What Next? Future Directions for R&D Investment.

Full text

R&D Investment and Impact in the
Global Construction Industry
R&D Investment and Impact in the Global Construction Industry brings together
contributions from leading industry researchers in a diverse group of countries to
investigate the role of research and development (R&D) in the construction industry.
Investment in R&D is a proven factor in economic growth, and helps develop a
more productive and innovative industry. This book explores how policy makers
and industry leaders can better target future investment; and how industry and
researchers can manage their efforts to improve productivity whilst addressing the
environmental and social needs of their communities. Case studies present projects
where R&D ideas funded by both the private and public sectors have been translated
from research into practice or policy, and examine drivers, successes and barriers to
the delivery of R&D outcomes in industry. Based on research from the CIB Task
Group TG85 (R&D Investment and Impact) and concluding with a roadmap for
maximising the impact of R&D in the future, the book holds valuable lessons for
practitioners, policy makers and researchers across the global construction industry.
Dr Keith D. Hampson Over the past 20 years Keith has made a notable contribution
to building collaborative innovation networks between industry and research
globally. He is committed to crafting a more effective construction industry by
promoting better education, applied technology and innovative practices. Keith
serves as CEO of the SBEnrc (and previously the Australian Cooperative Research
Centre (CRC) for Construction Innovation) and Coordinator of the CIB Task
Group 85.
Dr Judy A. Kraatz Judy is an architect with a doctorate in urban development.
Career highlights include being a design architect, leading multi-disciplinary teams
delivering city-wide solutions, and integrating sustainability into curriculum and
practice. Judy is currently a Senior Research Fellow with the SBEnrc, and Coordinator
of the CIB Task Group 85.
Adriana X. Sanchez Adriana’s experience focuses mostly on sustainable water and
transport infrastructure management. Special areas of interest include procurement,
risk management and translating policy into tangible outcomes. She has a masters in
sustainable resource management, conducted research on four continents and is
currently the Commission Secretary for the CIB Task Group 85.

About CIB and the CIB series
CIB, the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building
and Construction, was established in 1953 to stimulate and facilitate inter-
national cooperation and information exchange between governmental
research institutes in the building and construction sector, with an emphasis
on those institutes engaged in technical fi elds of research.
CIB has since developed into a worldwide network of over 5000 experts
from about 500 member organisations active in the research community, in
industry or in education, who cooperate and exchange information in over
50 CIB Commissions and Task Groups covering all fi elds in building and
construction related research and innovation.
www.cibworld.nl/
This series consists of a careful selection of state-of-the-art reports and
conference proceedings from CIB activities.
Open & Industrialized Building A. Sarja
ISBN: 9780419238409. Published: 1998
Building Education and Research J. Yang et al.
ISBN: 978041923800X. Published: 1998
Dispute Resolution and Confl ict Management P. Fenn et al.
ISBN: 9780419237003. Published: 1998
Profi table Partnering in Construction S. Ogunlana
ISBN: 9780419247602. Published: 1999
Case Studies in Post-Construction Liability A. Lavers
ISBN: 9780419245707. Published: 1999
Cost Modelling M. Skitmore et al.
(allied series: Foundation of the Built Environment)
ISBN: 9780419192301. Published: 1999

Procurement Systems S. Rowlinson et al.
ISBN: 9780419241000. Published: 1999
Residential Open Building S. Kendall et al.
ISBN: 9780419238301. Published: 1999
Innovation in Construction A. Manseau et al.
ISBN: 9780415254787. Published: 2001
Construction Safety Management Systems S. Rowlinson
ISBN: 9780415300630. Published: 2004
Response Control and Seismic Isolation of Buildings M. Higashino et al.
ISBN: 9780415366232. Published: 2006
Mediation in the Construction Industry P. Brooker et al.
ISBN: 9780415471753. Published: 2010
Green Buildings and the Law J. Adshead
ISBN: 9780415559263. Published: 2011
New Perspectives on Construction in Developing Countries G. Ofori
ISBN: 9780415585724. Published 2012
Contemporary Issues in Construction in Developing Countries G. Ofori
ISBN: 9780415585716. Published: 2012
Culture in International Construction W. Tijhuis et al.
ISBN: 9780415472753. Published: 2012
R&D Investment and Impact in the Global Construction Industry
ISBN: 9780415859134. Published: 2014

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R&D Investment and
Impact in the Global
Construction Industry
Edited by Keith D. Hampson,
Judy A. Kraatz and Adriana X. Sanchez
Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 2014
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2014 selection and editorial material, Keith Hampson, Judy Kraatz
and Adriana Sanchez; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Keith Hampson, Judy Kraatz and Adriana Sanchez to be
identifi ed as author of the editorial material, and of the individual
authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
R&D investment and impact in the global construction industry /
edited by Keith Hampson, Judy Kraatz and Adriana Sanchez.
pages cm.—(CIB)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Construction industry—Research. 2. Research, Industrial.
I. Hampson, Keith (Keith Douglas) II. Title: R & D investment
and impact in the global construction industry.
TH213.5.R155 2014
338.4'7624—dc23 2013045462
ISBN13: 978-0-415-85913-4 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-1-315-77491-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton

Contents
List of fi gures ix
List of tables xi
Preface xiii
Foreword by John V. McCarthy xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Notes on contributors xix
List of abbreviations xxxi
1 Introduction 1
KEITH D. HAMPSON, JUDY A. KRAATZ,
ADRIANA X. SANCHEZ AND AMINAH ROBINSON FAYEK
2 The global construction industry and R&D 4
KEITH D. HAMPSON, JUDY A. KRAATZ AND ADRIANA X. SANCHEZ
3 Australia – R&D investment in the construction industry 24
JUDY A. KRAATZ AND KEITH D. HAMPSON
4 Brazil – an overview 43
MERCIA BOTTURA DE BARROS, FRANCISCO FERREIRA
CARDOSO AND LÚCIA HELENA DE OLIVEIRA
5 Canada – innovation through collaboration 60
AMINAH ROBINSON FAYEK, JEFF H. RANKIN,
SAIEDEH RAZAVI AND RUSSELL J. THOMAS
6 Denmark – building/housing R&D investments 81
KIM HAUGBØLLE

viii Contents
7 Finland – R&D functions in real
estate and the construction industry 98
SUVI NENONEN, MIIMU AIRAKSINEN AND TERTTU VAINIO
8 France – role of national RDI policy in the
construction industry 115
FRÉDÉRIC BOUGRAIN
9 Germany – researching sustainability 135
ALEXANDRA STAUB
10 Hong Kong (China) – R&D funding in the
construction industry 157
GEOFFREY QIPING SHEN AND JINGKE HONG
11 India – R&D scenario in the construction industry 175
ARUN KASHIKAR
12 The Netherlands – innovations in the Dutch
construction industry 185
GEERT DEWULF, EMILIA VAN EGMOND AND MASI MOHAMMADI
13 New Zealand – new directions for construction R&D 207
SUZANNE WILKINSON AND CHARLES MA
14 Norway – improved governance and innovation
in construction projects 222
MARIT STØRE VALEN, KNUT SAMSET, OLE JONNY KLAKEGG,
TORILL MEISTAD AND ANITA MOUM
15 Sweden – collaboration for competitiveness 246
ANNA KADEFORS AND JAN BRÖCHNER
16 USA – characteristics, impacts and future directions 261
SARAH SLAUGHTER, DOUGLAS THOMAS AND ROBERT CHAPMAN
17 What next? Future directions for R&D investment 284
JUDY A. KRAATZ, KEITH D. HAMPSON,
RACHEL L. PARKER AND GÖRAN ROOS
Index 310

List of fi gures
2.1 Map of the creation-production-distribution chain 6
2.2 R&D in the construction industry as a share of 16 OECD
countries 8
3.1 Private versus public R&D on construction, Australia 27
3.2 Growth in construction R&D relative to total
business R&D, Australia 28
3.3 Government agency R&D focused on construction, Australia 29
3.4 Western Australian Government’s pathway to greener
buildings 30
3.5 Digital modelling pathway to innovation 32
3.6 Introduction of new ideas correlated with R&D tax
concessions/incentive claims 34
4.1 Invested resources by FAPESP in R&D in civil engineering,
1995–2010, Brazil 49
5.1 GDP construction, 2002–2011, Canada 61
5.2 Construction labour productivity index, 2002–2011, Canada 63
5.3 Canadian industrial research and development spending
by main industrial groups (2012 intentions) 64
5.4 Collaborative structure of the Hole School of Construction
Engineering, Canada 69
5.5 Participants and activities of the UNB-CEM Group’s
research and innovation cluster 72
5.6 Roadmap for future research and development in the
Canadian construction industry 76
7.1 Construction and real estate industry in Finland 101
7.2 National wealth; real estate and construction output, Finland 101
7.3 Investment in R&D in different industries inside the
construction sector, Finland 102
7.4 Principle of fundamental change from individual
components to the holistic performance of buildings 111
7.5 Research agenda changes, 1990–2000, Finland 111
8.1 Position of Bpifrance in the French innovation and
technology policies 124

x List of fi gures
8.2 Innovation aid by size of fi rm, France 125
8.3 Innovation aid by time from start-up, France 125
9.1 Federal expenditures for PI-determined grant proposals;
Intermittent requests for proposals 2006–2012, France 137
9.2 Vauban, a car-free community 141
9.3 HUF green [r]evolution plus-energy house 147
9.4 Solar Decathlon 2007 winning entry by Technical
University Darmstad 148
9.5 Plus-Energy house with electromobility, back of house
with family spaces 148
10.1 Structure of the Research Endowment Fund in Hong Kong 158
10.2 Subventions from UGC and its ratio to GDP, 2002–2011,
Hong Kong 159
10.3 General Research Fund, 1991–2011, Hong Kong 162
10.4 Collaborative Research Fund, 2000–2011, Hong Kong 163
10.5 Industry grants for new research projects and their
ratio to total funding, Hong Kong 167
10.6 Amount of grants for each of four subject disciplines
under the Panel of Engineering, 1991–2012 168
10.7 Distribution of CESBC in the eight UGC-funded
institutions, 1991–2012 170
12.1 Innovation system for the construction industry 186
12.2 SSC actor network, Netherlands 196
14.1 Distribution of the Norwegian workforce into
different industry sectors 223
14.2 Investments in different sectors in Norway 224
14.3 Norwegian quality-at-entry regime for major
public investment projects 228
14.4 The old wharf of Bergen 233
14.5 Hamar Olympic Amphi, also known as ‘The Viking Ship’ 233
14.6 Pulpit Rock Mountain Lodge on Norway’s west coast 235
16.1 Federally funded construction-related R&D
levels, 1992–2009 266
16.2 Construction-related research by sector and type
of research, 1992 268
16.3 Labour Productivity Index for the US construction
industry and all non-farm industries, 1964–2003 271

List of tables
2.1 Country key indicators 9
2.2 SME by employee numbers 13
3.1 Summary of R&D priorities for Australia’s property and
construction industry 36
4.1 Building subsystems and key materials and components 45
4.2 Number of projects, investments and incentives
per year of the PAGIT 53
5.1 Gross domestic product at basic prices by
industry, 2007–2011, Canada 62
5.2 Construction R&D in Canada, 2008–2012 65
6.1 Public R&D expenditures distributed on research
purpose, 1999, Denmark 85
6.2 R&D funding sources for core public institutions, 1999,
Denmark 86
6.3 R&D funding sources for private companies, 1999, Denmark 87
6.4 R&D expenditure in relation to turnover, 1999, Denmark 87
6.5 R&D expenditure within building/housing, 1999, Denmark 88
6.6 Private companies’ R&D distributed on research
areas, 1999, Denmark 88
6.7 R&D expenditure in support and service industries,
1999, Denmark 90
6.8 R&D expenditure in service industries, 1999, Denmark 90
7.1 The fi rst Tekes R&D programmes of real estate and
construction industry 105
7.2 Programmes of Strategic Centre for Science,
Technology and Innovation, Finland 109
8.1 Research tax credits 118
8.2 Internal R&D expenditures of the private sector,
2002–2007, France 120
8.3 Input for innovation, 2002–2004, France 121
8.4 R&D expenditures of the private sector by source
of fi nancing, France 122
10.1 Theme-based research scheme in the fi rst and second round 164

xii List of tables
12.1 R&D and innovation performance in the
SSC production chain, Netherlands 198
12.2 Major infl uencing technological regime
features on innovative performance 199
16.1 US construction industry as a proportion of GDP 262
16.2 Construction expenditures, 2010, USA 263
16.3 Construction industry employment as a
proportion of total employment, 2004–2011, USA 264
16.4 Private and construction-related R&D levels, 2001–2006,
USA 265
16.5 Research expenditures by funding source and type of
research, 1992, USA 267
16.6 Estimated cost of inadequate interoperability, USA 276
17.1 Governance structures for R&D infrastructures 297
17.2 Relational management framework 299

Preface
Investment in research and development (R&D) has been recognised
by economists globally as a key contributing factor to more productive
and innovative industries, and central to economic growth. This applies
to the construction industry, with its complex supply chain, and its
signifi cant role in shaping national economies, societies and the natural
and built environment. However, the manner in which this impact is
quantifi ed and measured remains a source of debate, and often fails to
effectively inform the development and evaluation of R&D policies and
programmes.
Construction is pivotal to ensuring a sustainable future for humanity. In
that context, this book has been shaped by questions such as: what difference
does R&D investment make across the global construction industry?; how
can policy makers and industry leaders better target future investment?; and
how can industry and researchers better align and manage their efforts to
improve industry-wide productivity and address the broader environmental
and social needs of our communities?
The desire of industry, policy makers and analysts, government clients,
and researchers to address these issues motivated the formation of the
International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and
Construction (CIB) Task Group 85 (TG85): R&D Investment and Impact,
in 2011. This task group has built a vigorous international network that
now benefi ts from the active involvement of 39 members from 19 countries
across six continents. This publication presents contributions from authors
representing 14 of these participating countries.
The establishment of TG85 recognises that effective R&D investment
strategies have become increasingly important for the construction industry
to respond to changing global dynamics. Effectively leveraging R&D
investment to deliver industry advancement is a major challenge and this
group provides an important international forum in which to improve
relationships between industry and research. The receptivity of the
construction sector to research-based innovation is increasing, in part due
to the efforts of industry-focused R&D partnerships brokered through a
range of mechanisms in different countries.

xiv Preface
In Australia, by way of example, the formation of the Cooperative
Research Centre (CRC) for Construction Innovation in 2001 was an
important milestone in a sustained commitment to construction research
via collaborative effort. This centre evolved from collaborations initiated in
1994 through the Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT),
later formalised through the CSIRO/QUT Construction Research Alliance
in 1996. This alliance also included the Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology (RMIT) and the Construction Industry Institute Australia
(CIIA). The CRC for Construction Innovation’s successor, the Australian
Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc), now
headquartered at Curtin University, was established in 2010, and continues
as a key research broker between industry, government and research
organisations.
The activities of TG85 have expanded this national undertaking into the
international arena, with this task group being a prime example of how
successful collaboration can inform the global construction industry.
Contributions from individuals and organisations who strive to make a
difference are essential if we are to deliver the benefi ts of R&D to this
industry. We look forward to continuing to work together to better align
research policies, funding, and collaborative research teams for a stronger
and more productive global construction industry.
Keith D. Hampson
Judy A. Kraatz
Adriana X. Sanchez

Foreword
The construction industry impacts every global society. It provides the
setting for modern human activity, ranging from buildings to neighbour-
hoods to cities, and includes supporting infrastructure such as transport,
water supply, telecommunications and energy. It provides constructed
facilities where people live and work and is a major contributor to a nation’s
economy.
Effectively constructing facilities depends on the strength of the industry
and the science that underpins it. And it is research and development (R&D)
that will create more productive and safer construction operations, proc-
esses and techniques. But R&D is not only about discovering new ideas and
developing new processes and techniques, it also enhances industry’s ability
to understand and use innovations that are developed elsewhere.
The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and
Construction (CIB) is the world’s foremost platform for international
cooperation and information exchange in building and construction
research and innovation. It has a global network of over 5,000 experts from
500 organisations active in research, industry or education.
It gives me great pleasure to recommend this unique publication, R&D
Investment and Impact in the Global Construction Industry. It brings
together a set of 14 country contributions from CIB members representing
the developed and developing world and evaluates the role and impact of
R&D on the performance of projects, companies, governments and society
as a whole. The authors then provide a cross-country analysis that distils
valuable lessons for industry practitioners, government clients and policy
analysts, and scholars of R&D and innovation in the global construction
industry.
The seed funding provided by the Australian Sustainable Built
Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc) has been complemented
by support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) and a newly
focused CIB Task Group TG85: R&D Investment and Impact – a brilliant
example of building and maintaining national and international innovation
networks.

xvi Foreword
I commend the work by the three editing authors Keith Hampson,
Judy Kraatz and Adriana Sanchez and the 36 contributing country authors
in publishing a reference that I expect will be infl uential in the global R&D
and innovation fi eld.
John V. McCarthy AO
Global CIB President (2010–2013)

Acknowledgments
The editors wish to thank all those who have made this publication possible
through their contributions and support.
We fi rst wish to thank our international cadre of authors who have
contributed to the chapters and generously shared the outcomes of many
years of research experience in this fi eld. These contributions have been the
foundation, and without them this book would not have been possible. We
would also like to expressly thank those who provided an early review of
this book’s intent.
This publication is the outcome of the International Council for Research
and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) Task Group 85:
Research Investment and Impact, formed in 2011. We therefore extend our
sincere thanks to those in the CIB Secretariat who have both facilitated and
encouraged the interactions of this Task Group, of which this publication is
a major outcome. Acknowledgment is also made of the work of the former
Task Groups TG47: Innovation Brokerage in Construction and TG58:
Clients and Construction Innovation, on which many personal contacts and
friendships have been founded as well as conceptual underpinnings.
The editors received both encouragement and fi nancial support from the
Australian Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre
(SBEnrc) and the Australian Research Council (ARC). Without support
from these organisations, and national and international associated net-
works, this publication would not have been realised. Thanks are also
extended to Professor Catherin Bull, who has provided guidance and
insights to the editors in the course of the Australian research activity which
formed the genesis of this publication.
Finally, acknowledgment is also recorded to those who have granted
permission to reproduce their material in this book.

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Notes on contributors
Dr Miimu Airaksinen, Research Professor, VTT Technical Research Centre
of Finland, Espoo, Finland. Miimu completed her PhD in engineering at
Helsinki University of Technology in 2003 on buildings moisture and mould
problems. Her current research focuses on eco-effi ciency in built environ-
ment through projects such as IBEN (energy-effi cient, intelligent-built
environment).
She was recently involved in the development of a strategic research
agenda for RYM SHOK (strategic research centre for the built environment
in Finland). Previous to her current role, Miimu was involved with several
building and city-level projects in energy and eco-effi ciency. She is currently
a member of the steering committee in E2BA, the European Construction
Technology Platform, Energy Effi cient Buildings Association. In addition,
she is an active member of EERA, the European Energy Research Alliance
Smart City steering group.
Dr Frédéric Bougrain, Researcher, Economics and Human Sciences
Direction, Centre Scientifi que et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Champs-
sur-Marne, France. Frédéric works as a Researcher for the Economics and
Human Sciences Department at CSTB (a state-owned industrial and
commercial research centre under the wing of the Ministry of Housing) in
France. His research is concentrated on society issues with a particular
focus on innovations in the building and construction industry and energy
saving performance contracts.
He previously lectured at the University of Orléans (France) where he
defended a thesis on innovation, small and medium-sized enterprises and
the consequences for regional technology policy. Frédéric has published
papers on public–private partnerships, energy-saving performance contracts,
innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises and the social housing
sector.
Dr Jan Bröchner, Professor and Chair of Organization of Construction,
Division of Service Management, Chalmers University of Technology,
Gothenburg, Sweden. Jan holds the Chair of Organization of Construction
at Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg, Sweden. He is an

xx Notes on contributors
adjunct member, representing the Swedish universities of technology, of
the Research Committee of the Development Fund of the Swedish
Construction Industry (SBUF).
Currently, he leads the productivity and innovation effect analysis project
within Phase II of the ‘Bygginnovationen’ Programme, supported by the
Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and an
industry consortium.
Dr Robert E. Chapman, Chief, Applied Economics Offi ce, Engineering
Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Gaithersburg, USA. Robert joined NIST, formerly the National Bureau
of Standards, in 1975. In his current position as Chief of the Offi ce of
Applied Economics, he leads a group of economists that evaluates new tech-
nologies, processes, government programmes, legislation, and codes and
standards to determine effi cient alternatives and to measure their economic
impacts.
Previously, Robert was the Program Manager for the information and
outreach branch of the Baldrige National Quality Program, where he
provided liaison to a rapidly expanding network of state and local quality
award programmes. Between 1988 and 1990, Robert conducted a series of
studies on how federal, state and local technology-based programmes were
assisting small and medium-sized businesses; these studies were published
as a formal report to Congress.
Dr Geert Dewulf, Professor and Research Chair of Planning and
Development, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands. Geert is
Professor of Planning and Development and Head of the Department of
Construction Management and Engineering at the University of Twente, the
Netherlands. He is also Vice Dean of the Faculty of Engineering.
In 2012–2013 he was the UPS Foundation Visiting Professor at Stanford
University. Before he joined Twente University he worked at the Netherlands
Organisation for Applied Scientifi c Research (TNO) and Delft University of
Technology. He holds a PhD in social science from the University of Utrecht.
He was a Visiting Fellow at Harvard University in 1990–1991.
Geert has written numerous publications on public–private partner-
ships, urban planning and infrastructure asset management. His research
focuses on public–private governance issues, strategic planning, and infra-
structure asset management. He was Scientifi c President of PSIBouw, the
Rethinking Construction Program of the Netherlands (research fund of
EUR34 million) and until 2012 Scientifi c Director of the 3TU (Federation
of the Dutch Technical Universities) Center of Expertise on the Built
Environment.
Dr Emilia Van Egmond-de Wilde de Ligny, Senior Lecturer and Researcher,
Faculty of Architecture, Building Engineering & Planning, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Emilia carries out

Notes on contributors xxi
analyses and project evaluations, innovation management and feasibility
studies for enterprises, branch organisations and governmental and non-
governmental organisations.
Her research and teaching activities focus on international technology
and knowledge transfers, innovation management, technology and knowl-
edge management, industrialisation and innovation in the construction
industry, sustainable building construction and tropical building concepts
and technologies.
Dr Francisco Ferreira Cardoso, Professor, Head of Department of
Construction Engineering, University of São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, São
Paulo, Brazil. Francisco is a Professor at Escola Politécnica, the Engineering
School of University of São Paulo, teaching construction technology and
management. He is also Vice President of the Undergraduate Committee of
Escola Politécnica, Director of the National Association for the Built
Environment Technology (ANTAC) and Adviser to the Brazilian Council
for Sustainable Construction (CBCS).
Francisco operates in the Brazilian Program of Quality and Productivity
in Habitat (PBQP-H) with the Ministry of Cities and is also a member of
the National Committee for Technological Development of Housing –
CTECH – as well as Researcher for the Foundation for the Technological
Development of Engineering (FDTE). Francisco has experience in civil
engineering (construction), with an emphasis on competitiveness, quality
and production modernisation, production management in construction,
and innovation and rationalisation in construction processes.
Dr Keith D. Hampson, CEO, Sustainable Built Environment National
Research Centre, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; CIB TG85
Coordinator. Keith has over 30 years of industry, Government and research
leadership. He has a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) from QUT, an MBA,
and a PhD from Stanford University focusing on innovation and business
performance. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia, a
Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors and a Fellow of the
Australian Institute of Management.
Keith serves as CEO of the Sustainable Built Environment National
Research Centre, successor to the Australian CRC for Construction Inno-
vation, for which he led the bid team in 2000 and was CEO for its nine
years of operation.
As Professor of Construction Innovation at Curtin University, he
continues to work collaboratively with colleagues across Australia and
globally to transform industry performance in sustainability, safety and
productivity for a stronger and more competitive industry.
Dr Kim Haugbølle, Senior Researcher, Danish Building Research Institute
(SBi), Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark. Kim is an experienced
researcher on innovation and sociotechnical change in the construction

xxii Notes on contributors
industry with special emphasis on lifecycle economics, sustainability,
procurement and building performance.
Kim has been involved in the coordination and management of several
national and international R&D projects, and headed the secretariat of the
Danish Building Development Council think tank and a research department.
Currently, he is deeply involved in the planning and execution of a new
education programme, the BSc (Eng) in Process and Innovation.
Kim is the international co-coordinator of the CIB Working Commission
W118 on Clients and Users in Construction as well as a member of the
Nordic researchers’ network on construction economics and organisation
(CREON).
Jingke Hong, MSc, PhD Research Student, Department of Building and
Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China. Jingke obtained his Bachelor in Engineering degree in
Project Management from Chongqing University in 2010, and was
recommended to Harbin Institute of Technology for postgraduate studies
based on his excellent academic performance.
He obtained his MSc degree in 2012. His research fi eld is green building,
mainly focusing on evaluating whole lifecycle sustainability performance of
building.
Dr Anna Kadefors, Associate Professor, Technology Management and
Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Anna carries out research in the areas of communication, decision making
and learning across contractual and organisational boundaries. She has also
studied the effects of contracts, leadership and new ICT for collaboration in
construction projects.
Anna’s key areas of research are procurement and innovation in project-
based organisations. Anna is a member of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Sciences as well as of several research networks in the area of trust,
collaboration and procurement.
Arun Kashikar, Head of R&D, TATA Housing and Development
Co., Mumbai, India. Arun has extensive experience in civil and structural
design and engineering coordination of projects in various sectors such
as oil and gas, chemical and petrochemical, nuclear, industrial and real
estate. He also has experience in managing innovations within private
industry.
Arun specialises in design management, seismic analysis and design,
fi nite element analysis, analysis and design of RCC and steel structures,
value engineering and innovation, quality and safety management systems.
As head of R&D of TATA Housing and Development, Arun is responsible
for managing innovations for the organisation with the objective of
reducing construction time and cost, improving quality and safety and
sustainability.

Notes on contributors xxiii
Dr Ole Jonny Klakegg, Professor, Department of Civil and Transport
Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),
Trondheim, Norway. Throughout his 23 years of work experience, Ole
Jonny (MSc, PhD) has alternated between teaching and research at the
university, and working as a consultant in project management, building
substantial experience including theoretical and practical perspectives.
Ole Jonny shares his time between his current position as Professor of
Project Management and his role as R&D Director of Faveo Project
Management, the biggest project management consultancy in Scandinavia.
He has been involved in a large number of major projects in Norway in
both public and private sectors, including building, civil engineering,
transport, health, defence and organisational development.
Dr Judy A. Kraatz, Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Science and Engineering,
Griffi th University, Brisbane, Australia; CIB TG85 Coordinator. Judy is a
Senior Research Fellow working with the Australian Sustainable Built
Environment National Research Centre, investigating R&D investment and
impact in the built environment.
With over 25 years as a registered architect, Judy has led the delivering of
city-wide solutions for public buildings and open places and integrated
sustainability into university curriculum, regional initiatives and design and
business practice. In 2009 Judy completed a PhD (urban development) at
the Queensland University of Technology addressing issues of corporate
responsibility in the delivery of major economic infrastructure projects.
As Group Manager Architecture with Brisbane City Council (2001–2005),
Judy led a team of up to 40 design professionals delivering urban and social
infrastructure across the city. This followed three years as the Programme
Director for building courses (building design, survey, construction and
project management) being delivered in Australia and Southeast Asia
through the Central Queensland University. Prior to that time, Judy had
several roles in the Commonwealth Government’s building procurement
groups, as design architect, change agent and senior manager.
Charles Ma, Research Student, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Charles
completed his Civil Engineering degree in 2012 at the University of
Auckland. As part of his degree, he completed a research project on
innovation in construction focusing on how to improve innovation within
construction organisations.
Charles’ research interests include strategy, innovation and business
management. Charles is currently completing his Bachelor of Commerce
degree.
Torill Meistad, MSc, PhD candidate, Department of Civil and Transport
Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),
Trondheim, Norway. Torill has 20 years of experience from social

xxiv Notes on contributors
community research, specialising within industrial development, change
and restructuring.
She has a Masters degree in Economics from the Norwegian University
of Life Science, and a Masters in Learning in Complex Systems from the
University of Oslo and Akershus. Currently, she works at the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, NTNU in Trondheim. Her current
fi eld of study is how the construction industry is improving environmental
sustainability. In her research, she explores role model building projects
with high energy and environmental ambitions, where she focuses on how
the participating stakeholders develop, exchange and transfer knowledge
throughout the process. Her work is supported by the Research Centre on
Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB) at NTNU/SINTEF.
Dr Masi Mohammadi, Professor, Faculty of Technique and Life Sciences,
HAN University of Applied Sciences, Arnhem, the Netherlands. Masi
lectures and researches at HAN University of Applied Sciences (Netherlands)
as a Professor of Architecture in Health, and at the Technical University of
Eindhoven as an Assistant Professor with her focus being on smart and
sustainable living environments.
She conducts research into the potential and added value of smart
innovations in improving the residential comfort, effi ciency and sustainability
in the built environment. Her main expertise lies in enabling aging-in-place
and the acceptance of smart-care innovations through familiarising end
users and professionals with smart technology, domesticating it, as well as
applying need-based technology in the pre-existing homes.
As the Scientifi c Coordinator of the Academic Domotics Centre she has not
only initiated, coordinated and performed scientifi c research but also contin-
ues to realise experimental and collaborative research in the fi eld of smart
healthy environments, together with industrial partners. This platform endeav-
ours to bring cooperation with other knowledge institutes and fuse different
stakeholders together so that knowledge transfer is feasible in this area.
Dr Anita Moum, Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Anita
is a Professor and Senior Adviser for Research at the Faculty of Architecture
and Fine Art at NTNU. She is involved in several strategic initiatives that
aim to improve building processes and the performance of the architecture,
engineering and contractor industry.
Anita completed both her architect degree and PhD at NTNU, the later
focused on the use of BIM in collaborative teams. She has been working as
an architect and project manager in large-scale projects in Germany for
10 years. Anita was also a Research Manager at the Foundation for Scientifi c
and Industrial Research (SINTEF) Building and Infrastructure 2008–2010,
responsible for the development of the building process and architectural
research. Her main fi elds of interests are integrated and collaborative design,
delivery processes and project management.

Notes on contributors xxv
Dr Suvi Nenonen, Research Manager, School of Engineering, Aalto
University Espoo, Finland. Suvi holds a Research Manager position at Aalto
University where she carries out facility service research activities. Her
research group focuses on the business relations between companies, work
environment management, construction and real estate practices, as well as
contract lifecycle and environmental management.
The group’s research activities are characterised by interdisciplinary, close
cooperation with business, domestically and internationally networked
operations, as well as work-based dissertation research. She has also been
coordinating the Built Environment Programme at the Finnish Funding
Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) since 2009.
Dr Lúcia Helena de Oliveira, Associate Professor, University of São
Paulo, Escola Politécnica, São Paulo, Brazil. Lúcia Helena is an Associated
Professor at the Department of Construction Engineering of Escola
Politécnica at the University of São Paulo where she teaches and conducts
researches on building services.
She is a member of the Commission – W062 Water Supply and Drainage
for Buildings of CIB – International Council for Research and Innovation in
Building and Construction, and member of the Brazilian Council for
Sustainable Construction (CBCS), where she acts as one of the coordinators
of the thematic group ‘Water’.
Dr Rachel L. Parker, Assistant Dean and Professor, Business School,
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Rachel’s
research focuses on comparative business systems and the institutional
foundations of innovation and industrial competitiveness.
Her work has contributed to understandings of the way in which
Australian and international public policy programmes affect fi rm and
industry behaviour and therefore industrial development and transforma-
tion. She has published over 40 articles and three books and her publications
appear in leading international journals in the fi eld including Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, Organization Studies, Political Studies, International
Journal of Cultural Policy and Work, Employment and Society. Additionally,
Rachel recently worked as a consultant/advisor on knowledge transfer activ-
ities for the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research;
Queensland Rural Industry Training Council; QMI Solutions and Australian
Institute for Commercialisation.
Dr Jeff H. Rankin, Professor and Research Chair in Construction
Engineering and Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton,
Canada. Jeff holds the position of Professor and is the M. Patrick Gillin
Chair in Construction Engineering and Management. Previous to joining
the Department of Civil Engineering, Jeff was the Executive Director of the
Construction Technology Centre Atlantic, an innovation broker for the
region’s construction industry.

xxvi Notes on contributors
Jeff began in the construction industry as a labourer and his experience
has included various project and construction management roles. He has
been involved in many types of construction project including commercial
high rises and larger projects such as the Confederation Bridge (a 13
kilometre bridge linking two Canadian provinces). While completing his
doctorate at the University of British Columbia, Jeff’s research centred on
the development of integrated and distributed construction management
systems based on information standards (a precursor to building information
modelling). Currently, Jeff’s research programme focuses on improving the
performance of the construction industry by strengthening its capacity for
innovation, with a specifi c interest in the appropriate adoption and
implementation of information and communication technologies.
Dr Saiedeh Razavi, Assistant Professor and Chair in Heavy Construction,
McMaster University, Ottawa, Canada. Saiedeh is the Inaugural Chair in
Heavy Construction, and Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil
Engineering at McMaster University. She earned her PhD in Civil Engineering
at the University of Waterloo and joined McMaster from Concordia
University where she was working as a postdoctoral fellow in automation
in construction.
Through academic and industry involvement, Saiedeh has gained 14
years of experience in collaborating and leading multi-disciplinary team-
based projects in sensing, automation, information technology, intelligent
systems, and their applications in construction, transportation, infrastructure
management, and logistics. Saiedeh holds academic appointments in the
Department of Civil Engineering and at the McMaster-Mohawk Bachelor
of Technology–Civil Engineering Technology Program. She is also an
associate member of the McMaster’s School of Geography and Earth
Sciences and an associate editor of the ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil
Engineering. She teaches courses in project management, engineering
economics, construction management and optimisations for civil engineering
systems.
Dr Aminah Robinson Fayek, University of Alberta, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Canada;
CIB TG85 Coordinator. Aminah is an internationally recognised expert in
the development and application of fuzzy logic and fuzzy hybrid modelling
techniques for intelligent decision support for the construction industry.
She is a Professor in the Hole School of Construction Engineering in the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of
Alberta, and holds the Ledcor Professorship in Construction Engineering.
Aminah holds the NSERC Senior Industrial Research Chair (IRC) in
Strategic Construction Modelling and Delivery. She was also the Associate
Industrial Research Chairholder (IRC) in Construction Engineering and
Management from 2006–2011 and has a long record of successful
university–industry collaborations in construction management research.

Notes on contributors xxvii
Göran Roos, MSc, MBA, Professor and Senior Advisor, Aalto University,
Aalto, Finland. Göran chairs the Advanced Manufacturing Council in
Adelaide, Australia and is a member of the Prime Minister’s Manufacturing
Leaders Group; the Economic Development Board; the International
Advisory Group (IAG) for DesignGov, the Australian Centre for Excellence
in Public Sector Design, and the Manufacturing Sector Advisory Council of
the Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO), among other organisations.
Göran is a Stretton Fellow appointed by the City of Playford at the
University of Adelaide and Professor in Strategic Design in the Faculty of
Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. He is
also an adjunct and visiting professor at several Australian and British
universities.
Göran is one of the founders of modern intellectual capital science and a
recognised world expert in this fi eld as well as a major contributor to the
thinking and practice in the areas of strategy and innovation management
as well as industrial and innovation policy.
Dr Knut Samset, Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim,
Norway. Knut is Professor of Project Management at the Faculty of
Engineering Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology.
He is the Director of the Concept Research Programme on Front-End
Management of Large Investment Projects, and Founding Director and
senior partner of Scanteam, an international consultancy based in Oslo.
His academic background is in both engineering and social science and he
holds a PhD in Risk Management. He has extensive experience as advisor
to national and international governmental and non-governmental organi-
sations, and has written a number of books on project design, evaluation
and project risk. In his current position, he and his team are carrying out
pioneering research into ways and means to ensure quality at entry of major
projects upstream in order to improve return on investments downstream.
Adriana X. Sanchez, MSc, Research Associate, Sustainable Built Environ-
ment National Research Centre, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; CIB
TG85 Commission Secretary. Adriana holds an MSc (Hons) in Sustainable
Resource Management from the Technische Universität München (TUM),
majoring in water, soil and renewable resource management. She has been
working at the Australian Sustainable Built Environment National Research
Centre (SBEnrc) since January 2012. Prior to this role, Adriana carried out
research support activities at the Department of Climate Change and Ecology
of the TUM and at Smart Utilities Solution; an environmental consulting
fi rm based in Munich, Germany, with international projects covering tailor-
suited solutions in waste-to-energy, water management and off-grid green
energy technologies for farmers and production plants. Adriana also worked

xxviii Notes on contributors
for the German International Cooperation (GIZ) in a project partially spon-
sored by Deltares in the development and implementation of a computerised
interactive fl ood model for a local watershed in the Philippines.
Dr Mercia Maria Semensato de Barros, Assistant Professor, University of
São Paulo – Escola Politécnica, São Paulo, Brazil. Mercia is an Assistant
Professor at the Department of Construction Engineering of Escola
Politécnica at the University of São Paulo where she teaches and conducts
researches focused on innovation and rationalisation in construction
processes and production management. Mercia also operates in the area of
rehabilitation of buildings with a focus on the technologies and costs.
She also has worked as a Researcher at the Foundation for Technological
Development Engineering (FDTE) and as a Consultant ad hoc advising for
the Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP)
and the Financier of Studies and Projects (FINEP).
Dr Geoffrey Q. Shen, Chair Professor, Head of Department of Building
and Real Estate and Associate Dean, Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China. Geoffrey has a proven track record
in academic and research leadership in collaborative working in construction,
supported by information and communication technologies. He has led a
large number of research projects with total funding of over HKD20 million
including fi ve RGC-CERG grants in a row since 2002/03.
Geoffrey has authored over 300 publications including more than 160
papers in academic and professional journals and over 30 scholarly books
and research monographs. He has been invited to give keynote presentations
in a number of international conferences, has chaired and co-chaired a
number of major international conferences, and has served the scientifi c
committee of many international conferences. He teaches extensively in
these fi elds at both postgraduate and degree levels, and has successfully
supervised a large number of PhD and MPhil students.
Dr E. Sarah Slaughter, President, Built Environment Coalition, Boston,
USA. Sarah is President and Founder of the Built Environment Coalition, a
research and education non-profi t organisation focused on sustainability
and disaster-resiliency advancements to the built environment. She was
most recently the Associate Director for Buildings and Infrastructure in
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Energy Initiative,
Co-Founder and Head of the Sustainability Initiative in the MIT Sloan
School of Management.
Previously, Sarah was Founder and CEO of MOCA Systems, Inc., a con-
struction programme management company based on the construction
micro-simulation software system she developed in her research as a profes-
sor in the MIT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Earlier, she was a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environ-
mental Engineering at Lehigh University. Sarah is currently a member of the

Notes on contributors xxix
National Academies Department of Defense (DOD) Standing Committee
on Materials, Manufacturing, and Infrastructure, and is a National
Academy Associate. She currently serves on the Board of Directors for
Retrofi ciency, Inc., and the Charles River Watershed Association.
Dr Alexandra Staub, Associate Professor of Architecture, Pennsylvania
State University, Pennsylvania, USA. Alexandra holds a BA from Columbia
University in New York, a professional degree in architecture from the
University of the Arts Berlin, and a PhD in architecture from the Brandenburg
Technical University Cottbus, Germany.
In addition to practising architecture, she has spent 20 years in research
and education at university level, both in Germany and the United States.
In addition to training students in the research and design process, in-
cluding questions of technology and sustainability, her research centres
around architectural and urban production as a cultural product, examining
technical and spatial development in the context of social demands and
development. She has published widely in this area, and serves on the edito-
rial board of Enquiry: The ARCC Journal of Architectural Research and the
bilingual theory-based journal Wolkenkukuksheim/Cloud-Cuckoo-Land.
Dr Marit Støre Valen, Associate Professor and Head of Department of
Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Marit has over 10 years’ experi-
ence of carrying out leading research in the areas of real estate management
of public and private building portfolios, project management and culture
for innovation and interaction processes in the construction industry.
As an Associate Professor in Real Estate Management she has over a
decade of experience of teaching and developing education programmes
within maintenance and modernisation of buildings and sustainable FM.
Additionally, as a head of the department, Marit is responsible for the
educational quality of the study programmes and developing research
strategies within civil and transport engineering. Under her leadership, the
department has a broad cooperation and joint cooperation in education
and research activities with the construction industry and oil/gas industry.
Douglas Thomas, Research Economist, Applied Economics Offi ce,
Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), Gaithersburg, USA. Douglas is a research economist for the
Engineering Laboratory’s Applied Economics Offi ce at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology. Currently, his activities are focused
in two interrelated subjects: manufacturing and construction industry
activity and the impact of natural and man-made disasters.
His current research on manufacturing and construction activity includes
examining spatial and temporal variations in the quality and quantity of
industry activity in relation to the domestic and international economy. It
utilises industry data combined with various methods of analysis, including

xxx Notes on contributors
input–output analysis. Douglas’ second key area of research examines the
impact of natural and man-made disasters, which includes gathering and
analysing data on the occurrence and economic impact of disasters.
Dr Russell J. Thomas, Director Fire Research (retired), National Research
Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Russ has recently retired from his
post as Director, Fire Research, in the Construction Portfolio of the National
Research Council (NRC) of Canada.
Prior to becoming the Director of Fire Research some 15 years ago, Russ
was responsible for leading the team developing the framework for Canada’s
new Objective-Based Building and Fire Codes. He came to NRC in the late
1980s from an academic post at the University of Warwick in the UK to set
up the Advanced Construction Technology Laboratory where research was
undertaken into applying advanced computational techniques and human
computer interaction techniques to the construction sector. In addition to
running the Fire Research Program, Russ was also responsible for NRC-
IRC’s Center for Computer-assisted Construction Technologies, based in
London, Ontario, where research was undertaken into the development of
advanced computational tools for the construction industry.
Terttu Vainio, Lic. Tech., Senior Research Scientist, VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland. Terttu started her career at VTT before
graduating and has carried out applied research ever since. She has a Master
of Science (Technology) and Licentiate of Science (Technology) pre-doctoral
postgraduate degree from Tampere University of Technology.
She is an expert in construction economics, particularly in construction
as a part of the national economy, input–output analysis, and money fl ow
analysis. Terttu was recently involved in efforts to investigate energy reno-
vation of building stock and energy renovation as business opportunity.
Dr Suzanne Wilkinson, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Suzanne
is Professor in Construction Management at the University of Auckland.
Her research interests focus on disaster recovery and reconstruction,
construction contract administration and relationship management for
construction projects.
Suzanne completed a Bachelor in Civil Engineering (Honours) and a PhD
in Construction Management from Oxford Brookes University, UK. Her
recent research book, co-authored with Rosemary Scofi eld, Management
for the New Zealand Construction Industry (Prentice-Hall), has been
adopted as a standard text at New Zealand universities and used by con-
struction companies in New Zealand. She lectures undergraduates and
postgraduate students in project management, construction management,
and construction law and administration. Suzanne also acts as an advisor
to Government and construction companies on aspects of construction
productivity and disaster recovery.

List of abbreviations
A&E architects and engineers
AAU Aalborg University
ABNT Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (Brazilian Associa-
tion of Technical Standards)
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACIF Australian Construction Industry Forum
ADEME Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie
(French Environment and Energy Management Agency)
AEC architecture, engineering and construction
AEGIS Australian Expert Group on Industry Studies
ANTAC Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído
(National Association of Technology of the Built Environment)
ANVAR National Agency for the Valorisation of Research (France)
ANZSIC Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial
Classifi cation
APCC Australian Procurement and Construction Council
ARC Australian Research Council
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASHRAE American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Conditioning Engineers
AUD Australian dollar
BACnet building automation and control networks
BBR Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (Federal Offi ce
for Building and Regional Planning) (Germany)
BBSR Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (Federal
Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial
Development) (Germany)
BCITF Building and Construction Industry Training Fund
BCSPP Building and Construction Sector Productivity Partnership
(NZ)
BEIIC Built Environment Industry Innovation Council (Australia)
BIC Byggsektorns Innovationscentrum (Swedish Construction
Sector Innovation Centre)

xxxii List of abbreviations
BIM building information modelling
BMTPC Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (India)
BMVBS German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban
Development
BNDES Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Social (Brazilian
Development Bank)
BQR Rådet för Byggkvalitet (Council for Constructing Excellence)
(Sweden)
BRL Brazilian real
CAD Canadian dollar
CADD computer-aided design and documentation
CAPES Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education
Personnel) (Brazil)
CBI CBI Betong Institutet (Swedish Cement and Concrete
Research Institute) (Sweden)
CBIC Câmara Brasileira de Indústria e Comércio (Brazilian
Chamber of Industry and Commerce) (Brazil)
CBRI Central Building Research Institute (India)
CBS cybernetic building systems
CCMC Canadian Construction Materials Centre
CDC centres for disease control (USA)
CEF Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal Savings Bank) (Brazil)
CERBOF Centrum för Energi- och Resurseffektivitet i Byggande och
Förvaltning (the Centre for Energy and Resource Effi ciency in
the Built Environment) (Sweden)
CERF Civil Engineering Research Foundation (USA)
CESBC civil engineering surveying, building and construction
CGDD Commissariat Général au Développement Durable (General
Commission for Sustainable Development) (France)
CIB International Council for Research and Innovation in Build-
ing and Construction
WBC13 CIB World Building Congress 2013
CIC Construction Industry Council (NZ)
CIDC Construction Industry Development Council (India)
CIFE Stanford University’s Center for Integrated Facilities
Engineering (USA)
CII Construction Industry Institute (USA)
CIPET Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (India)
CityU City University of Hong Kong
CNPq Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa Científi ca e Tecnológica
(National Council for Scientifi c and Technological Develop-
ment) (Brazil)
CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que (National
Centre of Scientifi c Research) (France)

List of abbreviations xxxiii
CONSIAT construction systems integration and automation technologies
CONSITRA Consórcio Setorial para Inovação Tecnológica em Revesti-
mentos de Argamassa (Sector Consortium for Technological
Innovation in Mortar Coatings) (Brazil)
CRC cooperative research centres
CRC CI Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation
(Australia)
CRDs collaborative research and development grants
CREAHd Construction Ressources Environnement Aménagement et
Habitat durables (Construction Resources Environment and
Sustainable Habitat Development) (France)
CRP Concept Research Programme (Norway)
CRRI Central Road Research Institute (India)
CRI Crown Research Institutes (NZ)
CSG Construction Strategy Group (NZ)
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research Organisa-
tion (Australia)
CSIT computing science and information technology
CSNA Canadian System of National Accounts
CSO Central Standards Offi ce (India)
CSTB Centre Scientifi que et Technique du Bâtiment (Scientifi c and
Technical Centre for Building) (France)
CUHK Chinese University of Hong Kong
CURT Construction Users Roundtable (USA)
CUSP Curtin University’s Sustainability Policy Unit (Australia)
DDT Departamento de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (Technological
Development Department) (Brazil)
DIISR Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research,
Australia
DKK Danish krone
DM German mark
DOE Department of Energy (USA)
DOT Department of Transportation (USA)
DTAPP Digital Technology Adoption Pilot Program (Canada)
DTI Danish Technological Institute
EA Engineers Australia
ECIS Eindhoven Centre of Innovation Studies
ECS Early Career Scheme
ECTP European Construction Technology Platform
EEE electrical and electronic engineering
EIP European Innovation Partnerships
ENCORD European Network of Construction Companies for Research
and Development
ENOVA National Norwegian Energy Fund
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)

xxxiv List of abbreviations
EPD environmental product declaration
EREI energy and resource effi ciency innovation
ESPON European Spatial Planning Observation Network
ESTCP Environmental Security Technology Certifi cation Program
EU European Union
EUR euro
ExWoSt Experimenteller Wohnungs- und Städtebau (Experimental
Housing and Urban Design) (Germany)
FAPESP Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
(Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo)
(Brazil)
FINEP Financiadora de Estudos e Pesquisas (Financier of Studies and
Research) (Brazil)
FM Frascati Manual
FME environmentally friendly energy
Formas Forskningsrådet för Miljö, Areella Näringar och Samhällsby-
ggande (the Research Council for Environment, Agricultural
Sciences and Spatial Planning) (Sweden)
Fraunhofer Fraunhofer-Informationszentrum Raum und Bau
IRB (Fraunhofer Information Centre for Regional Planning and
Building) (Germany)
FSES fi re safety evaluation system
GBCA Green Building Council of Australia
GC general contractors
GDP gross domestic product
GERD gross domestic expenditure on research and development
Glafo Glass Research Institute (Sweden)
GNP gross national product
GRF General Research Fund Scheme
GRI Global Reporting Initiative
GSA General Services Administration (USA)
HDI Human Development Index
HKBEAM Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method
HKBU Hong Kong Baptist University
HKD Hong Kong dollar
HKIEd Hong Kong Institute of Education
HKU University of Hong Kong
HKUST Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
HSCE Hole School of Construction Engineering (Canada)
HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning
HVAC&R heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration
IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografi a e Estatística (Brazilian Statis-
tics and Geography Institute)
ICALL International Construction Research Alliance
ICC International Commerce Centre (HK)
ICT information and communication technology

List of abbreviations xxxv
IFB Institut für Bauforschung (Institute for Building Research)
(Germany)
INPI Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (National
Institute of Industrial Property) (Brazil)
INR Indian rupee
INSDAG Institute of Steel Development & Growth (India)
IQS IQ Samhällsbyggnad (Centre for Innovation and Quality in
the Built Environment) (Sweden)
IPD integrated project delivery
IPRs intellectual property rights
IRAP Industrial Research Assistance Program
IRCs industrial research chairs
IS Indian standard
ITF Innovation and Technology Fund
IWU Institut Wohnen und Umwelt (Germany)
JPI Joint Programming Initiative
KIG Koordinations- og Initiativgruppen for viden i byggeriet
(Coordination and Innovation Group for Knowledge in
Building) (Denmark)
KPI key performance indicator
LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (USA)
LCA lifecycle analysis
LU Lingnan University (HK)
LVL laminated veneer lumber
M&E mechanical and electrical
MBIE Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (NZ)
MCTI Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Ministry of
Science, Technology and Innovation) (Brazil)
MEC Ministério da Educação e Cultura (Ministry of the Education
and Culture) (Brazil)
Mistra Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning (Swedish Foundation
for Strategic Environmental Research)
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA)
MPI mechanical, production and industrial
MSI Ministry of Science and Innovation (NZ)
NACE Nomenclature des Activités Économiques dans la Commun-
auté Européenne (Nomenclature of Economic Activities in
the European Community)
NAICS North American Industry Classifi cation System
NCB National Council for Cement and Building Materials (India)
NCSBCS National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (USA)
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA)
NOK Norwegian krone
NRC National Research Council of Canada
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA)

xxxvi List of abbreviations
NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada
NSF National Science Foundation (USA)
NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology
NUTEK Närings- och teknikutvecklingsverket (National Board for
Industrial and Technical Development)
NZD New Zealand dollar
O&M operations and maintenance
O&O owners and operators
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PAC Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (Growth Accelera-
tion Programme) (Brazil)
PACE property-assessed clean energy
PAGIT Programa Andrade Gutierrez de Inovação Tecnológica (Tech-
nology Innovation Programme) (Brazil)
PBRF Performance-Based Research Fund (NZ)
PCA plan construction and architecture
PI principal investigator
PIT Programa para Inovação Tecnológica em Construção (Pro-
gramme for Technological Innovation in Construction) (Brazil)
PNNL Pacifi c Northwest National Laboratory (USA)
PolyU Hong Kong Polytechnic University
PREBAT Programme de Recherche et d’Expérimentation sur l’énergie
dans le Bâtiment (Research and Experimental Programme on
Energy in Building) (France)
PSIBouw Process and Systems Innovation in the Construction Industry
(Netherlands)
PURA Programa de Uso Racional da Água (Water Conservation
Programme) (Brazil)
QA Quality Assurance System
QDPW Queensland Department of Public Works (Australia)
QUT Queensland University of Technology (Australia)
R&D research and development
RCC reinforced cement concrete
RDI research, development and innovation
RDSO Research Designs and Standards Organisation (India)
RecRes Canterbury Resourcing Project (NZ)
Resorgs Resilient Organisations Programme (NZ)
RGC Research Grants Council (HK)
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
RMIT Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (Australia)
RTG Fletcher Building Roof Tile Group (NZ)
RTRC Railway Testing and Research Centre (India)
RYM Strategic Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation
(SCSTI) of Built Environment (Finland)