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9th International Conference on
the Development of Biomedical
Engineering in Vietnam
Van Toi Vo · Thi-Hiep Nguyen ·
Binh Long Vong · Ngoc Bich Le ·
Thanh Qua Nguyen Editors
Proceedings of BME 9, 2022, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam: Translational Healthcare
Technology from Advanced to Low and
Middle-Income Countries in the Era of Covid
and Digital Transformation
IFMBE Proceedings 95
xxvi Contents
Designing a Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle Measurement System
to Support Evaluating Nutritional Status and Biochemical Components
of Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Vu Duy Hai, Bui The Lam, Dao Thao Nguyen, and Phan Dinh Thanh
Optimizing Near-Infrared Wavelength for Fruit Quality Optical-Based
Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Quy Tan Ha, Thao Nguyen Dang Thi, My Ngoc Nguyen Thi,
Anh Xuan Nguyen, Minh Chau Ta Ngoc, Huu Tai Duong,
and Trung Nghia Tran
Modeling Bio-Impedance Measurement in a Reconstructed Model
From MRI Images for Developing Electrical Impedance Tomography
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
Quoc Tuan Nguyen Diep, Hoang Nam Nguyen, Tich Thien Truong,
and Trung Nghia Tran
Simulating Light Propagation in a Reconstructed Model from Breast
DICOM MRI Images for Developing Optical-Based Diagnosis Modality . . . . . 1018
Ngoc An Dang Nguyen, Thu An Ngo Thi, Minh Khoi Nguyen,
Quy Tan Ha, and Trung Nghia Tran
Characterization of the Hemodynamic Within the Coronary Artery
and the Related Effects of Wall Shear Stress by Applying Computational
Fluid Dynamics with Ansys Fluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Bao An Van, Dao N. Y. Khoa, Thanh-Qua Nguyen, and Khon Huynh
Miscellaneous
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity and Biochemical
Composition in Local Lotus Species Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn
in Central Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Pham Thi Thanh Mai, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hanh,
Nguyen Hoang Quang Vu, and Hoang Thi Kim Hong
Study of the Therapeutic Effect in Low Back Pain Patients by Medical
Training Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Thi Anh Tuyet Vo, Quang Linh Huynh, Nguyen Thuy Vy Dinh,
and The Thuong Nguyen
Early Detecting the Abnormality of Heart Function via drtabc.com
System (Made by Viet Nam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Bui Quoc Thang, Phan Dinh The Duy, and Vu Trong Thien
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity
and Biochemical Composition in Local Lotus
Species Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn in Central
Vietnam
Pham Thi Thanh Mai
1
, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hanh
2
, Nguyen Hoang Quang Vu
3
,
and Hoang Thi Kim Hong
4,5(
B
)
1
College of Food Industry, Da Nang City, Vietnam
2
Hong Bang International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
4
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, Vietnam
5
Biotechnology Department, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University,
Da Nang City, Vietnam
hoangtkimhong@duytan.edu.vn
Abstract. In this study, six varieties of white and red lotus plants were collected
from different places in central Vietnam, such as Hue and Da Nang cities. This
research aims to determine and compare the activities of antioxidant enzymes of
superoxide dismutase, catalase, lipid peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and Vita-
min C in different parts of lotus. It was found that all parts of the lotus possessed
antioxidant activities. Seedpods, plumules and seeds had the strongest antioxidant
activities in most antioxidant enzyme activities assays; or contained the high-
est reduced glutathione, the lowest lipid peroxidation, or the highest Vitamin C
content. This finding confirmed the widely usage of seeds and plumules in cui-
sine and traditional medicine. However, seedpods were usually discarded waste
in both cuisine and folk medicine, this finding would suggest more research on
the antioxidant potentials of this agricultural waste. When comparing activities
amongst varieties, both three red lotuses from Hue and Da Nang had stronger
antioxidant activities than white lotuses collected at the same locations. On nutri-
tional analysis, TAW had the best nutrition values with the highest total nitrogen,
lipid and reducing sugars content. In traditional Asian medicine, lotus parts are
used to treat diseases. From these results, seeds, seedpods and plumules of lotus
were very good sources of antioxidant medicinal herbs.
Keywords: Antioxidant ·Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn ·Lotus
1 Introduction
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) is a popular aqueous plant widely cultivated across
Vietnam and some other tropical countries. Its application diversed from folk medicine
and cuisine to landscape decoration and spiritual symbols. Many parts of lotus were
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024
V. T. Vo et al. (Eds.): BME 2022, IFMPE Proceedings 95, pp. 1043–1054, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44630-6
_
83
1044 P. T. T. Mai et al.
edible such as seeds, rhizomes, and stems, while its leaves and flowers could be used in
cuisine and making tea. N. nucifera was used in folk medicine as it possessed antiox-
idant, heat-clearing effects, anxiety removal, antihypertensive and other activities [1].
Oral treatment with leaf extract for 21 days decreases cardiac markers [2]. Lotus seeds
were found to have antioxidant potential [3]. Extracts from the root and leaf of Korean
red and white lotuses exhibited antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro [4]. Neferine
from N. nucifera could inhibit oxidative stress caused by hypoxia on human peripheral
blood mononuclear cells [5]. Though various parts of lotus could be edible, and some
were already proven to have biological activities, there was no research comparing the
potentials of all various parts of the lotus plant. Thus, this study will compare the antiox-
idant activities of different lotus organs from 6 red and white lotus varieties collected in
Hue and Danang, Central Vietnam.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Six lotus varieties were collected in Thua Thien Hue province and Hoa Vang, Danang
province, Central Vietnam. ICR and ICW were Hue Imperial Citadel red and white lotus.
TAR and TAW were red and white lotus collected from Thuan An, Hue city, Vietnam.
HVR and HVW were red and white lotus from Hoa Vang, Danang, Vietnam.
2.2 Lotus Sample Collecting
Healthy lotus organs without any signs of diseases or parasites were chosen for the
research. Lotus leaves, flowers, stamens, and stems were collected in Jun. Seedpods,
seeds and plumules were collected from Aug to mid Sep. Lotus rhizomes were collected
since mid Sep till the end of Oct.
Lotus samples were grinded and homogenized by K
2
HPO
4
buffer 0.1 M by the
ratio 1 g sample: 9 ml buffer. A portion of the homogenized solution was used for lipid
peroxidation assay. Lysate from centrifugation of homogenized solution at 7000 rpm
in 5 min was used for superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase activity, and protein
content analysis.
2.3 Protein Content
Protein content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method [2,6]. In alkaline conditions,
protein could form a blue complex with Cu
2+
ion, which had maximum absorbance
at 675 nm. Solution B was prepared by mixing Na
2
CO
3
2% in NaOH 0.1 M and
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O 0.5% in potassium and sodium tartrate 1% with a ratio of 50:1. An amount
of 1 ml of sample was mixed with 4 ml of solution C and set still in 10 min. Then 0.5 ml
of Folin-Ciocalteu 1 N was added to the test tube, followed by 30 min incubation and
absorbance measuring at 675 nm.
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity 1045
2.4 Superoxide Dismutase Activity Assay
Superoxide dismutase activity was determined by measuring inhibition adrenochrome
formation by auto-oxidation of adrenaline in pH 10.2. A volume of X ml of sample
was added to the test tube, followed by (2.9-X) ml of carbonate buffer and 0.1 ml of
adrenaline. Control contained 2.9 ml carbonate buffer and 0.1 ml adrenaline. Control
was prepared with 3 ml carbonate buffer. Absorbances at 480 nm of control and samples
were measured each minute [7,8].
2.5 Catalase Activity
Catalase activity wasdetermined by KMNO
4
titration based on measuring H
2
O
2
content
in the reaction solution after 10 min. An amount of 1 ml of sample, 4 ml distilled water,
10 ml H
2
O
2
0.1% were added to the flask. The control sample was prepared with an
additional 3 ml of H
2
SO
4
10%. Both control and sample flasks were incubated for 30
min. The reaction was stopped by adding 3 ml of H
2
SO
4
10% to the sample flask. Both
flasks were titrated with KMNO
4
0.1 N [9].
2.6 Peroxidase Activity
Peroxidase activity was determined by measuring the turnover rate of guaiacol in the
presence of H
2
O
2
to the brownish pink tetraguaiacol. The sample was prepared with
(2.29-X) ml of phosphate buffer pH 7, 0.05 ml of guaiacol 20 nM, 0.03 ml H
2
O
2
10 mM
and X ml of sample. Control was prepared with 2.29 ml of phosphate buffer. Absorbance
was measured each 30 s in 3 min [9].
2.7 Reduced Glutathione
Reduced glutathione was determined in assay with Ellman reagent based on the reaction
of non-protein SH groups with (5,5-dithiobis) nitrobenzoic-2 acid (DTNB) to form
a yellowish product having maximum absorbance at 412 nm. The fresh sample was
grinded with TCA 5% with a ratio W:V as 1:9, then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min
to collect the supernatant. An amount of 0.9 ml distilled water, 2ml of Tris buffer HCl
0.4M pH8.9 and 0.1 ml of sample were added to the test tube. After 5 min incubating,
each test tube was added 0.1 ml DTNB. Absorbances were measured at 412 nm [10].
2.8 Lipid Peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring malondialdehyde concentration, the
final product of the lipid peroxidation reaction chain. Malondialdehyde formed a pink
complex in acidic conditions with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA). A volume of 0.5 ml of
sample homogenized solution was added with 4.5 ml solution composed of 1:3 perchloric
acid 10% saturated in TBA and trichloroacetic acid 20%. The solution was filtered to
collect filtrate and measured absorbance at 532 nm [11].
1046 P. T. T. Mai et al.
2.9 Vitamin C Content
Vitamin C was determined by titration with 2,6- dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP). The
sample was grinded with the ratio 1 g sample: 5ml HCl 1%. An amount of 5ml filtrate
and 5 ml amonioxalat was titrated with DPIP 0.001 N. Blank was prepared with 5ml
HCl 1% [9].
2.10 Chemical Content Analysis
Samples were sun dried and dried in an oven until unchanged mass. Then reducing
sugar content, total nitrogen and lipid in lotus seeds, stems, rhizomes and plumules were
determined.
Total Nitrogen. Total nitrogen content was determined by Kjeldahl method [12]. An
amount of 1g grinded fresh sample, or 0.1 to 0.3 g dried sample, was degraded in 5 ml
of concentrated H
2
SO
4
in 30–40 min, then was adjusted to 50 ml. The liberation and
capture step was carried out by boiling 10 ml of degraded solution and H
2
SO
4
1 N for
30 min. Then the solution was titrated by NaOH 0.1 N.
Reducing Sugars. Reducing sugar content was determined by Bertrand method. An
amount of 150 mg−1 g dried sample was hydrolyzed at 80 °C for 15 min. Then 7ml
Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
30% was added and incubated for 5 min, followed by 6 ml of Na
2
HPO
4
in 10 min to precipitate all Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
. The solution was adjusted to 50 ml with
distilled water. Then an amount of 10 ml adjusted solution was added with 10 ml of
Felling reagent followed by 3 min boiling and filtered to collect Cu
2
O precipitant. This
Cu
2
O precipitant was dissolved in 5 ml of Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
- H
2
SO
4
and titrated by KMnO
4
1/30 N [13].
Lipid Content. Lipid content was determined by Soxhlet extraction [14,15]. An
amount of 2–5 g of dried sample was placed in the thimble of Soxhlet system and
soaked in ether. Lipid extraction was carried out by incubating in the water bath with a
temperature lower than 50 °C at the rate that solvent passed siphon tubes 10–15 times
per hour. Then the solvent evaporated until the weight of the solvent flask and lipid was
unchanged.
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Superoxide Dismutase Activity
Activities of superoxide dismutase of lotus flowers, petioles, leaves, stamens, seedpods,
plumules, seeds, stems, and rhizomes are presented in Fig. 1. Superoxide dismutase
activities were lowest in rhizomes and highest in plumules and seedpods, with 380.4 ±
12.58 U/mg protein in plumule of ICR, 351.01 ±16.40 U/mg protein in plumule ofICW,
and 219.6 ±20.35 U/mg protein in the seedpod of ICR. SOD in the plumule of ICR
was 76 times stronger than in the rhizome of HVW, the lowest one. ICR and TAR were
the highest in both plumules and seedpods, showing that red lotuses might have higher
superoxide dismutase than white lotuses. Superoxide dismutase activities of HVR, and
HVW were lowest amongst lotus varieties.
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity 1047
3.2 Catalase Activity
Catalase activities of lotus flowers, petioles, leaves, stamens, seedpods, plumules, seeds,
stems, and rhizomes were presented in Fig. 2. It was found that catalase was strongest
in stamens and plumules and lowest in seeds and stems. Catalase was highest in lotus
TAR, HVR, HVW stamens from 11,34 U/mg protein to 17,46 U/mg protein with no
statistical difference between 3 lotus varieties. In plumules, TAR was the highest with
17,43 ±0,42 U/mg protein, next to ICR and HVR, around 15,13 ±0,38 U/mg protein
and 13,61 ±0,25 U/mg protein, respectively. Catalase in HVR and HVW were higher
than other varieties, suggesting that there were more peroxide in HVR and HVW to react
with H
2
O
2
free radicals.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Flowers Petiole Leaf Stamen Seedpod Plumule Seed Stem Rhizome
Superoxide dismutase (U/mg protein)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 1. Superoxide dismutase activities of 6 lotus varieties.
3.3 Peroxidase Activity
Peroxidase activities of lotus flowers, petioles, leaves, stamens, seedpods, plumules,
seeds, stems, and rhizomes were presented in Fig. 3. Superoxide activities were found
highest in seedpods of both white lotuses ICW and TAW with no statistical differences,
680.40 to 698.15 U/mg protein, next to ICR, TAR and HVW. Peroxidase was found as
2nd highest in plumules of TAW and the leaf of ICW. Seeds and stamens had the lowest
peroxidase in all lotus varieties, almost 1/8 of the highest peroxidase in seedpods.
3.4 Reduced Glutathione
Reduced glutathione contents in 6 lotus varieties were demonstrated in Fig. 4. Reduced
glutathione was highest in seedpods, next to seeds and plumules. ICR had the high-
est reduced glutathione content in most organs. Seedpods of red HVR with 10.14 ±
1048 P. T. T. Mai et al.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Flowers Petiole Leaf Stamen Seedpod Plumule Seed Stem Rhizome
Catalase (U/mg protein)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 2. Superoxide dismutase activities of 6 lotus varieties.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Flowers Petiole Leaf Stamen Seedpod Plumule Seed Stem Rhizome
Peroxydase (U/mg protein)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 3. Superoxide dismutase activities of 6 lotus varieties.
0.06 µg glutathione/g was the highest of all samples, next to reduced glutathione in
seedpods of ICR and TAR. Seeds of ICR and ICW were 6.58 ±0.15 µg/g and 5.66
±0.25 µg/g reduced glutathione, respectively. These figures were more than 8 times
higher than reduced glutathione in seeds of TAR-VI, making these figures quite odd.
Reduced glutathione was lowest in rhizomes and stamens.
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity 1049
3.5 Lipid Peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation of 6 lotuses was presented in Fig. 5, which was lowest in lotus
plumules and seedpods. Lipid peroxidation was highest in flowers, next to stamens, and
seeds. The lower the lipid peroxidation, the higher the organ’s antioxidant activities could
express. Thus, these figures once again proved the antioxidant potential of plumules and
seedpods. It was 2.17 ±0.03 nM MDA/g in plumules of ICR – 50 times smaller than
lipid peroxidation in flowers of HVW 104.83 ±8.39 nM MDA/g.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Flowers Petiole Leaf Stamen Seedpod Plumule Seed Stem Rhizome
Glutathion (µM/g)
C
IR
C
I
W
TAR TA
W
H
V
R H
VW
Fig. 4. Reduced glutathione content in 6 lotus varieties.
3.6 Vitamin C Content
Vitamin C contents in 6 lotuses were presented in Fig. 6. Vitamin C was highest in
rhizomes of all lotus varieties, next to lotus stems and seedpods. In rhizomes, both 5
lotus ICR, ICW, TAR, TAW, HVR had quite similar Vitamin C content around 30.79 to
36.07 mg/ 100 g, next to HVW with 27.21 ±1.13 mg/ 100 g. Seeds and plumules had
the lowest Vitamin C content of all lotus organs. Rhizomes and stems were widely used
in traditional cuisine, especially rhizomes, for health recovery after illnesses. Moreover,
the rhizome was famous for its usage in heat-clearing foods, which was one of the most
famous effects of Vitamin C. Vitamin C in most red lotus samples was higher than those
of white lotuses collected in the similar locations, showing that red lotuses had more
Vitamin C than white lotuses.
3.7 Chemical Content
Total Nitrogen. Nitrogen content in seeds of all lotus varieties were many times higher
than those in rhizomes, stems and plumules. The highest nitrogen content was found in
1050 P. T. T. Mai et al.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Flowers Petiole Leaf Stamen Seedpod Plumule Seed Stem Rhizome
Lipid peroxidation (nM MDA/g)
C
IR
C
I
W
TAR TA
W
H
V
R H
VW
Fig. 5. Lipid peroxidation in 6 lotus varieties.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Flowers Petiole Leaf Stamen Seedpod Plumule Seed Stem Rhizome
Vitamin C (mg/100g)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 6. Vitamin C content in 6 lotus varieties.
the white TAW seeds at 3.17 ±0.08 g/100 g; next to TAR with 3.05 ±0.04 g/100 g, while
that of plumules was only 0.17 ±0.03 g/100g. The nitrogen content of lotus varieties
was presented in Fig. 7. These figures showed that lotus seeds contained higher proteins
and other active compounds containing nitrogen than other organs.
Reducing Sugars. Once again, reducing sugars in lotus seeds were the highest in all
lotus varieties, next to plumules, and lowest in stems and rhizomes, with no significant
differences. Reducing sugars in TAW was the highest, with 14.61 ±1.13 g/100 g, next
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity 1051
to ICR, ICW, HVR, and HVW, with reducing sugars from 10.92 g/100g to 11.33 g/100g.
Reducing sugars were short sugars with sweet flavors. Lotus seeds and plumules were
famous for their sweet aftertaste, which was contributed by short sugars such as reducing
sugars (Fig. 8).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Seed Stem Rhizome Plumule
Total nitrgen (g/100g)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 7. Total nitrogen content in 6 lotus varieties.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Seed Stem Rhizome Plumule
Reducing sugars (g/100g)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 8. Reducing sugar content in 6 lotus varieties.
Lipid Content. Lipid content was the highest in seeds of all lotuses, next to plumules,
stems and rhizomes. Seeds from TAW had the highest lipid of all samples and all lotus
varieties, with 3.21 ±0.11 g/100 g. These findings could be explained that seeds con-
tained more nutrition for new growth of descendant lotuses, while plumules still need
more energy in form of fats for their transforming from embryos to new lotus trees
(Fig. 9).
1052 P. T. T. Mai et al.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Seed Stem Rhizome Plumule
Lipid content (g/100g)
CIR CIW TAR TAW HVR HVW
Fig. 9. Lipid content in 6 lotus varieties.
4 Discussion
Most organs in lotuses had antioxidant potentials. Seedpods exhibited the highest antiox-
idant through all various assays, next to plumules and seeds. Though lotus seeds have
been used in cuisine and traditional medicine, seedpods were not received adequate
attention. It was usually discarded in cuisine and folk medicine. There was only 1 report
on antioxidant activity of various fraction extracts from lotus seedpods showing that
seedpod water extract and seed ethyl acetate extract had the strongest FRAP, indicat-
ing that seedpod and seed would be a cheap antioxidant source. FRAP of seedpod water
extract was 9.5 times higher than that of hexane extract [16], suggesting antioxidant com-
pounds in seedpods might be polar. Another study showed that plumules exhibited 10
time higher antioxidant activity than blossom or flower by Hemoglobin-induced linoleic
acid system assay [1]. More research on the application of antioxidant compounds from
seedpods should be carried out to take use of this food waste.
Red lotuses ICR, TAR, and HVR from Hue and Da Nang performed higher antioxi-
dant activities than white lotuses, except peroxidase, showing that red lotus might have
higher antioxidant potential than white lotus. Red lotus might have higher H
2
O
2
than
white lotus, allowing catalase to exhibit higher antioxidant activities while lowering
peroxidase activities. Previous research showed the opposite results: Korean white lotus
leaf had the strongest antioxidant by DPPH essay amongst all root and leaf samples from
white and red lotuses, as it contained the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. Both
extracts from red and white lotuses could inhibit lung and colon cancer at a concentration
1 mg/mL [4].
Nutritional analysis showed that seeds had more total nitrogen, lipid and reducing
sugars than plumules and other parts of lotus, proving the nutrition potential of lotus
seeds. Lotus seeds were found as the nutritious and potential organs. They had not
only high nutrition, such as high total nitrogen and reduced sugar, but also contained
noticeably reduced glutathione content. It was found that both total nitrogen, lipid content
and reducing sugars were the highest in seeds of the white lotus in Thuan An – TAW.
Thus, TAW seeds had a great potential in their nutrition and flavors. Its potential and
applications should be studied in future research.
Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity 1053
5 Conclusions
Most lotus organs had antioxidant potential, especially seedpods, plumules and seeds.
Red lotus varieties exhibited stronger antioxidant activities than white lotus harvested
in a similar location. Red lotuses had higher antioxidant activities than white lotuses
collected from the same locations. Lotus seeds were found as nutritious and potential
organ. They had not only high nutrition, such as high total nitrogen and reduced sugar
but also contained noticeably reduced glutathione content. Seeds of white lotus TAW in
Thuan An had the best nutrition values amongst all lotus varieties with the highest total
nitrogen, lipid content and reducing sugars. Applications of antioxidant potentials from
lotus plants should be studied more, especially the seedpod, which is usually discarded
to take use of this waste. The high antioxidant activities of lotus parts proved that lotus
was a potential antioxidant herb.
Acknowledgement. This article is supported by the fund of the Ministry of Science and Tech-
nology for the national gene fund task “Evaluating the genetic potential of Vietnam’s lotus genetic
resources for breeding, production, and sustainable development” belong to the Program on
conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources up to 2025, with orientation to 2030.
Conflicts of Interest. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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