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Research progress on anomalously high porosity zones in deeply buried clastic reservoirs in petroliferous basin

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Anomalously high porosity zone refers to a zone where reservoirs with anomalously high porosity concentrate, and the porosities are higher than the maximum porosity of reservoirs experienced normal compaction. Anomalously high porosity zones are desserts for oil and gas exploration in deep layers in sedimentary basins. Significant studies have been conducted by worldwide scholars, and the research results are important for the oil and gas exploration in deep layers. From aspects of concepts, classification scheme, types, reservoir pores, origin and prediction of anomalously high porosity zones, this paper summarized the current research progress. Studies show that the distribution of the anomalously high porosity zones can be determined by the porosity compaction curve or some other equivalent curves. The anomalously high porosity zones can be subdivided into primary pore anomalously high porosity zone and secondary pore anomalously high porosity zone. Primary pores dominant in the former type and geological processes beneficial to porosity preservation are the controlling factors. Secondary pores dominate in the other type and geological processes beneficial to dissolution are the controlling factors. Then the features and genetic mechanisms of anomalously high porosity zones in the petroliferous basins of China were summarized. These zones have the features of wide development and various types. The zones developed in layers of a big depth range and wide geological age, and the zones developed in different sedimentary facies in various basins, and both the primary and secondary types developed. And finally, the existing problems and research trend on anomalously high porosity zone were proposed.
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天然气地质学
收稿日
修回日
金项
国家自然科学基金项目
编号
国家油气重大专项
编号
国家 项目
编号
中国
大学
华东
优秀博士学位论文培育计划
中国石油大学
华东
研究生创新工程资助项目
编号
联合资
作者简介
远光辉
河南周口人
博士研究生
主要从事储层地质学研究
m.
讯作
操应长
安徽潜山人
教授
主要从事沉积学
层序地层学
储层地质学教学与研究
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展
远光辉
贾珍臻
王艳忠
 
中国石油大学
地球科学与技术学院
青岛
异常高孔带是指由于经历异常地质作用而形成的孔隙度高于正常压实条件下最大孔隙度的
异常高孔隙度储层相对集中发育带
含油气盆中深气勘甜点国内外学者对其开展
了大量有益的研究
总结其研究成果对于指导深部油气藏勘探有着重要的意义首先总结了近些
年全球范围内异常高孔带的研究现状
要包括异孔带
方案
空间
机制及预测等究表
异常高孔带的分布通常利用孔隙度正常压实趋势线
或相当的趋势线
进行确定根据孔隙类型及含量
异常高孔带具有原生孔隙型异常高孔带和次生孔隙型异常高孔
种类型
原生孔隙型异常高孔带储集空间以原生孔隙为主
保孔型地质因素是其形成的主控因
次生孔隙型异常高孔带储集空间以次生孔隙为主
溶蚀增孔作用是其形成的主控因素后对
中国含油气盆地深层异常高孔带的特征和成因机制进行了系统总
认为其分布广泛
类型多样
其分布具有地层深度范围大
时代跨越尺度大
地类多样相类等特
其类型兼
具原生孔隙型和次生孔隙型最后指出了目前研究中存在的一些问题和今后的研究趋势
关键词
异常高孔带
概念
储集空间
成因机制
研究进展
中图分类号
   献标
   章编
引用格
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔
带研究进展
天然气地球科学
 
着中浅层油气勘探程度的不断提高
目标逐渐
对全球
围内的含油气盆地研究表明
在特殊的地质条件下
层仍可发育异隙度
并可形成具有商
业价值的油气田伴随世界范围油气勘探的不断推
深层断有
并成为近期研究
热点
于深层的定义
不同国家
同机构和
同学者的认识差异较大深层在国外主要是指埋深
 
以深的
中国国土资源部
布的
石油天然气储层计算规范
深层和超深层分别界定为
 
 
 
 
和大于
 
有学者
 
作为浅
中深层的
也有学者将中层
层和特超深层分别界定
 
 
 
 
 
 
和大于
 
有学
合盆地地温梯
将中国东部含油气盆地的
层定
 
中西
定义
 
为了描述方便
文将
度在
 
以深的地层统称为中深层
尽管对深层深度界限的认识尚不一致
但其重
要性日益显著
已有国家在深度超
 
的地层进行了油气钻探
天然气地球科学
 
 
6N
 
区在
 
以深的中发
 
发现个深层大气田
大油田
可采储
大于
 
×1
采储量大于×
 
其中中发个埋藏深度大
 
的工业油气藏
中国油气勘探不断向
层突
地区
 
西
 
以深形成一系列重大突破
深度体下
 
 
西
木盆地至口井
 
深度钻
岩储
其中大北井获得高产气流
东部东营凹
胜科井也在超过
 
钻遇滨浅湖相砂岩
中国在超深层
 
领域新增石
天然气探明储层分别占全国新增石油
天然气探
明储
深层碎屑岩油气藏的勘
成为中国油气的增
作为深层油气勘
中的
低孔低渗背景下的异常高孔带
勘探开发目标
外学者关于
异常高孔带概念
隙特征及成
机制
异常高带预
等方面
大量有意义的综述
对其存在问题和发展方向提出一些看法
 概念及划分方案
 孔带概念
将异常高孔隙度
 
定义为统计学上比一种给定岩相
埋藏史和热演化史的典型砂岩的孔隙
更高的那部分孔隙
且异常高孔隙度要
高于典型砂岩储层孔隙度次群体的最大孔隙度
林等
异常孔隙
出了异常高孔
并将其定义为孔隙度超
过正常沉积成岩条件下碎屑岩最高孔隙度的储层发
国内学者也常将中深层异常高孔带称
为次生孔隙发育带
孔隙
孔隙发育带
以及次生孔隙发育段等
其中以次生孔隙
育带这一术语用最广泛
这其中
如王艳
合国的研
入有效储层孔限的
将次生孔隙发
带定义为量大 高孔
于有效储下限
储层集中发育带
而部学者并未考虑或统计储层中次生孔隙的含
只是主观地将中深部储层中存在次生孔隙的异
常高孔隙度储层的集中发育带划定为次生孔隙发育
操应长
在系统研究相关概念的基础上
为深层高孔隙度储层发育带不一定必须是次生孔隙
育带
建议将异
次生孔隙发育带
孔隙
异常孔隙发育带等统一称为异常高孔带
根据异常高孔带内异常高孔隙度储层的储集空间类
型及其丰度
将异常高孔带划分为原生孔隙型异常
高孔带和次生孔隙型异常高孔带定义储层中原生
隙相对含 异常
型异常高孔带
层中次生相对
异常高孔带为次生孔隙型异常高孔带一成
纠正了深部储层中异常高孔隙带必须为次生孔隙发
育带的片面认识
有重要的意义
 异常高孔带划分方案
异常高孔隙带的确定和划分是开展异常高孔带
他相关研究工
也是一项核心工作
着对划分异常高孔带的基准线研究的深入
对异常
高孔的确定也由对对高隙度
进展
对高孔隙度
比正常压实最大孔隙度更高
前划分异常高孔带法归起来
第一种为直观地根据孔隙度深度剖面中
孔隙度包络线的凹凸趋势来确定高孔带的分布范
即孔隙度包络线向右凸出的深度范围
二种
通过一条基准线
隙度深度剖面中确定异常
高孔带的范围
很多学者根据自己的研究
提出了不同的基准
线
线
孔隙度正常压实趋势线
平均孔隙度趋
势线
有效储层孔度下
孔隙度正常压实
胶结趋势线
和储层最大孔隙度正常演化趋势线
的基础上
拟合了刚性骨架颗粒为主的净砂岩储层正
常压线
φ=5
 
×
 
为埋藏
通过压拟实合了成分
砂岩
岩屑砂岩等
孔隙随埋藏深化的
压实线
在确定
组和
组异常高孔带时
用了
拟合的砂岩储层孔隙度随深度和黏土
矿物含量变化的公式
φ
其中
为岩石中黏土矿物含量
埋藏
林等
提出原生面孔与胶物面之和
为基础
利用孔隙度面孔率函数关系确定正常沉
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
成岩隙度的方法
并拟合了松辽盆地的正常压
胶结趋势线操应
在探基准线
缺点的基础
阐述了利用剔除异常法厘定储层最大
孔隙度正常演化趋势线的过程和方法
并厘定了东营
凹陷北带沙河街组储层最大孔隙度正常演化趋势线
这些基准线的提出为准确厘定异常高孔带提供了较
好的参考
 孔隙特
具有大量的孔隙是中深层异常高孔隙度储层的
本特
原生孔隙储层的油气勘探以
有利沉积砂体
次生孔隙储层的油气勘
探应以寻找酸性流体优势运聚区为指向
准确厘定深部储层孔隙类型非常重要次生溶蚀孔
隙包括颗粒溶蚀孔隙和胶结物溶蚀孔隙
骨架颗粒
次生溶蚀孔隙在岩石铸体薄片中相对容易识别和定
统计
但胶结物次生溶蚀孔隙的定量统计
是困难和满争
在缺少
溶蚀痕迹时
中深层异常高孔隙度储层中大量粒间
孔隙究竟是原生粒间孔隙还是胶结物次生溶蚀孔
即储层中大量粒间孔隙的归属问题是目前研究
博弈的一个焦点
表现为部分学
为中深层异常高孔隙度储层储集空
以原生孔隙主导
次生孔隙为辅
认为中深层异常高孔隙度储层储集
空间以次生孔隙主导
原生孔隙为辅或消失殆尽
 含油气盆地中深层不同成因类型异常高孔带储层镜下微观特征
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 隙主导观点
中深部储层中次生孔隙主导的观点依然是目前
比较流行的观点
很多学
基于有
热演化溶
认为中深部碎
岩储层中原生经损
次生溶蚀孔隙
尤其是胶结物次生溶蚀孔隙
能够提供高达
主导
大康
认为东近系
 
 
碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀孔隙可
是最重类型
根据碳酸盐胶
物含量与孔隙补性
认为库车凹陷克
气田在
 
 
的异常高孔隙度
主要来源于早期碳酸盐胶结物的晚期溶解
图从层水
沉积学
地层学原理
 
 
 
矿物在深层如何溶解并被带出的情况下
坚持了
深埋过程中能引起大规模胶结物的溶解
并有效提
高孔隙度的观点
油田观
到典型的碳酸盐胶结物和岩屑颗粒溶解现象
合物质平衡计算
认为深部酸性热液的幕式排放能
溶解
砂岩中
碳酸盐胶结物
对异常高孔隙度
有重要
文才
认为量大
       
 
 东营凹陷北带砂砾岩储层中长石溶蚀量
溶蚀产物含量及其差值的垂向分布
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
孔隙演化模式及其争议
 
 
 
 
 
 
通过不整合和
淋滤南堡凹陷高柳地区
 
 
碎屑岩储层并形成大量的次
孔隙
异常高孔隙度形成的关键
 隙主导观点
近年
国内外学者
在研究深部异常
孔隙储层时
也开始重新审视次生孔隙的地位
开始强调原生孔隙的重要性针对深部碎屑岩储层
中的粒间孔隙
在缺少明显溶蚀痕迹时
部储层中般小
其粒间孔隙界定为规模性碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀孔隙是
客观
国内学者不同究区
展了相关研究
如金振奎等
为准噶尔盆地腹部
侏罗系深部
 
 
的异常高孔带储层以
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
原生孔隙比例
不是
操应长等
认为东
 
 
 
 
个异常高孔带储层以
原生孔隙为主
生孔比例
认为的胶结物溶蚀孔隙主导
朱国华为准噶尔地三
 
 
的异常孔带储层中原隙比均为
隙主导型异常高孔带
 成因机
目前的究成果表
浅层发育的流体超压
类的早期充注
颗粒包膜和颗粒环边以及次生溶解
作用是深层异常高孔隙度储层产生的主要机制
归纳为增孔型成因机制和保孔型成因
 成因机制
年提出屑岩
过程中形成次理论
学者们提出了大
有机质热演化溶蚀机
类微生物降解机制
烃类热
硫酸盐还原作
蚀机
物转化溶蚀机制
蚀机
碱性溶
硅酸盐矿物水解
酸机
和碳酸盐矿物倒退溶解机制
种次生孔隙形成理论碎屑岩储层埋藏成岩过程
多种机制的次生溶解作用能够形成新的次生孔
通常被认为是深部异常高孔带形成的一个重要
和关键控制因素但目前关于次生溶蚀作用
架颗粒溶蚀和结物
对储层孔隙度的影响
依旧存在很多争议
 骨架颗粒溶蚀
骨架颗粒次生溶孔是碎屑岩储层中普遍发育的
孔隙
在深部储层中占有重要的比例尽管骨
颗粒溶蚀孔普量存
但对于骨架颗粒的
尤其易溶长石颗粒的溶蚀作用能否有效改善
层物
多数学者认为长
颗粒的溶蚀产生溶
溶蚀产物被有效带
储层
且溶蚀产物高岭石相对含量高值带对应了
孔隙度高值带
因此长石溶蚀作用有效改善了储层
对深部高孔隙度储层的发育具有
极作
分学
长石溶蚀导致了高岭石和硅质
胶结物的沉淀
堵塞了原生孔隙
并没有改善储层物
对深部高孔隙度储层的发育影响不大
有学者认为
不同的成岩环境中
石溶蚀对储层
影响可能不同
开放环境中
溶蚀产物能够带走
长石溶蚀形成增孔型次生孔隙
 
 
能够有效改善储层物性
环境
长石溶蚀作用形成调配型次生孔隙
 
 
对储层物性孔
度影
如远光
带异常高孔带表明
尽管长石溶蚀孔隙能
生长最大
面孔率的长石次生溶蚀孔隙
但由于伴随的硅质胶结物和自生黏土矿物的沉淀作
长石溶解所生成的净增孔隙度一般小于
全球同层
岩石薄片骨架颗粒次生孔隙度的系统总结表明
大部分层位
由于骨架颗粒溶解所产生的次生孔隙
平均值一般小于
储层整体孔隙的影响
对有
 胶结物
胶结物
如碳酸盐胶结物
石胶结物及石
物等
溶蚀作用是碎屑岩储层中常见的次生孔隙
胶结物溶蚀能够有效改善储层物性已基本得到石油
地质学家的一致认可
但在缺不整
或断裂体系等优势的运移通道时
埋藏成岩阶段胶
结物的溶蚀规模
尤其是碳酸盐胶结物
依旧存在很
的争
经典的
模式
认为
化过
程中释放的酸性流体能够溶解大规模的碳酸盐胶结
物并形成规模性次生孔隙内很多学者也据孔
深度剖面中孔隙度的凹凸特征和储层孔隙
碳酸盐胶结物含量的负相关关系
认为碳酸盐
胶结物的溶解作用是产生深部异常高孔隙度的关键
如张善
基于碳酸盐胶结
含量储层孔隙度的负相关关系
认为有机质演
化过程中释放的酸性流体对碳酸盐胶结物的溶解作
用对改善储层孔隙度具有重要贡献很少有学
给出典型的碳酸盐矿物溶蚀的岩石学证据
藏成
储层中大规模次生孔隙的形
成和保存需要富烃源岩与储层相邻
烃源岩生成大
有机
多数有机酸在烃源岩中居留时间不长且
被有效保存
潜在储层有流体流通和优势的运移通
不整合面以及原有的孔渗通道
以及从
       
 
朱国华
碎屑岩储层研究进展
岛讲课
烃源岩到储集层的运移过程中有机酸的低消
诸多 目前趋势性观点
在缺少断裂体系等有效运移通道时
深埋成岩
过程不具备发生大规模碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀作用的条
如以烃源岩的酸性流体供给能力
地层流体供给
能力为约束
部分学者从地球化学方面对缺少不整
合和断裂体系的埋藏成岩阶段大规模胶结物发生溶
蚀并形成规模性次生孔隙的合理性提出了质
远光辉
从烃源岩生和排有机酸的能力
地层流
体供给能力等这一根源去系统计算了深埋成岩过程
中有机酸的溶蚀增孔能力
在最
最低消耗的情况下
少断不整
优势运移通道时
有机质演化过程中生成的有机酸
解碳酸盐溶解
认为有机质热演化假说不能合理解释储层中
发育的规模性次生孔隙
 保孔型成因机制
 颗粒包
颗粒环边
 
是埋藏后从骨架颗
除颗粒接触位置
外生长而形成成岩自生
用的
膜包括自生黏土矿物和自
生微晶石英
以黏
绿泥
颗粒环
 
主要指
过程和沉积过程中附着在骨架颗粒表面的碎屑黏土
形成的包裹层
 全球岩石薄片孔隙数据
 
 
 
 
 
 
研究区位置
储层层位 岩石薄片孔隙度
平均 最小 标准偏差 样品数
岩石薄片骨架颗粒次生孔隙度
平均 最小 标准偏差
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  通过隔离石英加大边在陆源石英颗粒表面生长
的潜在成核质点
颗粒包膜和颗粒环边阻碍石英胶结
物的发育
进而抑制了硅胶胶结物发育造成的储层孔
隙度和渗透率的降低
使得孔隙能够被有效保存到中
深层
颗粒膜和对颗面覆
埋藏
热演化史
石英颗粒丰度以及包膜的组织
形态等共同影响着颗粒薄片和环边对孔隙的保存效
颗粒环边粒覆整性
制石英胶结物发育的最重要因素
认为
在中低温条件颗包膜能够阻止石英成核作用
 
来保存孔隙
而在高温条件下
颗粒包膜允许石英成核作用发生
通过制胶
结物生长来保存孔隙
目前的表明
颗粒包
膜和颗粒环边仅对硅质胶结物的沉淀有阻碍作用
对碳酸盐胶结物
沸石胶结物和硫酸盐胶结物等的沉
淀没有影
成熟低的
层中
硅质胶结物沉作用身较
颗粒包膜和颗
粒环边的影响也相对较弱
前对颗粒包膜和环边的研究
生绿
包膜最为常见
自生微晶石英也有相关报导
而对黏
环边的关注相
曾分别
类型的颗粒包膜和环边的物质来源
对储层孔隙度
影响以及预测进行了详细总结
此处不再熬述
 烃类充
层成
早期烃类充注能够阻碍孔隙
的流
造成离子供给和流通障碍
而抑制甚
止自
进而有效保存储层储集空
管有部分学者提出
但这一
点已被多数学者所普遍接受需要指出的是
类充注抑制砂岩成岩作用的机理为
烃类进入砂岩
尤其是烃类早期充注
制了地层水的
了胶结物质的来源
因此抑制了成岩作用的进行
种抑制作用只有在相对较高的含油饱和度
如油浸
级别饱含油级别
隙水呈不连续孤立滞留
状态
这种抑制作用才比较明显
较低的含油饱
孔隙水仍然处于连续状态
制作才是
如王艳
东营凹陷民丰洼陷北带沙四段近岸水下扇扇中辫状
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
道油层碳酸盐含量小于
酸盐
干层中碳酸盐最高可达
油层
中碳酸盐胶结作用明显受到抑制
要客观研究烃类充注对胶结作用的定量化影
需要对比同一口井至少同一沉积砂体的油层样
品和水层样品
并且这些样品的岩性
温度和
压力条件要相同
系统获得相关样品通常是比较困
同时储层润湿性对胶结作用有重要的影
油气充注能够多大程度上改变储层的润湿性特
进而影响储层中胶结作用的程度也是很难确定
油气充注能够一定程度上抑制胶
结物的生长
但由于相关数据的缺乏
目前要准确量
化烃类对胶结作用的抑制作用依旧比较困难
 流体超
流体超压是指流体压力大于净水压力的那一部
压力
通过承受部分上覆沉积物的部分压力
流体超压一个重要的作用是能够减轻地层所承受的
效应有效应力是控制碎屑岩压实作用的重要
流体超压能够抑制压实作用
有利于储
层储集空间的保存
流体超压对孔隙的有效保存能力主要取决于流
体超压开始发育的时间和储层成分的机械特
若流体压发
埋藏
机械压实作用已经导致储层孔隙度降低到较低水
则流体超压对储层孔隙度的保存作用有限
当流体超压发对较
且后期深埋藏
程中流体压力效保
其对孔隙度的保
模拟研究表明
性颗粒比塑性有更
流体超压
对富塑性颗粒储层孔隙的保存效果比对富刚性颗粒
储层孔隙的保存效果更显著
如板桥凹陷和歧北凹陷沙河街组深层位于高压
封盖层之下的砂岩储层孔隙度比具正常压实趋势的
岩高
濮凹陷深层异常高压的砂
比常压砂岩的平均隙度
寿
估算每
 
约保存
的砂岩
值与
研究得出的每超压
 
保存
的孔隙度一致
 沉积作
沉积作用对深层异常高孔带的发育具有重要的
究表
尽管不同地区不同异常高孔带形成
的沉积环境有所不同
但这些砂体具有相似的岩石
特征
沉积作用主要通过以下方面影响异常高孔带的发
沉积作用控制了砂体原始物性
育于较强
力环
结构成熟度和成分成熟度
分选好
泥质含量低的砂体具有良好的原生孔隙
结构
生粒间孔发育
孔隙连通性好
隙度
渗透性好
为异常高孔带的发育提供物质
基础沉积作用影响成岩改造作用
首先刚性颗
含量
泥质杂基少
度较粗的砂体藏过程中
抗压实能力强
经历相同埋深时能够保存较多的孔
也能为侵蚀性流体的进入提供优势通道
砂体厚
对胶结作用发要影
厚砂体中部一般胶
结作用较弱
孔隙保存相对较好
次沉积作用还
以控制烃源岩的发育程度及其与沉积砂体的组合关
进而又控制砂体次生孔隙发育程度
 异常高孔带预测
对中深部异常高孔带进行预测时
应强调异
高孔
的三维空间属性对异常高孔带纵
分布的确定相简单
即在确定正常压实趋
势线的基础上
通过孔隙度深度剖面确定异常高
孔带的纵向分布范围
有学者
用泥岩热解生酸资料预测次生孔隙型异常高孔带纵
向分布特征的方法
深部碎屑岩储层经历了复杂的成岩改造过程
沉积作用的非均质性和成岩作用的非均质性决定了
储层不仅在纵向上具有非均质性
而且在平面展布
同样具有较强质性
目前对异常高孔带平
面展布特征的预测方法主要为多图叠合方法
元林
通过成岩作用数值模拟法预测成岩相平面
特征
然后叠合成岩相图和沉积相图
测了渤海
地西部洼陷优质储层的平面展布特征
优质储层控制因素的基
通过叠合
积相
地层压力图和成岩作用图
测了东营
陷北带有利勘探目标军等
利用异常高孔
机酸
碳酸根重碳酸根离子浓度平面等值线
测图
沉积相图
成岩相图叠合的方法
预测了大
庆长垣以西地区次生孔隙型异常高孔带的分布
 中国中深层异常高孔带研究现状
国内学者对中国不同含油气盆地深层异常高孔
进行了深入系
取得了很多重要的成果
文献资料
碎屑岩储层异常高孔带普
存在
具有地层深度范围大
 
 
       
 
 中国典型含油气盆地深层异常高孔带类型
特征及控制因素
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
表性
凹陷
凹陷
构造带 地层 沉积相 纵向
深度
储集空间
因机
原生
孔隙
次生
孔隙
增孔
机制
保孔
机制
文献来
渤海湾盆地
济阳坳陷
营凹
渤海湾盆地
辽河坳
黄骅坳
黄骅坳
松辽盆
民丰地区 古近系 近岸水下扇
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
次生型 为主 为辅 主导
民丰地区 古近系 近岸水下扇
 
 
 
 
生型
 
主导
胜坨地区 古近系 近岸水下扇
湖底扇
 
 
 
 
原生
 
辅助
南部缓坡地 古近系 滩坝
 
 
 
 
生型
北部陡坡带 古近系 冲积扇
扇三角洲
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
南部斜坡带 古近系 河流三角洲
滩坝
 
 
次生 为辅 为主 主导
中央隆起带 古近系 浊积扇
 
 
次生 为辅 为主 主导
洼陷带 古近系 三角洲
水下扇
 
 
 
 
生型 主导 辅助
北部陡坡带 古近系 砂砾岩
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
南部洼陷带 古近系 浊积岩
 
 
 
 
生型 主导 辅助
中央隆起带 古近系
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
次生 为辅 为主 主导
北部洼陷带 古近系 浊积岩
 
 
 
 
 
 
生型 主导 辅助
滩海西部
凹陷 古近系 近岸水下扇
扇三角洲
湖底扇
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
西部凹陷
南段鸳鸯沟 古近系 扇三角洲
 
 
西部凹
南段双清地区 古近系 扇三角洲
湖底扇
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
西部凹陷
清水洼陷 古近系 浊积岩
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
板桥
北大港地区 古近系 深水浊积扇
扇三角洲
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
歧口凹陷
斜坡区 古近系 辫状河三角洲
扇三角洲
滩坝
 
 
 
 
 
 
次生
  主导
长岭断陷 白垩系
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
十屋断陷 白垩系 三角洲
扇三角洲
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
徐家围子 白垩系
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
王艳忠
操应长
操应
陈永
袁静
媛媛
孟元林
孟元
谷团等
高勇等
蒲秀刚
张云峰
张云峰
孟元林
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
 中国典型含油气盆地深层异常高孔带类型
特征及控制因素
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
表性
凹陷
凹陷
构造带 地层 沉积相 纵向
深度
储集空间
因机
原生
孔隙
次生
孔隙
增孔
机制
保孔
机制
文献来
西
北盆
北盆
渤海湾盆地
临清坳
鄂尔多
斯盆地
准噶尔盆地
塔里木盆地
吐鲁番
哈密盆
达木盆地
溱潼凹陷 古近系 河流
 
 
次生
 
溱潼凹陷 古近系 近岸水下扇
滨湖冲积扇
 
 
次生
 
东濮凹陷 古近系
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
大牛地气田 上古生界 辫状河
 
生型 辅助 主导
姬塬地区 三叠系 浅水三角洲
 
原生型 为主 为辅 辅助
盆地东北
盆地西南 三叠系 曲流河三角洲和
辫状河三角洲
 
 
原生型 为主 为辅 主导
腹部地区 侏罗系 辫状河
三角洲
 
 
原生型 为主 为辅 辅助
库车凹陷
克拉气田
古近系
白垩系
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
吐鲁番坳陷
了墩隆起
哈密坳陷
中侏罗同
中上三叠统
 
 
次生
 
主导
柴西南西部 古近系
 
 
 
 
次生型 为辅 为主 主导
柴西红跃进 古近系
 
 
次生 为辅 为主 主导
柴西南东部 古近系
 
 
生型 主导 辅助
庄松生等
刘伟等
友亮
赵彦超
诚雨
新民
振奎
于炳
玉林
刘伟等
跨越尺度
古生代生代
盆地类
多样
西部叠盆地
中部坳陷盆地和东部断陷
坳陷盆地都有发育
和沉积相类型丰富
三角洲
扇三角洲
等特点
在探讨异常高孔带储层孔隙类型
较多学者认为深部异常带储层以次生孔隙为主
将粒间孔隙归结物
从而认为次
溶蚀作用是异带发
并倾向
于将该类异常高孔带称为次生孔隙发育带
有少数学者开始对深部溶蚀作用提出质疑
岩石
层压
含油性等资料
重新厘定了不
含油气盆地部高孔
探讨了保孔
型地质作用的重要意义
这一点应引起领域内
广泛的关注和重视
 研究趋
岩储层异常高孔带的研究取得了很
的进伴随深部碎屑岩储层油气勘探的迫切需
和相关学科技的进
尚需在以下方面开
展深入研究
 异常高孔带类型划分
将异常高孔带相关的概念
次生孔隙发育带
孔隙
异常孔隙发育带等
统一称为异常高孔
并根据异常高孔隙度储层中原生孔隙和次生孔
的绝对含量以含量
将异常高孔带划分为
原生孔隙型异常高孔带和次生孔隙型异常高孔带是
一个常有益的划分
避免了主观地将孔隙度
深度剖面中的孔隙度包络线右凸部分笼统划分为次
生孔隙发育带
由于开放性成岩体系和封闭性成岩体系中
物溶解作用产生次生孔
增孔型次生孔隙和调配
型次生孔隙
储层物性不同
以根据溶解作用发生的地质背景及其增加孔隙度的
际效
考虑对次生孔隙型异常高孔带和含有较
多次生孔隙的原生孔隙型异常高孔带进行更为详细
分类
 因机油藏
高孔隙度储层成因机制研究的一个重要目的是
为了更好地服务于深部碎屑岩储层油气勘探
       
 
孔隙储层既可以是油层
也可以是水层
者认
高孔隙度储层成因机制的研究应包括储
层高孔隙度主控因素和储层孔隙度演化史油藏成
个方面目前对储层高孔隙度主控因素的研
相对
而仅有
对定量
层孔隙度演化油藏成藏史匹配关系进行了
初步的探讨成藏关键时期储层物性很大程度上决
着油气能否大规模入储
成藏时高孔
现今具高孔隙度的异常高孔带和成藏时期
具低孔隙度今具高孔隙度的异常高孔带的勘
探开发潜力存在较大差异目前各种控制因素对孔
隙度影响的定量化研究尚有待深入
在异常高
隙带机制研究
应加强定量的储层孔隙度
化史油藏成藏史匹配关系的研究
以更好地确
定储层的勘探潜力
 
年来
深层高孔究在
方面取得了重要的成果
异常高孔带类型得以细分纠正了深部储层
孔隙带都是次发育
统一将异常
孔带
生孔发育
次生孔隙带异常
孔隙发
带等称为异常
并根据异常高孔隙度储层
储集空间类型和含量
将其细分为原生孔隙型异常
高孔带和次生孔隙型异常高孔带
多种与孔隙度正常压实趋势线相关的基准
线划分方案得以学者
了孔隙度正常势线
孔隙度正常压实趋势
线
均孔隙度势线
层孔
度正常压实胶结趋势线和储层最大孔隙度正常演
化趋势线等多种类型的划分异常高孔带的基准线
深部储层中次生孔隙的重要性被重新评估
在缺少断裂体系和不整合等优势运移通道时
储层中次生孔隙的地位被重新评价越来越多的学
认识
埋藏成岩过程中
不具备大规模次生孔隙
发育的地球化学条件
在缺少明显的胶结物溶解的
岩石学证据时
将大量粒间孔隙界定为胶结物溶蚀
孔隙是不客观的
更加客观地分析增孔型成因机制和保孔型
成因在摒弃
模式束缚并客观厘定
储集空间类型
通过详细分析次生溶蚀
作用的增孔效应
包膜
环边
流体超压和
烃类充注的保孔效应
更加客观地分析了增孔型地
作用和保孔型地质作用对深层异常高孔带的
影响
国内学者对中国深层异常高孔带的研究取
得了重要成果
但在异常高孔带类型划分及成因机
制定量化分析方面仍需进行更深入的研究
参考文
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
马永生
勋育
赵培荣
超深层碳酸盐岩油
气储层形理研
地学前缘
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
裴健翔
王立锋
海盆地中深层天然气勘探的关键问题及对策
石油学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
文瑞
球油气勘
展与趋势
石油勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
朱光有
中国深层油气成藏条件与勘探潜力
石油学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
孙龙德
才能
朱如凯
中国层油形成
布与潜力分析
石油勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
光辉
李晓艳
东营凹陷北带古近系中深层异常高孔带类型
及特征
石油学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
孟元林
建军
刘德来
辽河坳陷鸳鸯沟地区成岩相分
析与异常高孔带预测
吉林大学学报
地球科学版
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
刘玉林
哈密盆地中生界砂
岩次生孔隙研究
石油实验地质
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
下第三系
层成岩作用及次生孔隙发育特征
煤田地质与勘探
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
肖丽华
侯创业
辽盆地升平地区深层成岩作用数值模拟与次生孔隙带预
地质论评
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
张善
东营凹陷深层溶蚀孔隙的多重介质成因机理和动力机制
沉积学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
朱筱敏
英国
钟大
济阳坳陷古近系储层孔隙
类型与次生孔隙成因
地质学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
艳忠
东营凹陷北带古近系次生孔隙
带成因机制及演化模式
中国石油大学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
左燕
黎琼
苏北溱潼凹陷戴南组二段成岩作用与次
生孔隙预测
矿物岩石
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
大康
张枝焕
东营凹陷古近系砂
岩次生孔隙成因与纵向分布规律
石油勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
筱敏
米立
钟大康
济阳坳陷古近系成岩作用及其对储
层质量的影响
古地理学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
振奎
妮娜
噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系深部优质储层成因
石油
 
 
 
 
 
K.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
修洪
孟凡晋
用泥岩热解资料预测储层次生孔隙
发育带
天然气工业
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
 
刘绍军
亚金
次生孔隙带预测新技术及其在大庆长垣以西地区的
应用
沉积学报
 
 
 
N.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
苏北漆渔凹陷戴南组
一段次生孔隙形成与分布特征
相古地理
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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大庆长垣以西地
区中部油层组合次生孔隙研究
大庆石油地质与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
张连
大港
区深层碎屑岩储集层特征及影响因素研究
石油探与
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
刘伟
柴西南地区第三系碎屑岩储集
层次生孔隙分布及成
石油勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
刘媛媛
朱金富
辽河滩海西部凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用及其对储层物
性的影响
现代地质
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
辽河
油气成藏条件及勘探前景
天然气地球科学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
于学
何咏梅
歧口凹陷滨海地区沙河街组深层碎
屑岩储层特征及主控因素
天然气地球科学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
谷团
辽河盆地西部凹陷清水洼陷新生界深层异常
高孔带特征与有利储集相预测研究
天然气地球科学
 
 
 
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M.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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论碎屑岩储层成岩过程中有机酸的溶蚀增孔能力
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成岩作用中的地下水碳酸体系与方解石溶解度
学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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PM
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
张文才
李会军
堡凹
柳地区深层次生孔隙成因及分布特征
石油勘探与开发
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
丽霞
准东下侏罗统三工河
组砂岩成岩作用及其对孔隙的影响
矿物岩石
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
秋生
响准噶尔盆地碎屑岩储层储集性的主要因素
疆石
学院学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
黄思静
文慧
刘洁
大气水在碎屑岩次生孔隙形
成中的作用
以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例
科学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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姜在
操应长
泌阳凹陷碱性成岩作用及其对储层
的影响
中国科学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
N.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
H.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
香华
永传
李慧生
长石溶解质量平衡对储集层
质量的影响
石油勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
曹剑
张义
胡文萱
油气储层自生高岭石发育特点
及其对物性的影响
矿物学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
袁静
东营凹陷古近系深部碎屑岩储层中的粘土矿物
国石油大学学报
自然科学版
 
 
 
 
G.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
K.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
凌志
家裕
郭彬称
中国含油盆地屑岩
低渗透储层的特征及形成机
沉积学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
张善文
岩过程中的
水作用
及其石油质意
沉积学报
 
 
 
K.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
准噶尔盆地北三台地区清水河组低渗透储层成因机制
石油学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
H.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
O.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
寿建峰
岩储层孔隙保存的定量预测研究
地质科学
 
M.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
操应长
王健
东营 陷南沙四
上亚段滩坝砂岩有效储层成因
中国石油大学学报
科学版
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
永峤
周新桂
东营凹陷各构造区
带下第三系成岩演化与次生孔隙发育规律研究
然气
球科学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
王乾
东营
下第三系深部碎屑岩储层次生孔隙垂向分布及成因分析
矿物岩石
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
文革
黄骅坳陷歧口凹陷斜坡区中深层碎屑岩储集层特
石油勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
张云峰
国强
付保利
长岭断陷深层碎屑岩储层
成岩作用及异常高孔带成因
吉林大学学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
张云峰
亚琴
王春
十屋断陷异常高孔带分布特征及成因
大庆油学
学报
 
       远光辉
含油气盆地中深层碎屑岩储层异常高孔带研究进展          
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
元林
孟凡晋
松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层异常高孔带分布特征与成因
分析
古地理学报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
友亮
澄林
刘梦慧
东濮陷地流体
热循环对流与成岩圈闭的形成
油试地质
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
彦超
振华
大牛地七天致密砂岩气层的异常高孔带特
征与成因
天然气工业
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
鄂尔多斯姬塬地区
油层组异常高孔渗成因机理研究
都理
大学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
新民
彦如
付金华
鄂尔 斯盆延长
组长段相对高孔渗砂岩储集层的控制因素分析
勘探与开发
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
王艳忠
碎屑岩储层地质历史时期孔隙度演化恢复方法
济阳坳陷东营凹陷沙河街组四段上亚段为例
石油学
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
... The development of abnormally high-porosity zones (AHPZs) in sedimentary basins has always been an important topic, which is of great significance for high-quality reservoir predictions and commercial oil-gas exploration [1]. Main mechanisms for the formation of AHPZs commonly include sedimentation, grain coat, hydrocarbon filling, overpressure, and dissolution [2,3]. Sedimentation can control original physical properties of the sandstone reservoir. ...
... In addition to its own properties, reservoir diagenetic fluid in the sedimentary basin is affected by external factors, including meteoric water, organic and carbonic acids, and thermal and hydrocarbon fluids [3,4]. The property variations of diagenetic fluids in different geological periods have a large influence on the products of reaction between fluids and Geofluids minerals in rocks. ...
Article
Full-text available
An abnormally high-porosity zone (AHPZ) is beneficial for petroleum exploration, especially for the deep tight reservoirs in a petroliferous basin. Because of lacking effective research methods, it is hard to analyze the formation process of AHPZs in different geological periods. From the perspective of the diagenetic fluid type and activity history, geochemical characteristics and fluid inclusions of diagenetic minerals were utilized to reconstruct the diagenetic fluid type and dynamic evolution. The ultimate goal is to study the genetic process of AHPZs in the Songtao–Baodao region of the Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea. It was found that there are three sections of AHPZs at different burial depths, which are generally favorable for high-quality reservoirs. Moreover, it can be concluded that the AHPZs are closely related to multiple actions of various diagenetic fluids. The meteoric waters, organic acid, and thermal fluids facilitated the enlargement of porosity by dissolving minerals to form secondary pore spaces. The hydrocarbon fluids have positive effects on the preservation of pores by preventing cement from filling the pore space.
... In recent years, large oil and gas in the deep clastic reservoirs of the foreland basins, western China are proved (Du et al., 2019;Yu et al., 2019;He et al., 2021), and these reservoirs have suffered intensive tectonic compressive processes in the late Himalayan period (Song et al., 2012;Jia et al., 2013). Because the intensive tectonic compression has an important influence on the development and preservation of porosity in reservoirs (Shou et al., 2006;Sun et al., 2013;Guo et al., 2016b;Gao et al., 2017;Mao et al., 2017;, in general, porosity of the reservoirs reduce as the magnitude of tectonic compression increase (Shou et al., 2006;Yang et al., 2016), and these reservoirs should be very lower porosity due to the strong compaction from the intensive tectonic compression and deep burial (Zhang et al., 2012a;Yuan et al., 2015;Feng et al., 2016). However, exploration and research in recent years show that the majority of high quality clastic reservoirs in these foreland basins have anomalously high primary porosity (Liu et al., 2019;Tian et al., 2020;Gao et al., 2023). ...
Article
Full-text available
The majority of high quality clastic reservoirs in the foreland basins, northwest China have anomalously high primary porosity. The intensive tectonic compression, overburden and overpressure importantly impact on the deep reservoir quality in the foreland basins, and that very little research had been so far conducted on this topic. Only considering mechanical compaction without chemical diagenesis, various geological models of tectonic compression, overpressure and porosity were simulated using a comprehensive numerical model. Based on the simulations, the influences of the coupling tectonic compression and overpressure on porosity in deep reservoirs are quantitatively discussed. A case study using a representative well in the thrust belt of the Junggar foreland basin is simulated. The results show that the porosity formed from the early-middle slow burial and late rapid burial type is higher than the almost constant burial type and the early rapid burial and then slow burial type, when the overpressure is formed by the three burial types couple with the same tectonic compression. Importantly, overpressure formed during the early-middle slow burial and late rapid burial type in concert with tectonic compression best preserves high porosity within reservoirs. Either increasing tectonic compression stress early at constant overpressure or increasing the tectonic compression stress at a relative late stage and increasing reservoir overpressure can contribute to porosity loss. The porosity decreases more rapidly in the former case. The later the tectonic compression was applied, the more rapidly porosity of the reservoir decreased. Therefore, late stage tectonic compression accompanied by overpressure has the largest influence on the porosity. The porosity of the Qigu Formation in the well Ds1 in the south margin of Junggar Basin, for example, was decreased by 0.88% in response to intensive tectonic compression in the late Himalayan orogeny. However, porosity formed by overpressure suppression and preservation in the reservoir is 3.66%. So, in addition to vertical compaction and diagenesis, the influence of tectonic compression and overpressure should also be considered in the study of deep reservoir porosity evolution in foreland basin. This study can be helpful for deeply understanding the evolution rule of deep reservoir porosity in foreland basin.
... Nevertheless, anomalously high porosity zone (AHPZ) is still developed in some tight sandstone reservoirs. The AHPZs are defined as the reservoirs having higher porosity relative to expected background values for their burial depth (Bloch et al., 2002;Nielsen et al., 2019), and can be widely developed across different geological periods, sedimentary facies and buried depth intervals in the various petroliferous basins (Sun et al., 2013;Cao et al., 2014;Yuan et al., 2015a;Wu et al., 2022). The determination of AHPZ is the central work of the genetic analysis and prediction of high-quality sandstone reservoirs, which are the sweet spots for hydrocarbon exploration, especially for deeply buried sandstone reservoirs. ...
Article
Full-text available
The lower member of the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation (J2x¹⁺²) sandstones are significant exploratory targets for hydrocarbon resources in the Taibei Sag of the Turpan-Hami Basin, northwestern China. Formation of anomalously high porosity/permeability in deeply buried J2x¹⁺² sandstones and reservoir quality prediction were investigated using a variety of petrographic analyses. These results show that the J2x¹⁺² sandstones are mostly feldspathic litharenites and litharenites, which are characterized by moderate-to good sorting, silty to medium granularity, and point- to long grain contacts. The J2x¹⁺² sandstone has low porosity (avg 6.0%) and permeability (avg 1.12 mD), but shows anomalously high porosity/permeability at depth interval of 3850–4050 m. There is a noticeable variation in pore types and sizes from intergranular-intragranular dissolution pores with a size mode of 2.0 μm in anomalously high porosity (AHP) sandstones, to major intragranular dissolution pores with a size mode of 0.5 μm in normally high porosity (NHP) sandstones, to most micropores with a size mode of 0.25 μm occurred in the normally low porosity (NLP) sandstones. The compaction is the main cause of porosity destruction, resulting in an average porosity loss of 89.6%. However, the authigenic minerals have relatively little influence on reservoir quality. The combination of nappe tectonics and well-sorted particles alleviated the compaction and thus preserved more intergranular pores in the AHP sandstones. Dissolution further increases the porosity and eventually forms the AHP sandstones. The strong carbonate-cemented facies (SCC), tightly compacted facies (TC), moderately compacted with moderate dissolution facies (MCMD), and weakly compacted with strong dissolution facies (WCSD) are determined in the J2x¹⁺² sandstones. The sandstones with SCC and TC are recognized as the NLP reservoirs. The MCMD and WCSD correspond to the NHP and AHP reservoirs, respectively. The reservoir quality predicted using the constructed diagenetic facies charts is in good agreement with the photomicrograph observations and physical property tests. Additionally, the AHP reservoirs are still developed in the deeply buried sandstones with depths larger than 4000 m.
... With the progress of oil and gas exploration and development and the continuous improvement of technology, the proportion of tight oil and gas produced has continued to increase, and the formation mechanism of tight clastic reservoirs has become a hot research topic. Previous studies have suggested that the existence of an abnormally high-porosity zone in middle-deep clastic reservoirs is related to the development of grain-coating chlorite [16][17][18][19]. Sun et al. [20] studied the relationship between authigenic chlorite and high-quality tight sandstone reservoirs and determined that chlorite has a good protective effect on primary pores and that a continuous reservoir with sufficient chlorite rim thickness can become a high-quality reservoir. ...
Article
Full-text available
Authigenic chlorite is a common clay mineral in clastic rock reservoirs, and it has an important influence on the pore structure of tight clastic rock reservoirs. In this paper, the tight clastic reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the Longfengshan subsag in the Changling fault depression in the Songliao Basin were investigated. Polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-pressure mercury injection (HPMI), and low temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA) were used to study the influence of authigenic chlorite on the pore structure of tight clastic reservoirs. The results show that the authigenic chlorite in the study area was mainly generated in the form of pore linings. The formation of the authigenic chlorite was mainly controlled by the parent rock type and the sedimentary microfacies in the provenance area. The hydrolysis and dissolution of the iron- and magnesium-rich intermediate-mafic magmatic rocks and the high-energy, open, weakly alkaline reducing environment in the delta-front underwater distributary channel were the key factors controlling the formation of the authigenic chlorite in the study area. The pore-lining chlorite slowed down compaction and inhibited quartz overgrowth, protecting the original pores. Moreover, there are a large number of intercrystalline pores in the chlorite, which provided channels for the flow of acidic water and thus the formation of secondary pores, playing a positive role in the physical properties of the tight clastic rock reservoirs. However, the pore-filling chlorite also blocked the pore throats, playing a negative role in the physical properties of the tight clastic rock reservoirs. The tight clastic rock reservoirs with pore-lining chlorite generally had low displacement pressures and large pore throat radii. The morphology of the nano-scale pores was mainly parallel plate-shaped slit pores. There were many primary pores and a small number of secondary pores in the reservoir. Some of the pores were connected by narrow-necked or curved sheet-like throats, and the pore structure was relatively good. A higher relative content of chlorite led to a larger nano-scale pore throat radius, a smaller specific surface area, a smoother pore surface, and stronger homogeneity. Authigenic chlorite played a positive role in the formation of the tight clastic reservoirs in the study area.
... Meng (2004) first introduced the concept of anomalously high porosity zones into China. After that, many scholars focused on the distribution, origin and prediction of anomalously high porosity zones (Meng et al. 2006(Meng et al. , 2008(Meng et al. , 2010Zhu et al. 2007;Lander and Bonnsell 2010;Ehrenberg et al. 2012;Taylor et al. 2010;Cao et al. 2014;Yuan et al. 2015). As far as oilfield exploration and development are concerned, exploration workers focus on oil and gas reserves and reservoir porosity, while development workers pay more attention to oilfield production and reservoir permeability. ...
Article
Full-text available
In order to study the dominant seepage channel of the third member of Weizhou formation (E w 3 ) in Weizhou 12-X oilfield, Weixinan Sag, Beibu Gulf Basin, and tap the potential of remaining oil. The distribution and causes of the anomalously high permeability zones in Weizhou Formation were studied by using conventional core physical property analysis, scanning electron microscope, laser particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction and thin section microscopic identification. As the results show, vertically,there are three anomalously high permeability zones in the A 1 ¹ , A 1 ² and A 2 ¹ micro-stage of the middle diagenetic stage, with the depth range of 2300 m ~ 2400 m, 2400 m ~ 2600 m, 2600 m ~ 2900 m respectively. Grain size, sorting, dissolution and early emplacement of hydrocarbons are the main causes of anomalously high permeability zones. Although both grain size and sorting affect porosity and permeability, the effect of grain size on permeability is stronger than sorting, and sorting has a stronger effect on porosity than grain size. Magmatic hydrothermal and organic acid promote dissolution and concomitant porosity and permeability increase by dissolving unstable minerals. The early emplacement of hydrocarbons retard the cementation and accompanying porosity and permeability reduction by reducing the water-rock ratio. Finally, sandstone reservoirs in the E w 3 are characterized by anomalously high permeability zones.
... Pore type distribution in different sandstone members of Kepingtage Formation.Frontiers in Earth Science | www.frontiersin.enhancing the frame strength(Zaid, 2013;Yuan et al., 2015;. ...
Article
Full-text available
The tight sandstone reservoirs of the Lower Silurian Kepingtage Formation are important exploratory targets for tight gas resources in the Shuntuoguole Low Uplift of Tarim Basin. How to evaluate tight sandstone reservoir is an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, we investigated the effects of diagenesis on the heterogeneity of tight sandstone deposits in similar sedimentary facies and established the relationship between the diagenetic facies and reservoir quality. Cores of the tight sandstone reservoirs of Lower Silurian Kepingtage Formation in Shuntuoguole Low Uplift are studied with thin section observation, SEM, XRD, and mercury injection. Quantification of diagenesis influencing porosity suggests that sandstone densification is mainly controlled by compaction, cementation, and hydrocarbon charging (bitumen charging), and the reservoir properties are effectively improved by dissolution, based on which 6 types of diagenetic facies are classified. Interpretation of the log data from individual wells with “K nearest neighbor” algorithm concludes that top and base of the upper member of Kepingtage Formation are believed to have favorably diagenetic reservoirs mainly falling in Type V; favorably diagenetic facies develop best in the lower member of Kepingtage Formation predominated by Types V and VI which mainly distribute in its top. Composite analysis of diagenetic facies, sedimentary facies, and porosity distribution shows that the favorable area of further exploration and development is east of Well SH903 and north of Well SH10. The quantitative identification of diagenetic facies based on logging information can provide reasonable results for the evolution of the tight sandstone reservoirs for a similar area in the Tarim Basin.
Article
Quantitative restoration of the compaction process is key for evaluating the physical properties of deeply-buried clastic rocks. A new simulation approach based on the discrete element method (DEM) is proposed, which can reproduce mechanical compaction processes, such as grain sliding and rotation, grain crushing (GC), and ductile-grain deformation (DGF). The micromechanical parameters were verified through physical experiments. The maximum, minimum, and mean error of the porosity between simulated and measured data was 1.14, 0, and 0.43, respectively. Seventeen samples with different grain packing textures (GPT) were simulated. The results show GC increased with an increase in effective stress and was related to DGF, GPT, and grain size. Ductile grains are deformed and fills in intergranular pores and plugs the throat, and GC can change the GPT, which together leads to compaction porosity loss. The Kozeny-Carman equation remains valid for sandstone exhibiting significant grain crushing, but it may not be applicable to low-porosity sandstone containing ductile particles. Grain sliding and rotation, GC, and DGF play different dominant roles in porosity reduction in different compaction stages. For low-stress conditions, the porosity loss during compaction is primarily attributed to grain sliding, rotation, and DGF, while GC does not occur. However, under high-stress conditions, GC plays a significant role in porosity loss. Therefore, different GC, DGF, and GPT samples have different recovery modes of the porosity evolution process. The new simulation method can also directly reproduce the compaction process of sandstone and provide compaction porosity loss curves, which are of great significance for the study of deep-buried reservoir physical properties evolution.
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This study focused on the beach-bar sandstone reservoir in the upper part of the fourth member of Shahejie formation in the southern slope of Dongying sag. Core, thin sections, physical properties and other technical methods were used to analyze the characteristics and genesis of effective reservoirs. The results show that the reservoir pore space includes mainly primary pores with partial secondary and mixed intergranular pores. Favorable sedimentary environment is the foundation of high-quality reservoirs. Different kinds of diagenesis and their intensity affect the quality of reservoir. Hydrocarbon charging and overpressure are the favorable preservation conditions of reservoir properties, and their interactions affect the types of reservoir space, the distribution and combination, and evolutional characteristics of reservoir. The distributions of pore space in effective reservoirs are sectionalized in depth. At 1.0-2.0 km, weak diagenesis and well preservation of primary porosity in ordinary pressure form effective reservoirs which contain mainly primary pores. At 2.0-3.1 km, dissolution increases reservoir space. Hydrocarbon charging and overpressure save reservoir space and form effective reservoirs which have primary pores, secondary pores and mixed pores. At 3.1-3.6 km, hydrocarbon charging and overpressure hold part of primary pores and form effective reservoirs which contain mainly primary pores and a few secondary ones.
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Based on the study of diagenesis two types of pore in Sangonghe Formation of Lower Jurassic in Zhungaer basin have been recognized. They are mainly residue original interganular pore and secondary pore. Residue original intergranular pore has been preserved by the authigenic clay minerals and quartz overgrowth. Enlarged pore, oversized pore and intragranular pore have been developed on the base of residual original intergranular pore by the dissolution of framework constituents. Residual original intergranular pore developed during early diagenesis of sandstone, secondary pore was created by dissolution in late diagenesis.
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Diagenesis study shows that the type of diagenesis in the second member of Dainan Formation in Qintong depression are mainly mechanical compaction, cementation, replacement, dissolution and clay mineral filling etc. The transform scale of pores by diagenesis have been statisted. The diagenesis stages are B stage in early diagenetic time and A stages in late diagenetic time. The develope and displibution of secondary pore have closely connection with densely compacting, massdehydration stage of the curve of mud compactjon, or the mature stage, oil-generating window of organic matter and the first rapid inversion zone of mixed-layer clay minerals, according to this we could predict secondary pores distribution.
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The porosity preservation and evolution of sandstone are mainly controlled by geotemperature field, geologic age and subsidence styles, in which geotemperature field is the most important parameter. It is found that average porosity of sandstone decreases by 70% ± as average geotemperature gradient increases by 1°C/100m, in which ddecreasing rate of sandstone porosity in high geotemperature gradient area (e. g. 4. 0°C/100m), with increasing burial depth, is about 3-4 times that in low geotemperature gradient area (e. g. 2°C1/100m). As a result, the same porosities may correspond to different burial depths ranging from 2500 to 3000m under geotemperature gradients between 2-4 °C/100m. It is also presented that decreasing rate of sandstone porosities with increasing geologic age is about 0. 018% - 0. 009% per million years, which shows that the effects to porosities resulting from geologic age and geotemperature. are supplimentary to one another. Furtherly, the relation between geotemerature-geologic age and porosity is established and may be applied to quantiative prediction of underground sandstone porosity. Basin subsidence styles also have an evident even key influence on porosity preservation. It is indicated that sandstone porosity may be preserved by 2% - 5% due to subsidence style change, in which burial depth difference of effective reservoirs may reach 100m. An integrated study of the above three parameters amy well explain why high porosity but deep burial reservoirs occur in basins in the western China, characterized by low-geotemperature field and low porosity but shallow burial reservoir in basins in the eastern China, with high-geotemperature field. In addition, the dynamic relation between porosity and the above three parameters may be more accurately described by time-temperature index (TTI) presented by Lopatin. Quantitative relations between thermal matutrity porosity, thermal maturity and burial depth, thermal maturity and effective sandstone ratio for the three types, of sandstones have been established in this paper, which may exactly predict porosity, burial depth and ratio of effective reservoirs for exploration, and have been proved to be an effective method in reservoir evaluation.
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The sedimentological and petrologic researches in the southwestern Qaidam Basin indicate that the reservoir spaces in Tertiary clastic rocks are mainly primary pores and secondary pores. Secondary pores exist from 1700 m to 3900 m in the depth of the study area. Two secondary pore belts are developed in the Yuejin area, and one is developed in the LUcaotan-Wunan-Wanxi area. The genesis of the secondary pores is the dissolution of carbonate cement, feldspar and lithoclast caused by organic and carbonic acids, which are generated during the evolvement of source rock. The development and distribution of secondary pores are controlled vertically by the maturity time of source rock and horizontally by the location of acidic water. They are also related to the sedimentary facies zone where the sandstones exist and the development of fault zone.