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Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of cultivated button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
Abstract
Mushrooms contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including various phenolic compounds and ergothioneine, which have been shown to act as excellent antioxidants. The present study reports a comparison of the antioxidant properties, total phenolic, ergothioneine and mineral contents of the most-consumed strains of Agaricus bisporus (white or brown colors). The samples were fruiting body, mycelia produced at farm (old mycelium) and in vitro (young mycelium). The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays. The analysis of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteau method. The mushroom strain with the highest ergothioneine, phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential was the strain A-SPA15 (brown color). Generally, fruiting body samples revealed higher ergothioneine, phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties than mycelia obtained from farm and in vitro culture. There were variations in the mineral content of A. bisporus harvested from the fruiting body, old mycelium, and young mycelium. Furthermore, the lowest heavy-metal concentrations (Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr) were detected in mycelium samples in each strain. Results demonstrated that mushrooms contained high amounts of copper, zinc, iron and manganese could be used in well-balanced diets. This study contributes to the data relative to A. bisporus consumed as fresh mushrooms and the possibility of in vitro production as a source of bioactive compounds. © 2015, Korean Society for Horticultural Science and Springer-Verlag GmbH.
... Supplementation of labneh with mushroom powder resulted in a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) of total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity (Table 4). These results might be due to the highest content of phenolic acids, ergothioneine, β-carotene and β-glucans also exhibit antioxidant properties, histidine derivative which is one of the strongest antioxidants, as well as vitamin C and E which act as antioxidant agents (Chen et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013;Ghahremani-Majd &Dashti, 2015 andMuszyńska et al., 2017). ...
... Supplementation of labneh with mushroom powder resulted in a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) of total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity (Table 4). These results might be due to the highest content of phenolic acids, ergothioneine, β-carotene and β-glucans also exhibit antioxidant properties, histidine derivative which is one of the strongest antioxidants, as well as vitamin C and E which act as antioxidant agents (Chen et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013;Ghahremani-Majd &Dashti, 2015 andMuszyńska et al., 2017). ...
... Agaricus sp. contains fucogalactan, polysaccharides, phenols and monosaccharides, and powerful antioxidants and is also capable of inhibiting the colonization of pathogenic microbial flora in the intestines [1,[28][29][30]. ...
The restriction on the use of antibiotics in poultry has led to an increase in the use of natural products that could serve as alternatives to antibiotics. Mushrooms contain bioactive compounds that exhibit antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. Hence, they are being tested, revealing as performance-enhancing natural feed additives for livestock. This review focused on the role of different species of mushrooms commonly used in poultry on the performance, immunomodulatory actions, cholesterolemic properties, and meat quality of poultry birds. Different studies reviewed show that mushrooms could positively impact poultry production, improve growth performance, modulate immune response, exert tissue antioxidant activity, influence intestinal morphology, enhance gut microbiome, and improve lipid profile. The variations in their efficacy could be attributed to the variations in physicochemical properties of different species and dosage levels applied in the experiments. However, the use of mushrooms as a natural product supplement is in its infancy, and more basic, pilot and large-scale research is required to make it a viable approach for improving immune responses in the poultry industry.
... Common button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is now grown in 80 countries. Edible mushrooms are rich in protein, essential amino acids, fiber, trace amounts of fat, as well as vitamins and minerals [4]. ...
Among the agricultural products, mushroom is one of the best candidates for robotic harvesting methods. One of the main problems of mushroom growers is a critical need for labor within the specified time for harvesting mushrooms, so mushroom growing is labor intensive. In this research, we attempted to develop and apply a harvesting robot for this crop to reduce the problems that growers face in terms of harvesting labor. For ease of end-effector movement between shelves, the robot was developed by Cartesian Mechanism. This robot used image processing and a computer expert system to detect the position of mushrooms on the substrate on the shelf. The end-effector acts by using a suction cup and a non-shear mechanism to harvest mushrooms from the substrate. By testing this robot on the substrate, we could harvest perfect whole mushrooms on average of 81.5% of mushrooms on the prepared substrates. Harvesting time per mushroom was obtained 12.45s, which is the amount of respective time of 8.45s more than harvesting time by labor hands, but in robotic harvesting, robots unlike humans can work 24 hours a day, continuously during growing time. An expert system also could be a valuable asset to change the grower's strategy in terms of harvested mushrooms size and quality based on customer needs in the market.
... Both fungal cells were subjected to varying environmental/laboratory conditions of relative humidity, oxygen levels, light exposure, temperature fluctuations, shear stress, nutrition availability, and symbiotic microbial community (in case of naturally found fruiting bodies) [47]. These may lead to differential growth rates, developmental stages, gene expressions, enzyme activities [47,48], defense compounds [49], volatiles [50], minerals, antioxidants [51], and different sugar monomers composing the polysaccharides [52], contributing to bioactivity differences between the extracts. Further investigations are required to determine the optimal cultivation of mycelia to confer similar health-beneficial bioactivities as found in the fruiting bodies in natural forest habitats. ...
Calostoma insigne puffball mushrooms are only found in forests with rich biodiversity in very few countries including Thailand, and their biofunctions remain largely unexplored. This study used the agar disk diffusion assay, the anti-glucosidase assay, and the 3, 4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the bioactive potential of these endangered puffball mushrooms. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene analysis identified C. insigne, a puffball mushroom with green, globose, and spiny spores. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the polysaccharide structure while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a fiber-like network. The ethanolic gelatinous fruiting body extract exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging capacity (57.96%), a ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 1.73 mg FeSO4/g, and α-glucosidase inhibition (73.18%). C. insigne cytotoxicity was effective towards HT-29 colon cancer cells using the MTT assay (IC50 of 770.6 µg/mL at 72 h) and also showed antiproliferative capacity (IC50 of 297.1 µg/mL). This puffball mushroom stimulated apoptotic genes and proteins (caspase-3, Bax, and p21) via an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in HT-29 cells. In the laboratory, the medium formula consisting of 20% potato, 2% sucrose, and 0.2% peptone was optimal to increase fungal mycelial biomass (2.74 g DW/100 mL), with propagation at pH 5.0 and 30 °C. Puffball mushrooms are consumed as local foods and also confer several potential health benefits, making them worthy of conservation for sustainable utilization.
Phenolic compounds represent a group of secondary metabolites that serve essential functions in plants. Beyond their positive impact on plants, these phenolic metabolites, often referred to as polyphenols, possess a range of biological properties that can promote skin health. Scientific research indicates that topically using phenolics derived from plants can be advantageous, but their activity and stability highly depend on storage of the source material and the extraction method. These compounds have the ability to relieve symptoms and hinder the progression of different skin diseases. Because they come from natural sources and have minimal toxicity, phenolic compounds show potential in addressing the causes and effects of skin aging, skin diseases, and various types of skin damage, such as wounds and burns. Hence, this review provides extensive information on the particular crops from which by-product phenolic compounds can be sourced, also emphasizing the need to conduct research according to proper plant material storage practices and the choice of the best extracting method, along with an examination of their specific functions and the mechanisms by which they act to protect skin.
Mushrooms are one of the most important edible species grown in different parts of the world. It plays an important role in pharmaceutical industries due to the creation of intriguing compounds with bioactive qualities. Agaricus is the major significant mushrooms and used as a therapeutic drug. Due to its external elements, and low land requirement it grown in high number. The main diseases cured by the fungus are cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, cataracts, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The bacterial emergence is today's world is resisted by many antibiotics, which serves as a catalyst to find novel antimicrobial medicines to treat the infections. In present world, the medicines still face many problems, as modern study says that, prevalence of bacterial resistance to various antibiotics has significantly increased. The mushroom plays a vital role in ecology, due to its biodegradable activity over plant and agricultural waste. In this study, the mycelial liquid cultures of mushrooms is investigated in search of potent antibacterial substance, assuming that the cultures would generate the same substances as the fruiting bodies. The ability of the liquid culture to quickly and effectively inoculate the supplied substrate is one requirement for its employment in the spawn production process. It must have a high density of viable inoculum particles to accomplish the same.
Water bodies are increasingly contaminated with a diversity of organic micropollutants (OMPs). This impacts the quality of ecosystems due to their recalcitrant nature. In this study, we assessed the removal of OMPs by spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and by its aqueous tea extract. Removal of acesulfame K, antipyrine, bentazon, caffeine, carbamazepine, chloridazon, clofibric acid, and N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) by SMS and its tea was between 10 and 90% and 0–26%, respectively, in a 7-day period. Sorption to SMS particles was between 0 and 29%, which can thus not explain the removal difference between SMS and its tea, the latter lacking these particles. Carbamazepine was removed most efficiently by both SMS and its tea. Removal of OMPs (except caffeine) by SMS tea was not affected by heat treatment. By contrast, heat-treatment of SMS reduced OMP removal to < 10% except for carbamazepine with a removal of 90%. These results indicate that OMP removal by SMS and its tea is mediated by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. The presence of copper, manganese, and iron (0.03, 0.88, and 0.33 µg L⁻¹, respectively) as well as H2O2 (1.5 µM) in SMS tea indicated that the Fenton reaction represents (part of) the non-enzymatic activity. Indeed, the in vitro reconstituted Fenton reaction removed OMPs > 50% better than the teas. From these data it is concluded that spent mushroom substrate of the white button mushroom, which is widely available as a waste-stream, can be used to purify water from OMPs.
Mining provides raw materials critical to our energy, agriculture, infrastructure, and technology but is associated with many environmental challenges. Resource recovery alternatives like urban mining rely on inconsistent supply streams and complicated disassembly and sorting, while extreme mining alternatives such as deep sea and space mining are potentially even less sustainable than traditional mining. This perspective investigates biological mining with emphasis on the potential of fungi for scavenging metals, minerals, and rare earth elements. “Mycomining” produces only biomass-based organic waste and can offer more versatile growth conditions than phytomining using hyperaccumulating plants including substrates ranging from soil, wood, water, and rock to living organisms and dark, space-restricted, or extreme i.e., pH levels, high salt, acidic, radioactive environments. This concept could represent a useful supplement to urban and phytomining to offset demand for traditional mining and is particularly viable when conventional mining may be inefficient or uneconomical i.e., with low-grade ores and sites unsuited to traditional mining for geographical, political, or social reasons.
Mentha longifolia L. (horsemint) is one of the most famous wild perennial herbs of the Lamiaceae family, which has broad usage in therapeutic and pharmaceutical services. In this research, screening of twenty Mentha longifolia L. accessions was assessed according to the physio-chemical variability under low water irrigation. The investigation was a split plot arranged in a completed randomized block design in three replications with two water treatments of full irrigation (100% field capacity as control) and deficit irrigation (60% FC). The interaction effects of water deficit and accessions indicated that drought stress meaningfully (P ≤ 0.01) altered physiological parameters such as CGR, NAR, RGR, LAR, SLA electrolyte leakage, element content, stomatal conductivity, essential oil content, antioxidant activities, proline, relative water content, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content. The main volatile components as 1,8-cineole, (Z)-β-ocimene, menthon, menthol, pulegone, trans-piperitone epoxide, piperitenone, and piperitone oxide were analyzed. The HPLC analysis disclosed the existence of rosmarinic acid, caffecic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rutin as predominant phenolic and flavonoid compounds in horsemint accessions. Results showed that the drought stress not only enhanced the values of rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid but also triggered p-coumaric acid that did not exist in some accessions under full irrigation conditions. However, the findings were affected by the accession type. Cluster analysis based on all the traits categorized the accessions into two main groups, in which the comparisons of the dendrograms between normal and water deficit conditions showed 0.23 entanglement. The analysis showed that ML13, ML17, and ML2 accessions could be offered as tolerant accessions. Regarding the various reactions to drought stress and the variability among the accessions, the results of the current research could be a primary stage in recognizing and obtaining high-yield, drought-tolerance, and elite accessions and can promote horsemint breeding programs and domestication.
Mooseer or Persian shallot is a bulbous perennial herb belonging to the Alliaceae family. Antioxidant activities of 12 mooseer populations were determined using three assays including DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS. Antioxidant activities differed among all populations with the Sahneh and Nahavand population as the highest and the lowest, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of mooseer extracts were tested against six bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae and two fungi including Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by disc diffusion method by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration values with all samples indicating moderate to high antimicrobial activity. For antimicrobial activity, Esfahan population showed the highest inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi. According to the results of the study, mooseer has potential as a valuable dietary supplement.
A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
L-ergothioneine is a naturally occurring antioxidant that is available from dietary sources. There is a lack of an adequate assay applicable to identify and quantify this antioxidant in plant material. Thus, the objective was to identify and quantify the ergothioneine content of mushrooms including Agaricus bisporus (white and brown strains), Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Grifola frondosa by an analytical method utilizing a high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Freeze dried mushroom powder was analyzed with two C18 columns in tandem utilizing an isocratic mobile phase consisting of an aqueous sodium phosphate buffer with 3% acetonitrile and 0.1% triethylamine. Ergothioneine was identified by matching the retention time and mass spectra of the authentic compound with the mushroom samples, while quantification was completed via absorbance at 254 nm. The ergothioneine content of the mushrooms ranged from 0.4-2.0 mg/g (dry wt). The white Agaricus bisporus contained the least ergothioneine and portabellas (brown) contained the highest within the varieties of A. bisporus. The specialty mushrooms tested (Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Grifola frondosa) all contained a statistically significant greater amount of ergothioneine compared to the A. bisporus; however, no significant difference was found between these specialty mushrooms.
Agaricus brasiliensis is a mushroom native from Brazil largely studied due to its polysaccharide contents, particularly β-glucans. In this study, the phenolics and organic acids contents as well as the antioxidant activities of its fruiting bodies and its mycelia obtained from submerged cultivation were compared. The hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the fruiting bodies, early stationary mycelia and late stationary mycelia contain at least ten phenolic compounds and ten organic acids. Three phenolic compounds were identified as gallic acid, syringic acid and pyrogallol. Eight organic acids were identified as benzoic, oxalic, malic, acetic, alpha-ketoglutaric, citric, fumaric and trans-aconitic acids. All extracts presented antioxidant properties. The latter were evaluated by four assays: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, chelating ability for ferrous ions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The fruiting body extracts were more effective in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition that the mycelia extracts (P ≤ 0.05). The mycelia extracts were more effective in the ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferrous ion chelating ability (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that the mycelia of A. brasiliensis obtained in submerged cultivation can also be, as its fruiting bodies, valuable sources of antioxidant compounds.
The concentrations of Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn and Fe in 66 samples of mushroom fruiting bodies, representing seven species, mainly all edible, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mushrooms were collected from near roads and inner parts of forest and lawns in Balıkesir in the north western part of Turkey. The results indicate that the Fe level in the species Volvariella speciosa (Fr.) Sing. from near the road was the highest with a mean of 6990 mg/kg. The level of Ni was the highest in Clitocybe flaccida (Sow.: Fr.) Kummer, from near road with a mean of 3.32 mg/kg. Cu levels were almost similar for both areas within a range of 35–89 mg/kg in the different species. The Cd was accumulated mostly by Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet: Fr.) Fr. and V. speciosa from near road with a mean of 1.60 mg/kg. Concentration of Mn, Pb, Co and Zn in L. sanguifluus from near road were the highest with means of 63.6, 7.66, 6.03 and 149 mg/kg, respectively.
Methanolic extracts of cap and stipe of commercially obtained mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Hypsizygus ulmarius, and Calocybe indica were analyzed for their antioxidant activity in different chemical systems including reducing power, free radical scavenging,
ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), superoxide scavenging, peroxide scavenging, metal chelating activities and electrochemical
behavior. Scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals were moderate (43.5–59.0%) at 1.5 mg/ml. Chelating
effects on ferrous ions were moderate to excellent (40.6–96.1%) at 20 mg/ml. At 12 mg/ml, the reducing powers were excellent
(2.54–1.71). FRAP results were in the range 2.15–0.98 at 16 mg/ml. The ability to scavenge H2O2 was moderate to excellent (48.9–97.7%) at 1.5 mg/ml. At 10 mg/ml, Agaricus bisporus cap proved to be better at scavenging superoxide radicals than others. Similar electrochemical responses of all extracts
suggested similar electroactive chemical composition. The total phenols in the extracts ranged from 14.73–26.72 mg/g.The total
flavonoid content ranged from 1.12–2.17 μg/g.