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Evaluation of antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of Stachys lavandulifolia
Abstract and Figures
The present study deals with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Stachys lavandulifolia (S. lavandulifolia). Total phenolic content was assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu's method. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the scavenging activity of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and lipid peroxidation assay. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitory assay. Quercetin was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. The methanolic extract of S. lavandulifolia showed highest total Phenolic content. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts possessed strong scavenging activity in DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed Dose-Dependent protective effect against lipid peroxidation and free radical generation in liver homogenates. All extracts of S. lavandulifolia screened for anti-inflammatory LOX assay and hexane extract showed significant LOX inhibition compare to quercetin as positive control. For further investigation hexane extract was subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). One of TLC fraction showed significant LOX inhibition. The results obtained in this study confirm the traditional use of S. lavandulifolia for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions.
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... Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and analgesic effects of this plant were reported and its traditional use was confirmed for the treatment of pain and inflammation. [11][12][13][14] Although this herbal medicine has been used to relieve pain in animal models, it has been used less frequently in human studies. However, the use of this herbal medicine for relieving the symptoms of dysmenorrhea was reported in one study. ...
... [16] In addition, mountain tea is widely used in some regions of Turkey as a natural tea for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. [11,13,14,17] The results of the study indicated that the mean score of pain intensity based on the VAS was significantly different in three measurement times. The mean of pain intensity in the 1 st and 2 nd months after treatment was significantly different between the intervention and control groups, and the mean of pain intensity in the 1 st and 2 nd months after treatment in the intervention group was lower than that of the control group. ...
... [20] Rahzani et al., [21] in another study in India, indicated that this medicinal herb has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and its traditional use relieves the pain and inflammation. [14] Işcan et al. [18] demonstrated the potent antioxidant effects of this plant. Further, Rahzani et al. showed that mountain tea has specific oxidative anti-stress activity and can be used as a supplement to manage oxidative stress-related illnesses. ...
Background and Aim: Headache is the most common clinical syndrome of pain, and it is estimated that more than half of the patients are visited by physicians due to headache. Stachys lavandulifolia is one of the medicinal herbs which are traditionally used to treat headache. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of this herb on pain relief among patients with migraine. Methods: In this study, 50 patients with migraine were assigned randomly by block randomisation to intervention and control groups. In addition to routine treatment, two grams of hot herbal tea was given to the intervention group twice a day and every time while control group took routine herbs and placebo. Pain intensity was measured using visual analogue scale 1 and 2 months after the beginning of treatment. The data were analysed by t-tests and repeated measures using SPSS software (Version 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Results: The mean score of pain intensity was similar at baseline and after intervention reached to 4.21 ± 1.42 and 6.33 ± 1.55 for intervention and control groups, respectively. Based on the results of repeated measures, the mean score of pain intensity decreased in both groups, but the decreasing trend has more speed in intervention group. Moreover, the mean score of pain intensity decreased more 1 and 2 months after taking the medicinal herbs in intervention group compared to control group (P < 0.001). The mean score of decrease in pain intensity was statistically significant between two groups (4.21 ± 1.89 vs. 1.92 ± 1.41, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Mountain tea can be used as an auxiliary drug in the treatment of migraine patients due to its strong analgesic resources and the lack of significant side effects.
... There is no antioxidant activity study conducted with S. thirkei C. Koch. However, there are lots of studies investigating the anti-oxidant activities of distinct Stachys species such as S. annua (Alpay et al., 2017), S. sieboldii (Yang et al., 2016), S. glutinosa (Leporini et al., 2015), S. lavandulifolia (Ghaffari, Ghassam, & Prakash, 2012), S. ocymastrum (Lakhal et al., 2011). Apart from these, Ferhat et al., (2016) detected the anti-oxidant activity of S. guyoniana with different extractions and various assays (ABTS •+ , CUPRAC and DPPH • ). ...
It is of great importance to determine the antioxidant properties of plants, especially those used for food, pharmacology and medicinal purposes. Stachys thirkei C.Koch belonging to Lamiaceae family is used as a medicinal aromatic plant in Turkey. The present study was carried out to investigate the total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of S. thirkei C.Koch. The total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric procedure and antioxidant activity determine four distinctive methods (ABTS•+, CUPRAC, DPPH• and FRAP). According to the results, the levels of hydrolysable phenolics (1538.99±4.57 mg of GAE/100g) approximately three and a half fold higher than extractable phenolics (422.96±4.70 mg of GAE/100g). The TPC of S. thirkei C.Koch was determined to be 1961.95±4.46 mg of GAE/100g. On the other hand, the bioaccessible fractions and phenolic bioaccessibility of S. thirkei C.Koch were found to be 1766.72±2.96 μmol Trolox/g and 90.05±1.50%, respectively. At the same time, the antioxidative bioaccessibility of S. thirkei was found to be higher in FRAP method (1164.29 μmol Trolox/g) and also the bioaccessibility (%) of S. thirkei C.Koch was found to be higher in CUPRAC method (93.41%). Present study is the first report to investigate the antioxidant effect and bioaccessibility of the extracts from S. thirkei C.Koch. The results of the present study can be strong scientific proof to use this plant as a beneficial source of antioxidant referments and the studies can be further extended to investigate whether they exhibit similar activities in in vivo systems.
... Quercetin was as effective as methotrexate in clinical results [44]. Only in vitro studies are available to represent reasons for anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of SSC, which might be partly discussed by the inhibitory effects of SSC on cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase [24,45], or downregulations on inflammatory cytokines. This is the first study that showed the efficacy of SSC treatment in reducing DAS28 in the study population of female adults with moderately active RA. ...
Background
Stachys schtschegleevii (SSC) is a herbal medicine used to treat infections. To date, this is the first study aimed to investigate the effects of SSC tea on disease activity score (DAS), serum inflammatory biomarkers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3) among women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods
This pilot, triple-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among forty-four women (age: 30–65 years) diagnosed with moderately active RA. Subjects were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) into either SSC group (2.4 g/day SSC + 2.4 g/day black tea, n=22) or placebo (2.4 g/day black tea, n=22) for 8 weeks. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and MMPs were measured using ELISA. According to the American College of Rheumatology guideline considering hs-CRP, DAS28 was assessed.ResultsBoth study groups had respondent rates above 94.9%. The SSC intervention caused significant reductions in the number and the percent changes of the tender joints (SSC: −74.39% vs. placebo: −57.15%, mean differences= −0.77; P<0.05) and DAS28 [SSC: −32.44% vs. placebo: −22.32%, mean differences= −0.41, P<0.05). Unlike the intervention within SSC group that showed significant reductions in the mean serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-1β, and MMP-3, SSC caused significant MMP-3 reductions (SSC: −20.59% vs. placebo: 1.29%, P<0.05).Conclusion
The SSC intervention showed an appropriate clinical efficacy for female RA patients, accompanying remarkable reductions in the number of tender and swollen joints, DAS28, and serum levels of MMP-3. This can provide additional insights to the interventional studies controlling RA-related pathological and inflammatory outcomes.
Trial registration
Prospectively registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), linked to the WHO Registry Network (https://en.irct.ir/trial/11602, IRCT registration number: IRCT2015032011335N5, Registration date:2015-05-12).
Key Points
• Stachys schtschegleevii improved clinical outcomes and attenuated disease severity in RA patients.
• Stachys schtschegleevii ameliorated serum level of MMP-3 in RA patients.
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl known as "mountain tea", is a perennial flowering plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is widespread in Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Turkey and Turkmenistan. S. lavandulifolia is widely used in traditional medicine for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties. This plant has different chemical compounds classes including terpenoids, iridoids, flavonoids and phenylethanoids that have been isolated from the aerial parts of it. This review covers the plant botany, traditional medicinal uses and chemical composition of S. lavandulifolia, along with its biological and pharmacological activities including clinical trial data. The information of this review article was obtained from different scientific databases such as Google scholar, Science Direct, Hindawi, SID, Scopus, PubMed, and ACS as well as traditional Persian books. Pharmacological and clinical studies, especially Anxiolytic activity and anti-inflammatory on the plant are relatively low, so these studies are suggested in the future. Also, phytochemical investigation on root of the plant is necessary.
The aim of this study was to evaluate phenolics profile and antioxidant activity of Stachys lavandulifolia. Total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), DPPH• assay (IC50), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the methanolic extract were measured. The content of TP, TF, IC50, FRAP and TAC, were obtained as 16.59 gallic acid equiv./g dry matter (DM), 4.48 mg quercetin equiv./g DM, 2.07 (μg/mL), 0.014 (absorbance/mg phenolic) and 14.61 (mg BHT equiv./g DM), respectively. The results showed that S. lavandulifolia, compared to other species of Stachys, had moderate TP content with desirable antioxidant activity. Subsequently, 59 various phenolic compounds were identified and confirmed in the methanolic extract of S. lavandulifolia using high mass accuracy by MS2 experiments. The compounds consisted of 6 hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxybenzoic aldehydes, 9 hydroxycinnamic acids, 1 coumarin, 32 flavonoids, 3 lignans, 2 stilbenes, 3 tannins and 3 other phenolics.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of actinobacteria isolated from the sediments of coral reef environment of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, India. Among 86 strains, five actinobacterial strains (PM15, PM16, PM17, PM18 and PM19) were tested for antioxidant potential, using standard methods. The most active strain PM17 was identified using chemotaxonomical and molecular taxonomical methods. Out of 6 different isolates, PM17 (Streptomyces sp.) showed higher antioxidant activity with an ascorbic acid equivalent of 204.16 ±0.408. Total reducing power was 81.66±0.577 μg/ml and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide 66.29% and 60.30% respectively. Quantitative analysis of the scavenging assays of the strains assured the presence of antioxidant activity of the respective strains. The most active strain PM17 was taxonomically identified as a species of Streptomyces.
Six actinobacterial strains (PU1, PU2, PU3, PU4, PU5 and PU6) were isolated from the sediment samples of the coral reef environment of the Pullivasal Island, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, India using Kuster's agar. Ethyl acetate extracts of these six strains were screened for antioxidant activity viz. total antioxidant activity, total reducing power, DPPH (alpha,alpha-diphenyl-alpha-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NO). Among the six strains, PU3 showed strong antioxidant activity and PU1 had a week antioxidant activity. PU3 recorded the following: total antioxidant activity, 0.662; total reducing power, 0.181; DPPH, 53.6 %; scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 74.2 % and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NO), (56 %) in 100 mu g/ml concentration. Hence, this strain was further studied and identified as Nocardiopsis sp. based on chemotaxanomical, micromorphological and molecular characters.
ABSTRACT
Actinobacteria isolated from the sediment samples of the coral reef environment of the Kurusadai Island of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve,
India registered a density of 0.2×10
2
Keywords: Coral reefs, Actinobacteria, Antioxidant activity, Mycobacterium sp.
CFU/g and they were screened for antioxidant property. In vitro antioxidant activity (Total Antioxidant Activity,
Total Reducing Power, and Scavenging of Hydrogen peroxide and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of ethyl acetate extracts) of seven isolates
(KRCR1 to KRCR7) was studied. Extract of the actinobacterium, KRCR1 showed maximum of Tota
The methanol extract of the stem bark of Ficus religiosa Linn., The Peepal tree, was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar albino rats and analgesic effects in Swiss albino mice. A significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, comparable to that produced by indomethacin, the standard anti-inflammatory drug, was obtained with all the three doses of the extract, tested in the present study. A significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice was observed with two doses of the extract. The analgesic effect was comparable to that caused by the standard drug, aspirin. The methanol extract also showed significant anti-lipid peroxidant effects in vitro.
Lipophilic, O-methylated flavonoids from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus have been tested as inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase from soybeans, with linoleic acid and arachidonic acid as substrates. Sinensetin (5,6,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone) and tetramethylscutellarein (5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone) are the strongest inhibitors, with IC50 values of 114 ± 5 and 110 ± 3 μM towards oxidation of linoleic acid. Quercetin, a well-known flavonoid inhibitor of lipoxygenases which was tested for comparison, had an IC50 value of 98 ± 3 μM in this system. Other Orthosiphon flavonoids closely related to sinensetin and tetramethylscutellarein were weaker inhibitors or inactive. At low concentrations, sinensetin and tetramethylscutellarein both showed uncompetitive inhibition. Inhibition of arachidonic acid oxidation catalyzed by 15-lipoxygenase did not differ appreciably from that of linoleic acid. HPLC analysis of flavonoids from O. spicatus gave concentrations of sinensetin and tetramethylscutellarein of 0.19% and 0.11%, respectively, in dried plant tissue, while concentrations of the other flavonoids were lower. An ethyl acetate extract of the plant inhibited 15-lipoxygenase catalyzed oxidation of linoleic acid with an IC50 value of 0.018 ± 0.002% (w/v). A synergistic effect of the flavonoids was observed, but considerably less than was needed to account for the activity of the extract. Thus, the existence of other, as yet unidentified, 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors in Orthosiphon spicatus cannot be excluded.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
The growing interest in the substitution of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and the screening of raw materials for identifying new antioxidants. Oxidation reactions are not an exclusive concern for the food industry, and antioxidants are widely needed to prevent deterioration of other oxidisable goods, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Polyphenols are the major plant compounds with antioxidant activity, although they are not the only ones. In addition, other biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. Special attention is focussed on their extraction from inexpensive or residual sources from agricultural industries. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about natural antioxidants, is to focus on the extraction of antioxidant compounds (mainly polyphenols) from agricultural and industrial wastes, as well as to summarize available data on the factors affecting their antioxidant activity and stability, and, in some cases, the reported major active compounds identified.
Pith and carpellary membrane (CM) constitute 13% of pomegranate fruit composition. Pith acts as an anchoring tissue while CM acts as a protective membrane; both play significant roles in determining the health and disease status of pomegranate arils but remain unexplored for their nutraceutical properties. Activity-guided repeated fractionation of the methanol extract on a silica gel column, followed by preparative HPLC, yielded a compound which exhibited strong radical scavenging activity with EC50 values of 16.7 ± 2.3 and 54.2 ± 4.6 against DPPH free radical and superoxide radicals, respectively. It also showed a very strong lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity in a liposome model system with an EC50 value of 54.2 ± 0.9. However, it showed negligible metal chelating activity. Based on UV, IR, 2D-NMR, GC-Mass and MALDI-Mass studies, the compound was identified as punicalagin. The antioxidant activity of punicalagin and the methanol extract can be ascribed mainly to radical scavenging ability.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses microsomal lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is a complex process known to occur in both plants and animals. It involves the formation and propagation of lipid radicals, the uptake of oxygen, a rearrangement of the double bonds in unsaturated lipids, and the eventual destruction of membrane lipids, producing a variety of breakdown products, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and ethers. Biological membranes are often rich in unsaturated fatty acids and bathed in an oxygen-rich, metal-containing fluid. Lipid peroxidation begins with the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated fatty acid, resulting in the formation of a lipid radical. The formation of lipid endoperoxides in unsaturated fatty acids containing at least 3 methylene interrupted double bonds can lead to the formation of malondialdehyde as a breakdown product. Nonenzymic peroxidation of microsomal membranes also occurs and is probably mediated in part by endogenous hemoproteins and transition metals. The direct measurement of lipid hydroperoxides has an advantage over the thiobarbituric acid assay in that it permits a more accurate comparison of lipid peroxide levels in dissimilar lipid membranes.
Microsomes have been conventionally prepared by centrifugation of the postmitochondrial supernatant at 100,000g using an ultracentrifuge. Liver microsomes have been prepared by low speed centrifugation following sedimentation of the microsomal membranes in the presence of calcium ions. However, this method has not been suitable for the preparation of microsomes from extrahepatic tissues as it often results in the loss of cytochrome P450 activity. Brain microsomes prepared by the traditional calcium aggregation method results in the loss of cytochrome P450. We now describe a modification of the calcium aggregation method for the rapid preparation of rat and mouse brain microsomes. This involves the incorporation of glycerol, dithiothreitol, and EDTA in the preparation of microsomes. Such preparations do not differ in their cytochrome P450 content and associated monooxygenase activity from the traditionally prepared microsomes using ultracentrifugation. Electron microscopic analysis also does not reveal any differences between the microsomes prepared by the two methods. As brain microsomes are relatively unstable and are obtained in low yields, rapid isolation of large quantities of microsomes, possible using the present method, should be very useful.