Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides

BBRC-FPM / IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute/

Dementia remains an underdiagnosed syndrome, and there is a need to improve the early detection of cognitive decline. This narrative review examines the role of neuropsychological assessment in the characterization of cognitive changes associated with dementia syndrome at different states. The first section describes the early indicators of cogniti...

Introduction The lack of cognitive awareness, anosognosia, is a clinical deficit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia. However, an increased awareness of cognitive function, hypernosognosia, may serve as a marker in the preclinical stage. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) might correspond to the initial symptom in the dynamic trajectory of awarene...

Objective Along with the known effects of stress on brain structure and inflammatory processes, increasing evidence suggest a role of chronic stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the association of accumulated stressful life events (SLEs) with AD pathologies, neuroinflammation, and gray matter (GM) volume among co...

INTRODUCTION In 2013, the ALzheimer's and FAmilies (ALFA) project was established to investigate pathophysiological changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to foster research on early detection and preventive interventions. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive genetic characterization of ALFA participants with respect to neurodegenera...

Background Recent evidence suggests that the failure of the glymphatic system – the brain’s waste clearance system, which is active during sleep – plays a key role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Glymphatic function can be investigated using serial MRIs after intrathecal gadobutrol injection. This technique can reveal the health...

INTRODUCTION We studied how biomarkers of reactive astrogliosis mediate the pathogenic cascade in the earliest Alzheimer's disease (AD) stages. METHODS We performed path analysis on data from 384 cognitively unimpaired individuals from the ALzheimer and FAmilies (ALFA)+ study using structural equation modeling to quantify the relationships between...

Clinical and cognitive progression in alpha-synucleinopathies is highly heterogeneous. While some patients remain stable over long periods of time, other suffer early dementia or fast motor deterioration. Sleep disturbances and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities have been identified as independent risk factors for clinical progression but a mec...

Background: Conventional neuropsychological norms likely include cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals with preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology (amyloid-β, tau, and neurodegeneration) since they are based on cohorts without AD biomarkers data. Due to this limitation, population-based norms would lack sensitivity for detecting subtle c...

Background As clinical trials increasingly focus on the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is a need for reliable and valid functional measures in these stages. The National Institute of Aging and Alzheimer’s Association (NIA‐AA) defined six clinical stages of AD, with stages 1 and 2 covering preclinical AD with normal cognitive and...

INTRODUCTION Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is an objective biomarker of biological aging, and it is proposed to play a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. We aimed at evaluating the cross-sectional association between LTL and cognitive performance in middle-aged cognitively unimpaired individuals at increased risk of AD. METHODS A tot...

Background: Recent evidence suggests that the failure of the glymphatic system – the brain’s waste clearance system, which is active during sleep – plays a key role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Glymphatic function can be investigated using serial MRIs after intrathecal gadobutrol injection. This technique can reveal the healt...

Traditional neuropsychological tests accurately describe the current cognitive state but fall short to characterize cognitive change over multiple short time periods. We present an innovative approach to remote monitoring of executive functions on a monthly basis, which leverages the performance indicators from self-administered computerized cognit...

In 2013, the ALFA (ALzheimer and FAmilies) project was established to investigate pathophysiological changes in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and to foster research on early detection and preventive interventions. Since then, it has prospectively followed cognitively unimpaired late/middle-aged participants, most of whom are adult children...

Background: Neuropsychological assessments are essential to define the cognitive profile and contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The progress in knowledge about the pathophysiological process of the disease has allowed conceptualizing AD through biomarkers as a biological continuum that encompasses different clinical stages....

Purpose: To determine whether the APOE-ε4 allele modulates the relationship between regional β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and cognitive change in middle-aged cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants. Methods: The 352 CU participants (mean aged 61.1 [4.7] years) included completed two cognitive assessments (average interval 3.34 years), underwent...

Introduction The growing worldwide prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the lack of effective treatments pose a dire medical challenge. Sleep disruption is also prevalent in the ageing population and is increasingly recognised as a risk factor and an early sign of AD. The ALFASleep project aims to characterise sleep with subjective and object...

the RBANS is a multilingual brief cognitive battery commonly used in both clinical practice and research. Its delayed memory index has been used as entry criteria for clinical trials in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although several studies reported a significant effect of education and sex in RBANS scores, the published normative data...

Sleep disruption is prevalent in the aging population and increasingly recognized as a risk factor and an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Emerging data suggest that dysregulated orexin signaling may play a role in this association. The AlfaSleep study aims to characterize sleep patterns with objective measurements, and determine CSF orexin‐...

How pregnancy influences women's brain aging later in life remains controversial. Whereas multiparity has been associated with decelerated brain aging, it has been also identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the impact of of childbirths on cognitive performance in women at higher risk of developing AD is underresearched....

Blood biomarkers to detect Alzheimer’s disease pathology are needed as screening tools and to predict the onset of cognitive decline. Although there is increasing data on their potential usefulness across AD continuum, comprehensive comparisons of their ability to predict cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired (CU) populations are still lackin...

Physical activity (PA) has a beneficial effect on brain health in older age. Whether and how changes in PA during midlife are linked to brain health later in life remains understudied. In adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we investigated the change in PA during midlife in relation to biomarkers of AD pathology, microglia, and brain integ...

Low awareness of cognitive decline is a common feature in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia, and it relates to higher risk of progression in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Previous research suggests that, in cognitively unimpaired individuals, it has prognostic value and is related to AD biomarkers. We aimed at exploring the associatio...

Tau positron emission tomography (PET) is a useful biomarker for detecting tau aggregation, one of the hallmark pathological findings in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal of this study is to characterize and stage the pattern of spreading of tau pathology across the brain in the early AD continuum. Forty‐seven cognitively unimpaired individuals fr...

Anxious depressive symptomatology and stress are associated with cognitive decline. Recent evidence suggests a relation between these factors and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology early in the continuum. With the current increases in anxiety, depression and stress due to the Covid19 pandemic ‐ notably in women ‐ unrevealing the biological me...

Stress is associated with adverse health outcomes, but the pathways through which stressful life events affect brain health, and the age periods most vulnerable to these effects, are unknown. We investigated these questions in relation to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology and brain integrity in cognitively unimpaired participants at risk for...

Telomere length (TL) is associated with biological aging, consequently influencing the risk of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to evaluate the potential causal role of TL in AD endophenotypes (i.e . , cognitive performance, N = 2233; brain age and AD-related signatures, N = 1134; and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (C...

Sleep abnormalities are prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease, with sleep quality already impaired at its preclinical stage. Epidemiological and experimental data point to sleep abnormalities contributing to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. However, previous studies are limited by either a lack of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers, reduced sample size or c...

Efficient identification of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in early stages of the AD disease continuum is a critical unmet need. Subjective cognitive decline is increasingly recognized as an early symptomatic stage of AD. Dyadic cognitive report, including subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) from a participant and an informan...

Background The COVID-19 pandemic may worsen the mental health of people reporting subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and therefore their clinical prognosis. We aimed to investigate the association between the intensity of SCD and anxious/depressive symptoms during confinement and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Two hundred fifty cognitively uni...

Blood biomarkers indicating elevated amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease are needed to facilitate the initial screening process of participants in disease-modifying trials. Previous biofluid data suggest that phosphorylated tau231 (p-tau231) could indicate incipient Aβ pathology, but a comprehensive comparison with other put...

Background and Objectives Increased anxious-depressive symptomatology is observed in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which may accelerate disease progression. We investigated whether amyloid-β, cortical thickness in medial temporal lobe structures , neuroinflammation and sociodemographic factors were associated with greater anxio...

Introduction The analysis of the core biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is recommended in the clinical units where it is available. Because of the absence of universal validated values, the determination of specific cut-off points for each center and its population is recommended. The main objective of the CORC...

The investigation of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in asymptomatic individuals at genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) enables discovering the earliest brain alterations in preclinical stages of the disease. The APOE-ε4 variant is the major genetic risk factor for AD, and previous studies have reported rsFC abnormalities in carr...

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) have a heterogeneous etiology, associated with both vascular risk factors and amyloidosis due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While spatial distribution of both amyloid and WM lesions carry important information for the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, the regional relationship between these two pathologies and the...

Higher grey matter volumes/cortical thickness and fluorodeoxyglucose uptake have been consistently found in cognitively unimpaired individuals with abnormal Alzheimer's disease biomarkers compared with those with normal biomarkers. It has been hypothesized that such transient increases may be associated with neuroinflammatory mechanisms triggered i...

Amyloid (Aβ) pathology is the earliest detectable pathophysiological event along the Alzheimer’s continuum, which can be measured both in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and by Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Yet, these biomarkers identify two distinct Aβ pools, reflecting the clearance of soluble Aβ as opposed to the presence of Aβ fibrils in th...

Abstract Background Recognizing clinical manifestations heralding the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related cognitive impairment could improve the identification of individuals at higher risk of AD who may benefit from potential prevention strategies targeting preclinical population. We aim to characterize the association of body weight c...

Background Telomere length (TL) is an objective biomarker of biological aging and it has been proposed to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression by impairing cognitive resilience. However, published studies show inconsistent results and a very limited number of studies have evaluated the role of TL in aging and midlife individu...

Background Obesity has been linked to brain atrophy and peripheral inflammation. However, the association between body mass index (BMI) and brain structure can be confounded by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology‐related weight loss, and its association with neuroinflammation remains unknown. We explored associations of BMI with brain structure and...

Background Sleep disturbances are prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with sleep quality having been reported to be already impaired at the preclinical stage of the disease. However, most results originate from studies with rather limited sample sizes. This research aimed to evaluate the association of subjective sleep measures with cerebrospina...

Background Anxiety and depression are more prevalent in women and caregivers and are associated with increased Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. We investigated multimodal predictors of increased anxiety/depression during the Covid19‐related confinement in cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults with an increased risk for AD with a special focus on s...

Background Evidence shows that APOE‐ε4 is associated with amyloid‐beta (Aβ) aggregation in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), a crucial region supporting episodic memory (EM), early in the AD continuum . However, the impact of Aβ aggregation in the MTL of cognitively unimpaired (CU) APOE‐ε4 carriers has not been explored. We determine whether abnormal...

Background Clinical studies indicate that Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects women. Although previous studies reported sex differences in fluid biomarkers, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis across the disease continuum . The aim of this study was to compare AD‐related biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma be...

Background There is growing evidence of sex differences in the association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers and cognition. However, few studies have examined the effect of sex on the associations between established AD risk factors and cognitive performance in clinically normal older adults. This study aimed to elucidate potential sex di...

Background In a sample of cognitively unimpaired (CU) middle‐aged adults with family history (FH) of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we (i) classified participants based on similarity patterns of expression in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD, axonal damage, synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and glial response, and (ii) characte...

Background Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is often related to affective symptoms and both predict cognitive decline. We investigated whether SCD status predicted higher anxiety/depression during the Covid19‐related confinement, along with amyloid positivity in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Method We included 205 participants from the AL...

Background It is not clear whether neuroinflammation is a detrimental or a compensatory mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent evidence suggests that increased levels of YKL40 are related to better memory performance in cognitively unimpaired older individuals with memory complaints. In this study, we aimed i) at replicating these previous f...

Background Several reports have described higher gray matter volumes and glucose consumption in cognitively unimpaired individuals with abnormal amyloid biomarkers, typically interpreted to be caused by inflammatory or compensatory mechanisms. In this study, we investigated structural and metabolic differences in cognitively unimpaired individuals...

Background Multiple pathophysiological pathways are altered in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The associations between these pathways and structural and metabolic brain changes are not clear. This study investigated associations between imaging neurodegeneration markers and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of amyloid‐β ([Aβ]; Aβ 42/...

Growing evidence suggests dementia incidence can be reduced through prevention programs targeting risk factors. To accelerate the implementation of such prevention programs, a new generation of brain health services (BHS) is envisioned, involving risk profiling, risk communication, risk reduction, and cognitive enhancement. The purpose of risk comm...

Most people have a soundtrack of life, a set of special musical pieces closely linked to certain biographical experiences. Autobiographical memories (AM) and music listening (ML) involve complex mental processes ruled by differentiate brain networks. The aim of the paper was to determine the way both networks interact in linked occurrences. We perf...

Objective To determine whether CSF synaptic biomarkers are altered in the early preclinical stage of the Alzheimer’s continuum and associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk factors, primary pathology, and neurodegeneration markers. Methods Cross-sectional study in the ALFA+ cohort, comprising middle-aged cognitively unimpaired participants. CS...

Background: Cognitive performance of a given individual should be interpreted in the context of reference standards obtained in cognitively healthy populations. Recent evidence has shown that removing asymptomatic individuals with biomarker evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology from normative samples increases the sensitivity of norms to...

Background Air quality contributes to incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) although the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. This study was aimed to examine the association between air pollution and concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Participants and methods The sample included 15...

PURPOSE Radiation dose received by the neural stem cells of the hippocampus during whole-brain radiotherapy has been associated with neurocognitive decline. The key concern using hippocampal avoidance-prophylactic cranial irradiation (HA-PCI) in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the incidence of brain metastasis within the hippocampal...

Background Perivascular spaces (PVS) have an important role in the elimination of metabolic waste from the brain. It has been hypothesized that the enlargement of PVS (ePVS) could be affected by pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as abnormal levels of CSF biomarkers. However, the relationship between ePVS and t...

Background: Identifying a poor degree of awareness of cognitive decline (ACD) could represent an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objectives: (1) to understand whether there is evidence of poor ACD in the pre-dementia stages of AD; (2) to summarize the main findings obtained investigating ACD in AD; (3) to propose a conceptual framework...

Background Understanding the changes that occur in the transitional stage between absent and overt amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology within the Alzheimer’s continuum is crucial to develop therapeutic and preventive strategies. The objective of this study is to test whether cognitively unimpaired individuals with a low burden of Aβ pathology have a distinct...

Background The number of APOE-ε4 alleles is a major nonmodifiable risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). There is increasing evidence on the benefits of dietary DHA (22:6n–3) before the onset of AD symptoms, particularly in APOE-ε4 carriers. Brain alterations in the preclinical stage can be detected by structural MRI. Objectives We aimed...

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is an axonal protein that when measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves as a biomarker of neurodegeneration. We aimed at investigating the association among CSF NfL, presence of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) and hippocampal volume, and how CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) modifies these associations. We included 278 cogni...

Amyloid-β (Aβ) positivity is defined using different biomarkers and different criteria. Criteria used in symptomatic patients may conceal meaningful early Aβ pathology in preclinical Alzheimer. Therefore, the description of sensitive cutoffs to study the pathophysiological changes in early stages of the Alzheimer’s continuum is critical. Here, we c...

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), tau phosphorylation in the brain and its subsequent release into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood is a dynamic process that changes during disease evolution. The main aim of our study was to characterize the pattern of changes in phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer’s continuum. We mea...

Background: Mounting evidence links poor sleep quality with a higher risk of late-life dementia. However, the structural and cognitive correlates of insomnia are still not well understood. The study aims were to characterize the cognitive performance and brain structural pattern of cognitively unimpaired adults at increased risk for Alzheimer's di...

Background Telomere length (TL) is a putative biomarker of biological aging and aging‐related outcomes. Observational studies are limited to conclude whether TL is causally associated with AD or a marker of an underlying pathological process. Mendelian randomization (MR) was developed for assessing causality using genetic variants in epidemiologica...

Background New clinical trials, like the A3, are targeting participants with emerging amyloid pathology (between 20‐40 centiloids (CL). The aim of this study is to describe if there are detectable differences in tau, synaptic, inflammatory, neurodegeneration CSF markers and brain structure in participants with emerging amyloid pathology. Method CS...

Background Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a biomarker of neurodegeneration. While cerebrospinal (CSF) NfL is increased in individuals with AD dementia as compared to controls and mild cognitive impairment, studies in cognitively unimpaired individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are scarce. SCD may represent the first clinical sympt...

Background Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) is a risk factor for cognitive decline and increases the likelihood of abnormal Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers. A set of SCD features (SCD plus ) has been proposed to be more strongly related with AD pathology, like onset within 5 years. Limited evidence suggest that there is an association between...

Background Air quality might contribute to incidence of dementia‐related disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of our study was to examine whether air pollution may be associated with abnormal concentrations of AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging biomarkers in cognitively unimpaired individuals at increased risk of AD. Ad...

Background The higher prevalence of anxiety‐related disorders in women, as well as the lower opportunities for higher education, may explain differences in brain resilience to AD pathologies. The objectives were to (1) test sex‐differences on brain metabolism and (2) evaluate whether the effects of amyloid, tau, education and anxiety on brain metab...

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) comprises a preclinical stage characterized by pathophysiological changes that occur decades before symptoms arise. Despite the importance of this stage, the biological pathways involved are not yet well understood. The main aim of this study is to define the pathophysiological processes, as measured by CSF bioma...

Background The allele ε4 of the APOLIPOPROTEIN E gene ( APOE‐ε4 ) is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Our objective was to assess the effect of the APOE ‐ ε4 allele dose on brain functional connectivity networks in cognitively unimpaired middle‐age i...

Background Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a risk factor for cognitive decline and AD. SCD individuals display lower medial temporal lobe (MTL) volumes. Some features of SCD (SCD plus ), such as specific worry and recent onset, have been proposed as more related to AD pathology. In this study we aimed to explore the differences in MTL volumes...

Background Up to 40% new patients in memory clinics complain of worse cognitive performance scoring within normal ranges in cognitive tests, hence presenting what is termed ‘subjective cognitive decline’ (SCD). Although usually dismissed, they present an increased progression rate to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. There is, therefore...

Background Increasing evidence suggests that sex influences several aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with AD, and men and women differ in the prevalence of these risk factors. We aimed at determining whether (1) sex and cardiovascular risk factors have an effect on CSF biomarkers; (2) sex modifies the...

Background Weight loss is common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may start before cognitive impairment, but little is known about the relationship between weight change and AD biomarkers in the preclinical Alzheimer’s continuum . We aimed to assess the association between weight change and AD biomarkers and cognitive performance in cognitively unim...

Background The identification of the earliest biomarker changes and modifiable factors to be targeted in early interventions is crucial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention. The objective were (1) to evaluate the hypothesis that proximity to parental age at onset (AAO) in sporadic AD is associated with greater AD and neural injury biomarker alte...

Background With the aim of shedding light into the pathophysiology and pathogenic factors involved in early preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we established the ALFA program for the prospective follow‐up of cognitively unimpaired, many offspring of AD patients, participants. The nested ALFA+ cohort study incorporates deep phenotyping, including...

Background A large number of modifiable risk factors for AD have been identified in observational studies, many of which do not appear to exert effects through amyloid or tau. This suggests that primary prevention studies focusing on risk reduction and lifestyle modification may offer benefits. The PENSA Study is a clinical trial aiming at preventi...

Introduction: Amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology is an Alzheimer's disease early hallmark. Here we assess the value of longitudinal self- and informant reports of cognitive decline to predict Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) outcome in cognitively unimpaired middle-aged individuals. Methods: A total of 261 participants from the ALFA+ study underwe...

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), tau phosphorylation in the brain and its subsequent release into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood is a dynamic process that changes during disease evolution. The main aim of our study was to characterize the pattern of changes in phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer’s continuum. We mea...

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are commonly detected in the brain of elderly individuals and have been associated with a negative impact on multiple cognitive domains. We aim to investigate the impact of global and regional distribution of WMH on episodic memory and executive function in middle-aged cognitively unimpaired participants [N = 561...

Objective To evaluate the hypothesis that proximity to parental age at onset (AAO) in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with greater AD and neural injury biomarker alterations during midlife and to assess the role of non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Methods This observational study included 290 cognitively unimpaired (CU) parti...

Objectives There is increasing evidence on the brain benefits of nut consumption. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the detection of brain changes associated with neurodegenerative and vascular diseases. In middle-aged cognitively unimpaired subjects at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we searched for cross-sectional associations...

Introduction: The biological pathways involved in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum are not well understood. Methods: We used NeuroToolKit and Elecsys® immunoassays to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β (Aβ)42, Aβ40, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total tau (t-tau), neurofilament light (NfL), neurogranin, sTREM2, YKL40, GF...

Introduction: To understand the potential influence of diversity on the measurement of functional impairment in dementia, we aimed to investigate possible bias caused by age, gender, education, and cultural differences. Methods: A total of 3571 individuals (67.1 ± 9.5 years old, 44.7% female) from The Netherlands, Spain, France, United States, U...

Background: TMA-93 examines binding by images, a potential advantage for less-educated individuals. Objective: To obtain norms from older Spanish adults for TMA-93. Methods: A cross-sectional normative study was undertaken in a general neurology outpatient clinic of a university hospital in the Southern Spanish region of Andalusia. Partners of...

Gray matter networks (GMn) provide essential information on the intrinsic organization of the brain and appear to be disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-ε4 represents the major genetic risk factor for AD, yet the association between APOE-ε4 and GMn has remained unexplored. Here, we determine the impact of APOE-ε4 on GMn i...

Background Air quality might contribute to incidence of dementia-related disorders, including Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of urban environmental exposures (including exposure to air pollution, noise and green space) on cognitive performance and brain structure of cognitively unimpaired individuals at ri...