Some medicinal plants as natural anticancer agents

Abstract

India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the "Botanical garden of the World". The medicinal plants, besides having natural therapeutic values against various diseases, also provide high quality of food and raw materials for livelihood. Considerable works have been done on these plants to treat cancer, and some plant products have been marketed as anticancer drugs, based on the traditional uses and scientific reports. These plants may promote host resistance against infection by re-stabilizing body equilibrium and conditioning the body tissues. Several reports describe that the anticancer activity of medicinal plants is due to the presence of antioxidants in them. In fact, the medicinal plants are easily available, cheaper and possess no toxicity as compared to the modern (allopathic) drugs. Hence, this review article contains 66 medicinal plants, which are the natural sources of anticancer agents.

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Phcog Rev. Vol, 3, Issue 6, 259-263
Available Online : www.phcogrev.com
© Phcog.Net 2009 | www.phcog.net 259
PHCOG REV. : Review Article
Some medicinal plants as natural anticancer agents
Govind Pandey1* and Madhuri S.2
1Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (MP Govt. Animal Husbandry / Veterinary Department),
Jabalpur Division, Jabalpur
2Senior Research Fellow of CSIR, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology,
Model Science, College Jabalpur, MP
*Correspondent author: drgovindpandey@rediffmail.com, drgovindpandey@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical garden of the World”. The medicinal
plants, besides having natural therapeutic values against various diseases, also provide high quality of food and raw materials
for livelihood. Considerable works have been done on these plants to treat cancer, and some plant products have been
marketed as anticancer drugs, based on the traditional uses and scientific reports. These plants may promote host resistance
against infection by re-stabilizing body equilibrium and conditioning the body tissues. Several reports describe that the
anticancer activity of medicinal plants is due to the presence of antioxidants in them. In fact, the medicinal plants are easily
available, cheaper and possess no toxicity as compared to the modern (allopathic) drugs. Hence, this review article contains 66
medicinal plants, which are the natural sources of anticancer agents.
KEY WORDS : Cancer, medicinal plants, natural anticancer agents, antioxidants.
INTRODUCTION
Cancer (malignant tumour) is an abnormal growth and
proliferation of cells. It is a frightful disease because the
patient suffers pain, disfigurement and loss of many
physiological processes. Cancer may be uncontrollable and
incurable, and may occur at any time at any age in any part of
the body. It is caused by a complex, poorly understood
interplay of genetic and environmental factors (1-2). It
continues to represent the largest cause of mortality in the
world and claims over 6 millions. Cancer kills annually about
3500 per million population around the world. A large
number of chemopreventive agents are used to cure various
cancers, but they produce side effects that prevent their
extensive usage. Although more than 1500 anticancer drugs
are in active development with over 500 of the drugs under
clinical trials, there is an urgent need to develop much
effective and less toxic drugs (3).
The plant kingdom plays an important role in the life of
humans and animals. India is the largest producer of
medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical garden of
the World”. Medicinal plants have been stated (4) to
comprise about 8000 species and account for approximately
50% of all the higher flowering plant species of India. In
other words, there are about 400 families of the flowering
plants; at least 315 are represented by India. Medicinal
properties of few such plants have been reported but a good
number of plants still used by local folklore are yet to be
explored. Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine
provide good base for scientific exploration of medicinally
important molecules from nature. The rediscovery of
Ayurveda is a sense of redefining it is modern medicines.
Emerging concept of combining Ayurveda with advanced
drug discovery programme is globally acceptable. Traditional
medicine has a long history of serving peoples all over the
world. The ethnobotany provides a rich resource for natural
drug research and development. In recent years, the use of
traditional medicine information on plant research has again
received considerable interest. The Western use of such
information has also come under increasing scrutiny and the
national and indigenous rights on these resources have
become acknowledged by most academic and industrial
researchers (5).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about
three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs
and other forms of traditional medicines to treat diseases.
Traditional medicines are widely used in India. Even in USA,
use of plants and phytomedicines has increased dramatically
in the last two decades (6). It has been also reported (7) that
more than 50% of all modern drugs in clinical use are of
natural products, many of which have been recognized to
have the ability to include apoptosis in various cancer cells of
human origin.
SOME ANTICANCER MEDICINAL PLANTS
With the above background, this review article enumerates
66 medicinal plants (Tables 1 & 2) possessing anticancer
properties3,8-44, and are used against various types of cancer.
The chemopreventive potential of an 80% hydroalcoholic
extract (50 and 180 mg/kg/day for 14 days) of Andrographis
paniculata has been reported (8) against chemotoxicity,
including carcinogenicity. The authors observed the
modulatory influence of A. paniculata on hepatic and
extrahepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes (viz.
cytochrome P450), antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GST)
content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lipid peroxidation
in Swiss albino mice. Some other workers (9) also reported
the anticancer and immunostimulatory activities of A.
paniculata.
Azadirachta indica (Neem) has been used in buccal
carcinogenesis, skin carcinogenesis, prostate cancer,
mammary carcinogenesis, gastric carcinogenesis, Ehrlich
carcinoma and B16 melanoma. Dietary neem flowers caused
a marked increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity
in the liver, while resulting in a significant reduction in the
activities of some hepatic P450-dependent monooxygenases.
These results strongly indicate that neem flowers may have
chemopreventive potential. Young animals were fed with
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Some medicinal plants as natural anticancer agents
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AIN-76 purified diets containing either 10-12.5% ground
freeze-dried neem flowers for 1 week prior to, during, and
for 1 week after the administration of each carcinogen.
Interestingly, it was found that neem flowers resulted in a
marked reduction of the incidence of mammary gland (about
35.2%) and liver tumours (61.7% and 80.1% for benign and
malignant tumours, respectively). Furthermore, the
multiplicity of tumours per rat was also lower in the neem
flower groups, i.e. those for mammary gland tumours and
benign and malignant liver tumours were reduced to 44.0%,
87.9% and 88.9%, respectively. These results clearly
demonstrated that neem flowers contain some
chemopreventive agents capable of inhibiting liver and
mammary gland carcinogenesis in rats (10). Administration
of ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) inhibited DMBA-
induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, as revealed by
the absence of neoplasm. These results suggest that the
chemopreventive effect of ENLE may be mediated by
induction of apoptosis (11). The modulatory effect of neem
leaf with garlic on hepatic and blood oxidant-antioxidant
status may play a key role in preventing cancer development
at extrahepatic sites (12). The ethanolic extract of neem has
been shown to cause cell death of prostate cancer cells (PC-
3) by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by a dose-dependent
increase in DNA fragmentation and a decrease in cell
viability (13).
Camellia sinensis (Tea) is one of the most popular beverages in
the world. The consumption of tea has been associated with
a decreased risk of developing cancers of the ovary (14), oral
cavity (15), colon (16), stomach (17) and prostate (18). This
beneficial health effect has been attributed to the catechins
(flavonoids) in tea. Their biological benefits are due to their
strong antioxidant and antiangiogenic activity as well as their
potential to inhibit cell proliferation and modulate
carcinogen metabolism (19-20). Citrus limon (Nibu) fruit
contains flavonoid, flavone, limonoid, limonene, nobiletin
and tangeretin. The flavonoid, tangeretin and nobiletin are
potent inhibitors of tumor cell growth and can activate the
detoxifying P450 enzyme system. Limonoids inhibit tumour
formation by stimulating the GST enzyme. The limonene (a
terpenoid) also possesses anticancer activity. Nibu fruit is
used for inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation
and delaying of mammary tumorigenesis. It is also used in
metastasis and leukemia (21-22).
The derivatives (viz. chlorogenic, dicaffeoylquinic and
tricaffeoylquinic acids) of caffeoylquinic acid contained in
Ipomoea batatas tubers (Shakarkand) have potential cancer
chemoprotective effect (23-26). 4-Ipomeanol (a
furanoterpenoid) isolated from I. batatas has been found to
exhibit anticancer activity against non-small cell lung cancer
lines (27). Further, leaves of Martynia annusa (28), bark of
Prunus spp. (28), and stem of Rhaphidophora pertusa (29) have
been used against neck, lung and abdominal cancers,
respectively.
It has been reported that medicinal plants may promote host
resistance against infection by re-stabilizing body equilibrium
and conditioning the body tissues (1). Several reports (2-3,
41) describe that the anticancer activity of these plants is due
to antioxidants such as vitamins (A, C, E), carotene, enzymes
(e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathion
peroxidase), minerals (e.g., Cu, Mn, Se and Zn),
polysaccharides, polyphenols (e.g., ellagic acid, gallic acid and
tannins), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, catechins,
flavones, flavonones and isoflavones), lignins, xanthones, etc.
Many medicinal plants mentioned in Tables 1 and 2 contain
several of these antioxidants.
Table 1: Some medicinal plants as anticancer agents
3,8-41
Botanical name (with
Hindi/common name)
Family Main active components Parts used
Acrorus calamus (Bach)
Agrimonia pilosa
(Hairy agrimony)
Alphitonia zizphoides
Alstonia scholaris
(Devil tree)
Amorphophallus companulatus
(Suran)
Andrographis paniculata
(Kalmegh)
Avicennia alba
Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Bruguiera exaristata
Bruguiera paviflora
Caesalpinia bonduc
(Kantkarej)
Cajanus cajan (Arhar)
Calophyllum inophyllum
(Sultanachampa)
Araceae
Rosaceae
Rhamnaceae
Apocynasaceae
Araceae
Acanthaceae
Avicenniaceae
Meliaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Fabaceae
Clusiaceae
Asarone, eugenol, methyl eugenol, palmitic acid and
champhene
Agrimonolide, flavonoid, tannin, triterpene and
coumarin
Zizphoisides (A, C, D, E triterpenoid saponins)
Triterpene and latex
Leucine, isoleucine, lysine stigmasterol and
β
-sitosterol
Flavonoid, andrographin and andrographolide
Napthoquinolines and their analogues (avicequinones
A, B, C)
Tannin,
β
-sitosterol, nimbin, quercetin and carotene
Alkaloid and inositol
Tannin and phenolic compounds
Caesalpins (
α
,
β
,
γ
,
δ
,
ε
) and homoisoflavone
Many essential amino acids
Quercetin, xanthone, biflavonoid, neoflavonoid,
benzophenone and
β
-sitosterol
Polyphenols, epigallo-catechin-3-gallate, carotene,
Rhizome
Whole plant
Whole plant
Bark
Corm
Whole plant
Whole plant
Bark, leaf,
flower
Whole plant
Whole plant
Whole plant
Leaf, seed
Whole plant
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Camellia sinensis (Green tea,
black tea)
Cassia absus (Chaksu)
Cayratia carnosa
(Amalbel)
Ceiba pentandra
(Saphed simal)
Cissus quadrangularis
(Hadjod)
Citrus limon (Nibu)
Cycas rumphii (Kama)
Decaspermum fructico-sum
(Christmas bush)
Eugenia caryophyllata
(Laung, clove)
Equisetum hyemale
(Common horsetail)
Geranium robertianum
(Herb Robert)
Glycerrhiza glabra (Mulathi)
Ipomoea batatas (Sakkarkand)
Mallotus philippensis (Sindur,
kamala)
Mentha arvensis (Podina)
Moringa oleifera (Mungana)
Mussaenda raiateenisis
Pandanus odoratissimus
(Kevda)
Pastinaca sativa
(Parsnip)
Pongamia pinnata (Karanj)
Physalis angulata
(Wild tomato)
Piper longum (Pipli)
Premna obtusifolia
(Agetha)
Tetragonia tetragonioides
Thespesia populnea
(Paras-papal)
Taxodium distichum
Vernonia cinerea
(Sahadeyi)
Theaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Vitaceae
Bombacaceae
Vitaceae
Rutaceae
Cycadaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Equisetaceae
Geraniaceae
Fabaceae
Convolvulaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Lamiaceae
Moringaceae
Rubiaceae
Pandanaceae
Umbelliferae
Fabaceae
Solanaceae
Piperaceae
Verbenaceae
Tetragoniaceae
Malvaceae
Taxaceae
Asteraceae
asco
r
bic acid, xanthine and inositol
Chrysophanol, isochrysophanol, rhein and
β
-sitosterol
Hydrocyanic acid, delphinidin and cyaniding
Sesquiterpene lactone and lignin
Tetracyclic triterpenoid and
β
-sitosterol
Flavonoid, flavone, limonoid, limonene, nobiletin and
tangeretin
Resin
Plant contains essential oil, coumarins (ellagic acid
derivatives)
Volatile oils (eugenol, actyl eugenol, pinene) and tannin
Dimethlsulfone, kaempferol-diglucoside and caffeic
acid
Geranin, tannin and citric acid
T
riterpenoid saponin (glycyrrhizin, glabranin),
isoflavone, coumarin, triterpene sterol (β-amerin
stigmasterol), eugenol and indole
Monophenolase, catalase, cytochrome c-oxidase,
anthocyanins and caffeic acid
Kamlolenic, con
j
ugated dienoic, oleic, lauric, plmitic
and stearic acids
Essential oils (menthol, menthone, limonene).
Vitamins (A, C)
Quercetin,
β
-sitosterol, saponin and glucoside
Dipentene and d-linalool
Plant contains essential oil and crystalline
furocoumarin
Dikitonepongamol, glabrin and karanjin
Selenium, ayanin (flavonoid) and
β
-sitosterol
Monocyclic sesquiterpene
Alkaloids (premnine, ganiarine, ganikarine)
Ca, Fe and vitamins (A, B, C)
Glycosides of quercetin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol 3-
flucoside, lupenone and
β
-sitosterol
Taxol (diterpene)
Lupeol, stigmasterol and
β
-sitosterol
Leaf
Leaf
Whole plant
Root, bark
Whole plant
Fruit
Bud, flower
Whole plant
Whole plant,
flower bud
Whole plant
Whole plant
Rhizome
Stem (tuber)
Whole plant
Whole plant
Leaf, root
Bark
Whole plant,
leaf
Whole plant
Root, fruit
Whole plant,
leaf
Whole plant
Whole plant
Whole plant
Stem
Seed
Whole plant
Table 2: Additional list of anticancer plants
28-31,42-44
Botanical Name Family Parts used
Allium bakeri
Berberis aristata
Cedrus deodara
Liliaceae
Berberidaceae
Pinaceae
Bulb
Whole plant
Seed
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Celitis africana
Curtisia dentata
Eucomis autumnalis
Euphorbia ingens
Ganoderma lucidum
Gentiana spp.
Gynura pseudochina
Hypoxis hemerocallidea
Luisia tenuifolia
Lyngbya gracilis
Martynia annusa
Periploca aphylla
Pittosporum viridiflorum
Polygala senega
Prunus spp.
Psychotria insularum
Pterospermum acerifolium
Rhaphidophora pertusa
Seasamum indicum
Sonchus oleraceus
Sutherlandia frutescens
Tetrastigma serrulatum
Trapa natans
Tricosanthes kirilowi
Ulmaceae
Cornaceae
Hyacinthaceae
Euphorbiceae
Bacidiomycetes
Gentianaceae
Compositae
Hypoxidaceae
Orchidaceae
Ocillatoriaceae
Martyniaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Pittosporaceae
Polygalaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Araceae
Padaliaceae
Compositae
Fabaceae
Vitaceae
Trapaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Bark, root
Bark, leaf
Bulb
Latex
Whole plant
Root
Root
Corm
Whole plant
Fruit
Leaf
Whole plant- milky juice
Bark, root
Root
Bark
Whole plant
Flower
Stem
Seed
Whole plant
Stem, leaf, flower, seed
Aerial parts
Stem
Root
CONCLUSION
Considerable works have been done on the medicinal plants
to treat cancer, and some plant products have been marketed
as anticancer drugs. These plants may promote host
resistance against infection by re-stabilizing body equilibrium
and conditioning the body tissues. Several reports describe
that the anticancer activity of these plants is due to presence
of antioxidants (viz., vitamins, carotene, enzymes, minerals,
polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, lignins, xanthones,
etc.). Many medicinal plants described in this article contain
several of these antioxidants. Thus, the various combinations
of the active components of these plants after isolation and
identification can be made and have to be further assessed
for their synergistic effects. Preparation of standardized dose
and dosage regimen may play a critical role in the remedy of
cancer. The rate with which cancer is progressing, it seems to
have an urgent and effective effort for making good health
of humans as well as animals. There is a broad scope to
derive the potent anticancer agents from medicinal plants,
which need thorough research.
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