Hania Szajewska

Medical University of Warsaw · Department of Paediatrics

This position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Special Interest Group on Coeliac Disease (SIG‐CD) presents an update to the 2016 recommendations concerning early diet and the risk of coeliac disease (CD). This update adheres to the policy that mandates reviewing guidelines every 5 yea...

Importance Breastfed infants are at risk of iron deficiency, which is associated with suboptimal development. There is a paucity of evidence on the effects of iron supplementation on child development, and current guidelines are divergent. Objective To assess whether daily iron supplementation, 1 mg/kg, between 4 and 9 months in exclusively or pre...

The recent advisory issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration, cautioning against the routine administration of probiotics in preterm neonates, has sparked a lively debate within the scientific community. This commentary presents a perspective from members of the Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications within the E...

Background Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in infants. The replacement with specialized formulas is an established clinical approach to ensure adequate growth and minimize the risk of severe allergic reactions when breastfeeding is not possible. Still, given the availability of multiple options, such as extensively hydrolyz...

To systematically review evidence on the efficacy and safety of using a lactase supplementation for managing infant colic. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched (up to September 2023) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral lactase supplementation with placebo or no intervention in infants younger than 6 m...

Infant colic is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects infants during their first months of life. The etiology of this condition remains unclear. However, some studies suggest lactase deficiency may be a contributing factor. Currently, the evidence on dietary treatment and lactase supplementation for management of infant colic i...

The Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) is an awareness tool for evaluating cow’s milk-related symptoms. Previous studies have focused on providing CoMiSS values for healthy and symptomatic infants aged 0–6 months. However, there is a notable gap in the literature concerning CoMiSS values for infants older than 6 months. This cross-sectional...

Introduction Peanut allergies cause serious health problems worldwide. A strong finding has shown that the early introduction of peanuts into the diet of infants at high risk of food allergy reduces the prevalence of peanut allergy. Allergies to peanuts, sesame and tree nuts have been shown to coexist in 60% of cases and vary according to geographi...

Cow's milk allergy is rare in exclusively breastfed infants. To support the continuation of breastfeeding an infant after diagnosis with a cow's milk allergy, it is critical to examine the evidence for and against any form of cow's milk elimination diet for lactating mothers. In this narrative review, we highlight the lack of high-quality evidence,...

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Objectives: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMISS TM) is an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms in otherwise healthy infants <1 year of age. This study assessed whether replacing the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) with the Brussels Infants and Toddlers Stool Scale (BITSS) in non-toilet-trained infants would modify the...

The diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy (CMA) is a topic of debate and controversy. We aimed to compare the opinions of expert groups from the Middle East (n=14) and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) (n=13). These Expert groups voted on statements developed by the ESPGHAN group and pub...

A previous guideline on cow's milk allergy (CMA) developed by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) was published in 2012. This position paper provides an update on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CMA with focus on gastrointestinal manifestations. All systematic reviews and meta-analyses...

The diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA) in infants and young children remains a challenge because many of the presenting symptoms are similar to those experienced in other diagnoses. Both over- and under-diagnosis occur frequently. Misdiagnosis carries allergic and nutritional risks, including acute reactions, growth faltering, micronutrient defi...

Goat-milk-based infant formulas (GMFs) are now available in several countries, having been approved by authorities. We systematically evaluated the effects of GMF compared with cow-milk-based formula (CMF) on infant growth and safety parameters. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched (December 2022) for randomized control...

Plain Language Summary What is the context? Probiotics, available to healthy consumers as both dietary supplements and foods, are also used by some patient populations. The goal of this paper is to determine if any new factors have emerged that would impact current views about probiotic safety for both these populations. What is new? The authors co...

Background: While several scoring systems for the severity of anaphylactic reactions have been developed, there is a lack of consensus on definition and categorisation of severity of food allergy disease as a whole. Aim: To develop an international consensus on the severity of food allergy (DEfinition of Food Allergy Severity, DEFASE) scoring syste...

Background Formula-fed infants are at increased risk of infections. Due to the cross-talk between the mucosal systems of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, adding synbiotics (prebiotics and probiotics) to infant formula may prevent infections even at distant sites. Infants that were born full term and weaned from breast milk were randomiz...

About 1 in 4 infants comes forward with prolonged crying, agitation, or infant colic (IC) during the first three months of life and is referred for medical evaluation. The pathogenesis remains poorly understood, as do its implications for future health. The aim of this narrative review was to critically examine and discuss the available literature...

Purpose of review: The aim is to provide updated information on the concept of postbiotics and recent data on the efficacy of postbiotics for the prevention and treatment of childhood diseases. Recent findings: In line with a recently proposed consensus definition, a postbiotic is 'a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their component...

The concept of the early life developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) in adults has stimulated a new approach to understanding disease trajectories, with major public health implications. Indeed, the principle of the 'lifecourse of disease' now influences health policies internationally. Environmental influences during pregnancy and ear...

The term postbiotic was recently defined by an panel of scientists convened by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics as “a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host.” This definition focused on the progenitor microbial cell or cell fragments, not just me...

Objective: The dogma of probiotic strain-specificity is widely accepted. However, only the genus- and species-specific effects of probiotics are supported by evidence from clinical trials. The aim of this rapid review was to assess clinical evidence supporting the claim that the efficacy of probiotics in the pediatric population is strain-specific...

Background The effects of early feeding practices on the risk of coeliac disease (CD) remain debated. Aims To update evidence on these practices on the risk of CD and/or CD‐related autoimmunity (CDA), defined as anti‐transglutaminase or anti‐endomysial antibody positivity Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library to May 2022 fo...

Unlabelled: NCT05270291, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/. Objectives: In children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE), vomiting often precedes diarrhea. To establish the diagnosis of AGE, enteropathogen detection typically relies on diarrheal stool samples. However, testing requires sufficient stool sample, which may not be easily available. R...

Background: Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, are widely used despite uncertainty regarding their efficacy and discordant recommendations about their use. The ESPGHAN Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications provides updated recommendations...

Food allergy affects approximately 2–4% of children and adults. This guideline provides recommendations for managing food allergy from the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN). A multidisciplinary international Task Force developed the guideline using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II framework and th...

Background Allergy to cow's milk is the most common food allergy in infants and it is usually outgrown by 5 years of age. In some individuals it persists beyond early childhood. Oral immunotherapy (OIT, oral desensitization, specific oral tolerance induction) has been proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy for persistent IgE-mediated cow's mi...

Background: Synbiotics are a mixture comprising of live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host. There is an increasing number of studies investigating their role in different diseases and disorders. Aim: The purpose of this manuscript is to provide recommendations for...

CoMiSS® was developed 7 years ago to increase the awareness of health care professionals towards the possibility that symptoms presented by infants could be related to cow's milk. While CoMiSS was conceived mostly on theoretical concepts, data is now available from 25 clinical trials. Based on this extensive research using the tool since 2015, we a...

Importance: The efficacy of multispecies probiotic formulations in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) remains unclear. Objective: To assess the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the risk of AAD in children. Design, setting, and participants: This randomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from F...

The Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS™) was developed as a clinical tool aimed at increasing the awareness of health care professionals for the presence and intensity of clinical manifestations possibly related to cow’s milk (CM) intake. This review summarizes current evidence on CoMiSS. We found twenty-five original studies, one pooled anal...

The benefits of breastfeeding, such as reduced risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections, depend largely on the presence of bioactive compounds in breast milk, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The presence of HMOs represents one of the largest differences in composition between breast milk and infant formula. Currently,...

The aim of this study was to assess the compliance between current guidelines on the diagnosis and management of children with cow’s milk allergy (CMA) and clinical practice by a survey of Polish physicians. An online cross-sectional survey involving a convenience series of participants was performed from January 15 to March 20, 2020. Data provided...

Background The prevalence of cow's milk allergy (CMA) is approximately 2–4.5% in infants and less than 0.5% in adults. Most children outgrow cow's milk allergy in early childhood, particularly that to the baked milk products. Immunotherapy with unheated cow's milk has been used as a treatment option for those who have not yet outgrown CMA, but the...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Screening for celiac disease (CD) is recommended in children with affected first-degree relatives (FDR). However, the frequency of screening and at what age remain unknown. Aims:to detect variables influencing the risk of CD-development and develop and validate clinical prediction models to provide individualized screening advic...

Introduction A better understanding of current infant feeding practices and factors influencing them may improve the implementation of infant feeding guidelines in the future. Aim To assess the confidence in knowledge and knowledge of selected infant feeding statements, and to assess selected infant feeding practices among parents of infants aged...

Objectives: Infant formulas (IF) with postbiotics, defined as inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit on the host, are available. We systematically updated evidence on the safety and health effects of administering IF with postbiotics (± other modifications) compared with standard IF. Methods: The Cochrane L...

p>In the original Supplementary Table associated with this Correspondence, the terms “postbiotic” and “ISAPP” were misspelled in the column heading and footnote, respectively. These errors have now been corrected and the Supplementary information updated online; for transparency, the updated Supplementary Table is available in the online version of...

Background Evidence for the management of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) is lacking. The aim of this systematic review was to update evidence on the efficacy and safety of implementing low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) dietary restrictions for the management of children wit...

Uncertainty remains in regard to when, how, and in what form gluten should be introduced into the diet, particularly of infants genetically predisposed to developing celiac disease (CD). MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases will be searched from inception. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and obs...

Since the World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines were published 10 years ago, new evidence has accumulated about the diagnosis, therapy, and specific immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy (CMA). For this reason, WAO has felt the need to update the guidelines. We introduce here this upd...

Objectives The MOSAIC study aimed to evaluate if the Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) can be used as a stand-alone diagnostic tool for cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). Design Single-blinded, prospective, multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Setting 10 paediatric centres in China. Participants 300 non-breastfed infants (median age 16...

Background Since the publication of The World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines in 2010, a number of other guidelines, expert opinions, and position papers relating to the management of cow's milk allergy (CMA) have been published. We aimed to systematically review the quali...

Alterations in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis), at least in part, contribute to the development of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, allergy, obesity, type 1 diabetes, and autism (in addition to other factors such as g...

Postbiotic research has increased rapidly, and the need for consistent terminology is well-recognized. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus panel defined a postbiotic as a “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the target host.” Effective...

Background & Aims Celiac disease (CeD), an immune-mediated disease with enteropathy triggered by gluten, affects ~1% of the general European population. Currently, there are no biomarkers to predict CeD development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation, and certain disease- and stage-specific miRNA prof...

Global prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been steadily increasing, particularly for infants. A recent study reported an increase from 137 per 10,000 eligible infants in 2009 to 450 in 2018.¹ There are several well-documented indications for using PPIs for children with acid-related disorders, including erosive gastroesophageal re...

Background Food anaphylaxis is commonly elicited by unintentional ingestion of foods containing the allergen above the tolerance threshold level of the individual. While labeling the 14 main allergens used as ingredients in food products is mandatory in the EU, there is no legal definition of declaring potential contaminants. Precautionary allergen...

In 2010, British Journal of Nutrition published a consensus review article entitled Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits(1). This was commissioned by International Life Sciences Institute, Europe and had twenty-one co-authors. The current article summarises how this review was planned and written. It deals with three questions regarding...

p>Acute respiratory infections are a common cause of morbidity in infants and young children. This high rate of respiratory infections in early life has a major impact on healthcare resources and antibiotic use, with the associated risk of increasing antibiotic resistance, changes in intestinal microbiota composition and activity and, consequently,...

This cross-sectional online survey performed in Poland aimed to improve understanding of how COVID-19 pandemic restrictions affected complementary feeding practices among parents of infants aged 4 to 12 months. Self-selected parents were recruited through the internet. The anonymous questionnaire was opened during two intervals during COVID-19 rest...

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication therapy alters gut microbiota, provoking gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms that could be improved by probiotics. The study aim was to assess the effect in Hp patients of a Test fermented milk containing yogurt and Lacticaseibacillus (L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and I-3689, L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690) strains on antibiot...

Purpose: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS™) was developed as an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms in otherwise healthy children. Using a convenience sample of participants, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine CoMiSS™ values of symptomatic infants based on retrospectively or prospectively obtained infor...

Purpose: The present study assessed the role of an amino acid-based formula (AAF) in the growth of infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Methods: Non-breastfed, term infants aged 0-6 months with symptoms suggestive of CMPA were recruited from 10 pediatric centers in China. After enrollment, infants were started on AAF for two weeks, fo...

p>In the original version of this Consensus Statement article published online, a bar in Figure 1 was incorrectly labelled as “parabiotics” when it should have been labelled as “paraprobiotics”. This error has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF version of the article. Figure 1 | Total number of mentions in the literature of different terms refe...

In 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of experts specializing in nutrition, microbial physiology, gastroenterology, paediatrics, food science and microbiology to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The term ‘postbiotics’ is increasingly found in the scientific literature...

Unlabelled: The available interventions for the management of children with functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) are limited. A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) is widely used in adults and children with FAPD, despite limited available evidence. We aim to systematically review evi...

Background This guideline from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) recommends approaches to prevent the development of immediate‐onset / IgE‐mediated food allergy in infants and young children. It is an update of a 2014 EAACI guideline. Methods The guideline was developed using the AGREE II framework and the GRADE appro...

Introduction The gut microbiota may be relevant in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We examined the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on beta-cell function in children with newly diagnosed T1D. Research design and methods Children aged 8–17 years with newly (within 60 days) diagnosed T1D were enrolled i...

Pediatricians and allergists often have to deal with parents and caregivers, who are aware that cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is not a permanent allergic disorder. About 80% of children with milk allergy are able to tolerate cow’s milk (CM) by 15 years of age.¹ Referral studies indicate that in most cases spontaneous tolerance is achieved within 4 to 5...

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication therapy can alter gut microbiota, provoking gastro-intestinal (GI) symptoms that can be improved by probiotics. The effect on Hp patients of a Test fermented milk containing yogurt and three Lacticaseibacillus (L. paracasei CNCM I-1518, CNCM I-3689, L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690) strains was assessed on a...

Background: Evidence from studies in adults documents that fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) may be triggers of symptoms in individuals with functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs). However, in children, the evidence is very limited. We aim to assess the effects of a low-FODMAP diet compared wi...

Early gut microbial colonization plays an important role in health and disease. Alterations in the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) during this period, at least in part, contribute to the development and progression of diseases such as allergy, obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, type 1 diabetes, and autism (in addition to other...

Paediatric functional abdominal pain disorders, currently referred to as disorders of gut–brain interaction, comprise irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain not otherwise specified, as defined by the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Functional abdominal pain disorders are common disorders with a...

Exclusive breastfeeding ideally up to 6 months of life is the feed of choice for infants and should be promoted by healthcare professionals. However, when human milk is not sufficient or not available, infant formula, generally cow's milk-based, meeting strictly regulated nutritional and safety requirements, are recommended. Human breastmilk feedin...

The Sustainable Development goals for 2020 included reducing all causes associated with infant and perinatal mortality in their priorities. The use of compounds with bioactive properties has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy due to their stimulating effect on the host's immune system. Additionally, biotherapeutic products such as postbiotics,...

We compared fecal samples from responders and non-responders to administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. Data for this post hoc analysis were collected from an RCT assessing the efficacy of L. reuteri for the management of acute gastroenteritis. Responders were defined as subjects with diarrhea lasting no longer than 48 h. 44 children (17...

Background Evidence from studies in adults documents that fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) may be triggers of symptoms in individuals with functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs). However, in children, the evidence is very limited. We aim to assess the effects of a low-FODMAP diet compared with...

Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant’s specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is...

Background: Early antibiotic exposure may be contributing to the onset of childhood allergies. The main objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the relationship between early life antibiotic exposure and childhood asthma, eczema and hay fever. Methods: Pubmed and Embase were searched for studies published between 01-01-2008...

Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by exposure to dietary gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. In addition to the host genome, the microbiome has recently been linked to CeD risk and pathogenesis. To progress in our understanding of the role of breast milk microbiota profiles in CeD, we have analyzed sa...

Background This systematic review of ways to prevent immediate‐onset/IgE‐mediated food allergy will inform guidelines by the European Academy of Allergy and Immunology (EAACI). Methods The GRADE approach was used. Eleven databases were searched from 1946 to October 2019 for randomized controlled trials (and large prospective cohort studies in the...

Introduction Routine use of probiotics during antibiotic therapy in children remains a subject of discussion. To facilitate synthesis of individual study results and guideline formulation, it is important to assess predefined, similar, and clinically important outcomes. Core outcome sets are a proposed solution for this issue. The aim of this revie...

More than 10,000 preterm infants have participated in randomised controlled trials on probiotics worldwide, suggesting that probiotics in general could reduce rates of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, and mortality. However, answers to relevant clinical questions as to which strain to use, at what dosage, and how long to supplement, are not...

Purpose: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children, but recent evidence suggests a potential association between PPI treatment and some types of infections. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) for the prevention of gastrointest...

Objective To summarize evidence on the efficacy and safety of the use of extensively hydrolyzed formulas (EHFs) for the treatment of children with cow's milk allergy (CMA). Design Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) per PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias of included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of...

Introduction Growth impairment has often been described in children who develop coeliac disease (CD). Based on data from the multicentre, longitudinal PreventCD study, we analysed the growth patterns of infants at genetic risk of CD, comparing those who developed CD by 6 years of age (CD ‘cases’, 113 infants) versus those who did not develop CD by...

Since the publication of the 2014 ESPGHAN Working Group (WG) on Probiotics & Prebiotics guidelines on probiotics for management of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), new evidence concerning the efficacy of probiotics has become available. This document provides updated recommendations on the use of probiotics for the treatment of AGE in previously presum...

Purpose: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS™), which considers crying, regurgitation, stools, skin and respiratory symptoms, was developed as an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms. The scoring ranges from 0 to 33. A score ≥12 was proposed as being likely cow's milk-related and suggestive of allergy to cow's milk. T...

Background: While the literature indicates that probiotics are effective for the treatment or prevention of several conditions, data in children specifically focusing on individual probiotic strains are still limited. Purpose: To conduct a narrative review that summarizes data on the efficacy and safety of two common probiotic strains – Lactobacill...

Background: There is still controversy with regard to the efficacy of individual probiotic strains for the management of acute gastroenteritis. Aim: To update evidence on use of Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute gastroenteritis in children. Methods: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from inception to Dec...

To determine whether a gluten-free diet (GFD) compared with a gluten-containing diet (GD) influences functioning of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), we performed a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Sixty-six children (36–69 months) with ASD, within the normal IQ (> 70) range, who had been on a GFD for at least 8 weeks befo...

The incidence of gastroenteritis has greatly reduced due to improved hygiene conditions in developing countries and the use of Rotavirus vaccine. However, still thousands of children die from gastroenteritis, most of them in poor countries. Yet gastroenteritis management is simple, inexpensive, and effective and is largely the same all over the wor...

Postbiotics have recently been tentatively defined as bioactive compounds produced during a fermentation process (including microbial cells, cell constituents and metabolites) that supports health and/or wellbeing. Postbiotics are currently available in some infant formulas and fermented foods. We systematically reviewed evidence on postbiotics for...

Introduction: Routine use of probiotics during antibiotic therapy in children remains a subject of discussion. To facilitate synthesis of individual study results and guideline formulation, it is important to assess predefined, similar, and clinically important outcomes. Core outcome sets are a proposed solution for this issue. Aim of this review w...

Background More than 17 million people across Europe have allergies to food and the burden of food allergies is increasing. In 2014, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) published guidelines for preventing food allergy. Important research has been published since then and it is essential to ensure the guidelines reflect t...

This study aimed to assess the evidence regarding the relationship between early-life antibiotic exposure and childhood overweight/obesity by reviewing observational studies on prenatal antibiotic exposure and systematic reviews on infant antibiotic exposure. A search in Pubmed, Embase and Google Scholar covering the period 1st January till 1st Dec...

The effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (L. reuteri) for the management of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) has been recently questioned. We performed a systematic review to update evidence on L. reuteri for treating AGE in children. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library databases, and additional data sources from January 2016 (...

Food allergy affects a small but significant number of children and adults. Food allergy is responsible for considerable morbidity and is the commonest cause of anaphylaxis in children. One of the aims of the European Union funded “Integrated Approaches to Food Allergen and Allergy Risk Management” (iFAAM) project was to improve our understanding o...

We systematically reviewed evidence from observational studies on the associations between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and early-life antibiotic exposure. Eleven articles were included in the review. Prenatal antibiotic exposure was associated with a slightly increased risk of ASD in two cohort studies on overlapping populations and in one case...

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Szajewska et al and Schnadower et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15267 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15418.