Content uploaded by Hsiang-Feng Carroll
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Hsiang-Feng Carroll on May 30, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Education level as a predictor of condom use in jail‐incarcerated women, with fundamental cause analysis
Abstract and Figures
Objective
To model condom usage by jail‐incarcerated women incarcerated in US local jails and understand results in terms of fundamental cause theory.
Design, Sample, Measurements
We surveyed 102 women in an urban jail in the Midwest United States. Chi‐square tests and generalized linear modeling were used to identify factors of significance for women who used condoms during last sex compared with women who did not. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was conducted to estimate the relation between the outcome variable and variables linked to condom use in the literature.
Results
Logistic regression showed that for women who completed high school odds of reporting condom use during last sex were 2.78 times higher (p = .043) than the odds for women with less than a high school education. Among women who responded no to ever having had a sexually transmitted infection, odds of using a condom during last sex were 2.597 times (p = .03) higher than odds for women who responded that they had had a sexually transmitted infection.
Conclusions
Education is a fundamental cause of reproductive health risk among incarcerated women. We recommend interventions that creatively target distal over proximal factors.
Figures - uploaded by Hsiang-Feng Carroll
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Hsiang-Feng Carroll
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Health education is fundamental to avoid risks to the sexual and reproductive health of imprisoned women when carried out, above all, through educational interventions and technologies, as these play an important role in STI prevention, treatment, diagnosis or control [6,7]. ...
... The participants of the semantic evaluation were 10 women aged between 21 and 35 years old with a mean of 28 (±5.24), single (9), mixed race (8), and mostly from Pernambuco (9) with Recife standing out (6). The number of years of study varied from 5 to 15 with a mean of 9.05 (±2.78), and family income ranged from R$ 99.00 to R$ 7000.00 with a mean of R$ 1761.33 (±2090.66). ...
... With regard to STIs, 8 stated that they had already received diverse information on the subject matter from health professionals (6), in health centers (3) and via the Internet (2). Referring to doubts related to the STIs, only 3 stated having some, especially about syphilis, discharges, myths and truths about STIs. ...
Introduction
The board games is an educational technology that represents an appealing, active and playful pedagogical strategy and may be capable of motivating imprisoned women to learn about Sexually Transmitted Infections.
Methods
A methodological study to develop and evaluate a board game, following these stages: 1. Integrative literature review to identify educational technologies on Sexually Transmitted Infections used by imprisoned women; 2. Development of the board game; and 3. Content validation performed by 23 evaluators and semantic evaluation carried out with 10 imprisoned women who were enrolled in a school located within a female prison unit in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil.
Results
The board game consisted of the following: 01 board; 01 instructions manual; 05 pawns; 52 cards; and 01 dice. A global Content Validity Index of 0.966 was reached in the content validation process performed by health and education professionals. In the validation of the board game content regarding appearance, performed by designers/developers, most of the items obtained a Content Validity Coefficient below 0.85, which resulted in the need for adjustments and a new validation round with these professionals, in which Content Validity Coefficient = 0.917 was obtained. In the semantic evaluation, all the women stated that they improved their knowledge, increased their motivation to attend the class and would like to play the board game again.
Conclusions
The “Previna” board game has been validated and can be considered an important pedagogical tool in the construction of knowledge in relation to the prevention, treatment and control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the female prison context. The quality of this educational technology is directly related to its development based on an appropriate theoretical and methodological framework, in addition to satisfactory feedback from the target audience.
Trial registration
Not applicable.
... Of the six primary re- Of the qualitative methodologies used, one (n = 1) study used semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis (Cukale-Matos & Champion, 2022) and one (n = 1) study used telephone interviews and open-coded analysis (Geana et al., 2021). Of the quantitative methodologies used, one (n = 1) study used quasi-experimental methods without a control group and conducted pre and post-test evaluations (Kızılkaya et al., 2022), one (n = 1) study used an exploratory, descriptive design (Kearney & Byrne, 2018) and two (n = 2) studies used cross-sectional methods (Duran et al., 2018;Emerson et al., 2018). ...
... Within the primary research four (n = 4) studies focused on female prisoners (Emerson et al., 2018;Geana et al., 2021;Kearney & Byrne, 2018;Kızılkaya et al., 2022), one (n = 1) study focused on both male and female prisoners (Duran et al., 2018) and one (n = 1) study focused on both male and female nurses working in a correctional facility (Cukale-Matos & Champion, 2022). ...
... In the broader context, it is evident that male prisoners are not featured as regularly in the broader nursing literature, but this may be the result of the deliberate focus of the review, the boundaries set and how, in this snapshot, the bulk of the literature was focused on females. Furthermore, the concept of mistrust was highlighted as contributing to vaccine hesitancy (Geana et al., 2021) and lower levels of health literacy as contributing to the use of condoms for the prevention of STI's and unplanned pregnancies (Emerson et al., 2018). Therefore, it is important that further research is conducted on these phenomena to better understand these experiences. ...
Aim
To provide a snapshot of the extent to which nursing and the prison context features in non-specialised/generic nursing journals.
... These intersections of incarceration risk may be best understood by applying Fundamental Cause Theory. This theory holds that health disparities are determined by the degree to which someone has access to basic and innovative resources for health, well-being, and thriving [29][30][31]. Denied access to these resources results from systemic de-investment in communities in areas like education, information technology infrastructure, and business and organizational development for employment opportunity (e.g., redlining), and from punitive immigration and zero tolerance policies. Together these result in blocked pathways to employment, income, and wealth [32,33]. ...
... The high prevalence of the incarceration predictors that we identified in this sample points to potentially synergistic socioeconomic forces that disproportionately impact Black and Latino MSM and is consistent with fundamental cause theory [29,30]. Specifically, one's socioeconomic standing, as defined as wealth, social connections, knowledge and power, influences access to resources and to technical developments that determine the degree to which individuals can mitigate or navigate emerging risk factors over time [31,34]. Without such access, disparities in both disease and incarceration rates persist, even as individuals receive interventions (e.g., public health insurance or HIV transitional case management) to mitigate some of these risks [29]. ...
We analyzed data from a cohort of Black and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) in order to identify correlates of prevalent and incident incarceration, including potential predictors related to their status as sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). Baseline and follow-up self-administered survey data were examined from Los Angeles County participants’ ages 18–45 years at enrollment who were either HIV negative or living with HIV, but recruited to over represent men who used drugs and men with unsuppressed HIV infection. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify predictors of baseline incarceration history and of incident incarceration over study follow-up among 440 and 338 participants, respectively. Older age, Black race, low socioeconomic status, homelessness, stimulant use, and depression symptoms were associated with baseline incarceration history. The only SGM-related factor associated with baseline incarceration history was having experienced violence based on sexual orientation identity. Just one statistically significant, independent positive predictor of incident incarceration was identified: prior incarceration, whereas having four or more friends that could lend money was a statistically significant protective factor against incident incarceration. Fundamental Cause Theory provides a useful framework to explain identified predictors of incarceration. Addressing poverty, housing instability, inadequate access to health care, and their root causes is critical to reducing incarceration rates in this population, as is expanded access to both diversion and anti-recidivism programs and to evidence-based treatment for stimulant use disorders.
... This finding is consistent with our hypothesis and the evidence of previous studies on the correlation between education and condom use. For instance, Emerson et al. (28) used survey data of women in a jail in the Midwest and found that condom use was more frequent among those with post-secondary educational attainments relative to those who had a low educational level. In the Carribean context, the odds of using condoms were found to be higher among well-educated people living with HIV than those with a low educational background (14). ...
Introduction: The rising prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among people who inject drugs is a major public health issue. This study intends to explore education and demographic correlates of use of condoms among male drug users in Malaysia. Methods: Data were extracted from the Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey 2017. Pearson's chi-square tests and a logistic regression were used to examine the associations between condom use and education, and demographic factors. Results: Only a small proportion of drug users used condoms (25.7%). Educational backgrounds, age, ethnicity and marital status were associated with condom use. The likelihood of using condoms was lower among less educated drug users (aOR: 0.308-0.339). There was an interaction effect of education and age on condom use (aOR: 0.116-0.308). Chinese (aOR: 3.117) and those of other ethnicities (aOR: 2.934) were more likely to use condoms when compared with Malays. Being married (aOR: 0.291) or divorced/widowed (aOR: 0.346) was associated with reduced odds of using condoms. Conclusion: Education and demographic factors play an important role in influencing the decisions of Malaysian drug users to use condoms. Therefore, HIV-preventive measures targeting drug users could benefit by paying special attention to these factors.
... Education was the only social resource difference found among women who had an abortion history, a finding that supports fundamental-cause theory, where an individual's health is connected to their available resources and knowledge. Education has been found to be a structural determinant of health (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014;Phelan et al., 2010) and our finding is consistent with other literature (Biggs et al., 2012;Emerson et al., 2018;Painter et al., 2012). However, given the complicated and restrictive laws surrounding abortion, it is unclear how education could directly facilitate abortion access. ...
Women in the criminal legal system face structural barriers to social resources such as education, employment, and benefits. Little is known how these resources intersect with their reproductive lives, specifically with obtaining abortions. We explored the relationship between social resources and abortion history among women incarcerated in a county jail through a secondary analysis of survey data from a 2014 to 2016 jail-based sexual health intervention. Regression analyses determined correlates of having an abortion history. Thirty percent of participants had an abortion and were more likely to have at least a high school education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-8.77) and a history of sexually transmitted infections (aOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.25-8.06). Appropriate systems-level efforts should be expanded to support women with criminal legal histories in their reproductive lives.
... Nesse grupo estão as mulheres encarceradas, que têm a problemática das IST potencializada por ocasião da privação de liberdade (3) . Essas mulheres são mais propensas a contraírem uma IST quando comparadas à população em geral (4)(5)(6) . ...
Objective:
to analyze in the scientific literature the educational technologies on sexually transmitted infections used in health education for incarcerated women.
Method:
an integrative review carried out by searching for articles in the following databases: Scopus, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Education Resources Information Center, PsycInFO, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Cochrane, and the ScienceDirect electronic library. There were no language and time restrictions. A search strategy was developed in PubMed and later adapted to the other databases.
Results:
a total of 823 studies were initially identified and, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were selected. Most of them were developed in the United States with a predominance of randomized clinical trials. The technologies identified were of the printed materials type, isolated or associated to simulators of genital organs, videos, and games.
Conclusion:
the technologies on sexually transmitted infections used in health education for incarcerated women may contribute to adherence to the prevention of this serious public health problem in the context of deprivation of liberty.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (HIV, Sífilis, Hepatite B e C) em uma população privada de liberdade de um presídio do Sul de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional. A população deste estudo foram os homens e mulheres em cumprimento de pena na unidade prisional. A coleta de dados sociodemográficos ocorreu por meio de entrevista norteada por um instrumento estruturado. A detecção de HIV, Sífilis, Hepatite B e C foi realizada através de coleta de material sanguíneo. Os dados obtidos foram descritos e sintetizados utilizando-se a estatística descritiva, Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, 480 voluntários constituíram a amostra do estudo, sendo 432 homens e 48 mulheres, com idade entre 20 e 68 anos. Houve quatro casos positivos de HIV (0,8%), sendo todos estes pertencentes à população masculina. Para Hepatite C, foram confirmados sete casos (1,5%), também apenas entre os homens. Os casos de sífilis foram os mais preodominantes (n= 25; 5,4%), tanto entre o sexo masculino (n=21; 5,0%), quanto no feminino (n=4; 8,3%). Não foram detectados casos positivos para Hepatite B. O rastreio de IST entre pessoas privadas de liberdade possui o potencial de contribuir para a prevenção de complicações, pode favorecer o tratamento oportuno e a redução da transmissibilidade, o que traz benefícios não apenas para a população penitenciária, mas também para a sociedade como um todo. O estudo têm implicações importantes para direcionar a elaboração de estratégias para a prevenção, diagnóstico, tratamento e redução da mortalidade por IST entre pessoas privadas de liberdade.
Describes the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) and 4 empirical studies employing it. The SSQ yields scores for (a) perceived number of social supports and (b) satisfaction with social support that is available. Three studies (N = 1,224 college students) dealt with the SSQ's psychometric properties, its correlations with measures of personality and adjustment, and the relation of the SSQ to positive and negative life changes. The 4th study (40 Ss) was an investigation of the relation between social support and persistence in working on a complex, frustrating task. The research reported suggests that the SSQ is a reliable instrument and that social support is (a) more strongly related to positive than negative life changes, (b) more related in a negative direction to psychological discomfort among women than men, and (c) an asset in enabling a person to persist at a task under frustrating conditions. Clinical implications are discussed. (47 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
Scholarship in criminology over the last few decades has often left little room for research and theory on how female offenders are perceived and handled in the criminal justice system. In truth, one out of every four juveniles arrested is female, and the population of women in prison has tripled in the past decade. Co-authored by Meda Chesney-Lind, one of the pioneers in the development of the feminist theoretical perspective in criminology, The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime, Third Edition redresses these issues.In an engaging style, authors Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko explore gender and cultural factors in women's lives that often precede criminal behavior and address the question of whether female offenders are more violent today than in the past. The authors provide a revealing look at how public discomfort with the idea of women as criminals significantly impacts the treatment received by this offender population. The text covers additional topics such the interaction of sexism, racism, and social class inequalities that results in an increase of female offenders, as well as the imprisonment binge that has resulted in an increasing number of girls and women being incarcerated.
Objectives:
We undertook this study to understand women's perceptions of receiving contraception at Rikers Island Jail.
Methods:
We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews in 2011 to 2012 with 32 women incarcerated at Rikers Island Jail. We analyzed the data using standard qualitative techniques.
Results:
Almost all participants believed that contraception should be provided at the jail. However, many said they would hesitate to use these services themselves. Reservations were caused in part by women's negative views of health care services at the jail. Fears about the safety of birth control, difficulties associated with follow-up in the community, and desire for pregnancy were other factors that influenced interest in accepting contraception.
Conclusions:
Contraception at the jail must be provided by trusted medical providers delivering high quality care with the goal of allowing women to control their own fertility; this would ensure that women could access birth control and cease using birth control when desired. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 17, 2015: e1-e6. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302765).
In this book Kathleen Daly explores whether men and women who are convicted of similar crimes are punished differently. Analyzing cases of homicide, aggravated assault, robbery, larceny, and drug offfenses, she challenges the common assumption that women are treated more leniently than men and shows that in fact gender disparaties in sentencing are negligible and are not always advantageous to women.
Background: Behavioral interventions to address the complex medical and HIV risk reduction needs of HIV-seropositive (HIV-positive) injection drug users (IDUs) are urgently needed. We describe the development of Interventions for Seropositive Injectors—Research and Evaluation (INSPIRE), a randomized controlled trial of an integrated intervention for HIV-positive IDUs, and the characteristics of the baseline sample. Methods: HIV-positive IDUs were recruited from community settings in 4 US cities. After completing a baseline assessment, participants who attended the first session were randomly assigned to (1) a 10-session peer mentoring intervention designed to improve utilization of HIV care, to improve adherence to HIV medications, and to reduce sexual and injection risk or (2) an 8-session videotape control. Periodic follow-up for 12 months is ongoing. Results: A total of 1161 HIV-positive IDUs completed the baseline assessment, and 966 (83%) were randomized. Retention rates are greater than 80% for all follow-up periods. Approximately 79% of baseline participants reported a recent medical visit, 49% were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy, and 19% had an undetectable viral load. Use of injection and noninjection substances was prevalent, and sexual and injection risks were each reported by more than 25% of participants. Conclusion: There is a need for an integrated intervention for HIV-positive IDUs, and these data show the acceptability of such an approach.
The socioeconomic status (SES) of women is increasingly considered an important factor for HIV/STI risk. The HIV/STI literature has largely focused on women's absolute levels of SES, and therefore, the importance of their SES relative to their male sexual partners remains understudied. This paper examines the association between women's relative SES and frequency of safer sex communication among heterosexual couples. A convenience sample of 342 couples (N = 684) recruited in New York City was asked about frequency of discussions with their partner about the need to use male condoms, about HIV prevention, and about STI prevention in the previous 90 days. Differences between partners in education, income, employment, housing, and incarceration history were combined using principal component analysis to form an index of women's relative SES. Negative binomial regression models assessed associations between woman's relative SES and communication frequency controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, and relationship type using a generalized estimating equation framework. On average, participants had 2.5, 4.2, and 4.8 discussions regarding the need to use male condoms, about HIV prevention, and about STI prevention, respectively. A one standard deviation increase in a woman's relative SES score was associated with increased frequency of discussions about male condom use (adjusted rate ratio [aRR], 1.15; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.29), about HIV prevention (aRR, 1.25; CI, 1.14-1.37), and about STI prevention (aRR, 1.29; CI, 1.18-1.41). Women's relative SES may be an important factor for sexual communication, and further research on its role in HIV/STI risk may uncover avenues for intervention.
The positive association between education and health is well established, but explanations for this association are not. Our explanations fall into three categories: (1) work and economic conditions, (2) social-psychological resources, and (3) health lifestyle. We replicate analyses with two samples, cross-sectionally and over time, using two health measures (self-reported health and physical functioning). The first data set comes from a national probability sample of U.S. households in which respondents were interviewed by telephone in 1990 (2,031 respondents, ages 18 to 90). The second data set comes from a national probability sample of U.S. households in which respondents ages 20 to 64 were interviewed by telephone first in 1979 (3,025 respondents), and then again in 1980 (2,436 respondents). Results demonstrate a positive association between education and health and help explain why the association exists. (1) Compared to the poorly educated, well educated respondents are less likely to be unemployed, are more likely to work full-time, to have fulfilling, subjectively rewarding jobs, high incomes, and low economic hardship. Full-time work, fulfilling work, high income, and low economic hardship in turn significantly improve health in all analyses. (2) The well educated report a greater sense of control over their lives and their health, and they have higher levels of social support. The sense of control, and to a lesser extent support, are associated with good health. (3) The well educated are less likely to smoke, are more likely to exercise, to get health check-ups, and to drink moderately, all of which, except check-ups, are associated with good health. We conclude that high educational attainment improves health directly, and it improves health indirectly through work and economic conditions, social-psychological resources, and health lifestyle.