of VB6 on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and infl...

Vitamin A (VA) is an important nutrient for weaning piglets. It plays a significant role in the normal formation, development, and maintenance of epithelial cells. Previous studies have shown that VA supplements could improve the host’s intestinal barrier function. Therefore, we hypothesized that VA supplements can affect intestinal function in wea...

Intestinal villi are important structures for digesting and absorbing nutrients. It was hypothesized that intestinal villous height (VH) is related to growth performance, and that VH is associated with digestive and absorptive capabilities in piglets. Sixty 21‐d‐old weaned piglets were fed identical diets for 28 days. The piglets were grouped accor...

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on growth performance, slaughter traits, meat quality and blood biochemical parameters in fattening male Hu lambs. Sixty lambs were fed five iso‐protein diets which contained different levels of metabolizable energy in a completely randomized design for 70 d...

The small intestine is an important digestive organ and plays a vital role in the life of a pig. We tested the hypothesis that the length of the small intestine is related to growth performance and intestinal functions of piglets. A total of 60 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), weaned at day 21, were fed an identical diet during a 28-day tria...

Copper is an essential microelement for animals, and not only it has been used as a feed additive at pharmacological doses in swine production to improve growth performance, but it also has an effect on intestinal microbes by enhancing host bacterial resistance. However, there are few reports on the effects of pharmacological doses of copper on int...

Vitamin B6 (VB6) is an important coenzyme factor which participates in many metabolic reactions, especially amino acid metabolism. There are few reports on how VB6 mediates weaned piglet intestinal health. This study purposed to investigate dietary VB6 effects on growth, diarrhea rates, and intestinal morphology and function in weaned piglets fed a...

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to improve piglet intestinal morphology and epithelial recovery. In an attempt to further understand the mechanisms behind these improvements, this study tested the hypothesis that dietary EGF may affect intestinal morphology by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of enterocytes in weaning...

Small intestinal epithelium homeostasis involves four principal cell types: enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. Epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) has been shown to affect enterocyte differentiation. This study determined the effect of dietary EGF on goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cell differentiation in piglet small intestine a...

Background: Butyric acid (BT), a short-chain fatty acid, is the preferred colonocyte energy source. The effects of BT on the differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells of piglets and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Methods: In this study, it was found that 0.2-0.4 mM BT promoted t...

Oxidative stress is more likely to occur in the intestine compared to other organs because it is located at the interface between an organism and its luminal environment. Tannic acid (TA) is reported to serve as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic agent in various models. In the present study, we evaluated the effects...

This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral administration with glutamate on metabolism of suckling piglets based on 1H‐Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy through the level of metabolism. Forty‐eight healthy [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets born on the same day with a similar birth bodyweight (1.55 ± 0.20 kg) wer...

Background: Stearic acid (SA), a saturated long-chain fatty acid consisting of 18 carbon atoms, is widely found in feed ingredients, such as corn, soybeans, and wheat. However, the roles of SA in the renewal of intestinal epithelial cells remain unclear. Methods and results: In the present study, we found that 0.01-0.1 mM SA promoted IPEC-J2 cel...