Giuseppe Ciaburro

Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Architecture and Industrial Design

The research investigates the sound absorption properties of potassium polyacrylate (PPA) composites, particularly those augmented with clay and porous hollow glass beads within a hydrogel template. This unique material combination shows promise for efficient sound absorption, relevant in industries requiring effective noise control like acoustic e...

In recent years, great developments in online university education have been observed, favored by advances in ICT. There are numerous studies on the perception of academic performance in online classes, influenced by aspects of a very diverse nature; however, the acoustic environment of students at home, which can certainly affect the performance o...

This study examines the implementation of soundscape in shopping centers for amplifying the branding experience, generating a distinctive and immersive atmosphere dubbed Brandscape. Visual aesthetics historically influenced commercial venue layout and branding, but recent discussions emphasize sound's impact on consumer attitudes and buying behavio...

In this paper, the acoustics of multi-purpose colonial theaters in Algeria, those of Algiers and Bejaia, are studied to evaluate their acoustic conditions (suitability for music and speech) in view of their architecture’s evolution. To do, acoustics measurements were performed inside them according to the ISO 3382-1 Standard in unoccupied condition...

Floods are a serious natural hazard that can cause extensive damage to people and property. Adequate knowledge of the territory can help reduce the impact of floods, allowing prevention to be better planned and the economic risk to be quantified. In a recent study, researchers used aerial observation to identify and quantify damage to agricultural...

The paper compares and evaluates the influence of the presence of perforations on the sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of a negative stiffness metamaterial based on a foamed ceramic geopolymer. Chemical–physical, microstructural, dynamic–mechanical, and sound characterisations are presented. A rigid, lightweight geopolymeric porous material has b...

Environmental sustainability and environmental protection are key to shaping the built environment. The use of environmentally sustainable materials in architecture is essential to transform urban centers into modern, sustainable cities, reducing the pollution of air and natural ecosystems, lowering gas emissions, and improving the energy efficienc...

The modern conception of industrial production recognizes the increasingly crucial role of maintenance. Currently, maintenance is thought of as a service that aims to maintain the efficiency of equipment and systems while also taking quality, energy efficiency, and safety requirements into consideration. In this study, a new methodology for automat...

Environmental sustainability and environmental protection represent essential challenges for the well-being of the community. The use of eco-sustainable materials in architecture is necessary for the transformation of urban centers into modern sustainable cities, to reduce air pollution and protect natural ecosystems, decrease greenhouse gas emissi...

The Ear of Dionysius cavern has frequently been explored for its unique acoustic properties. According to legend, it amplifies whispers and soft sounds so that they can be heard through a narrow tunnel 35 m above the ground. The legend refers to Dionysius, who ruled Syracuse between 432 and 376 BC and was supposedly able to hear the whispered secre...

Several studies have measured noise levels in neonatal intensive care units that exceed the 45 dB recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Furthermore, the materials making up both the incubators and the NICUs are acoustically reflective, making the sound's persistence longer. High noise levels, together with reverberation, make the inter...

The acoustic environment has been pointed out as a possible distractor during student activities in the online academic modality; however, it has not been specifically studied, nor has it been studied in relation to parameters frequently used in academic-quality evaluations. The objective of this study is to characterize the acoustic environment an...

Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards in the world, causing the largest percentage of deaths and property damage. The impact of floods can be mitigated with an adequate knowledge of the territory, which makes it possible to better organize prevention plans with an appropriate analysis of the risk areas, which allows the management o...

Learn to construct state-of-the-art simulation models with Python and enhance your simulation modelling skills, as well as create and analyze digital prototypes of physical models with ease

Acoustic emission is a nondestructive control technique as it does not involve any input of energy into the materials. It is based on the acquisition of ultrasonic signals spontaneously emitted by a material under stress due to irreversible phenomena such as damage, microcracking, degradation, and corrosion. It is a dynamic and passive-receptive te...

Preventive identification of mechanical parts failures has always played a crucial role in machine maintenance. Over time, as the processing cycles are repeated, the machinery in the production system is subject to wear with a consequent loss of technical efficiency compared to optimal conditions. These conditions can, in some cases, lead to the br...

Cyberbullying is spreading in social networks frequented by young people. Its rapid spread is due to a series of specific preconditions due to the nature of the context within which the cyberbully finds himself operating. Anonymity, the absence of space-time limits, and the lack of responsibility of the individual are the strengths on which the act...

Waste management represents a critical issue that industrialized countries must necessarily deal with. Sustainable architecture involves the reuse of materials with the aim of significantly reducing the amount of waste produced. In this study, a new layered membrane metamaterial was developed based on three layers of a reused PVC membrane and reuse...

Blockchain can be defined as a technology that allows the creation and management of a set of transactions through a block database. However, more than a technology, it can be thought of as a new paradigm for interpreting the concepts of decentralization and trust. The blockchain is an incorruptible digital register of transactions, of various type...

The sustainable management of waste from agricultural crops represents an urgent challenge. One possible solution considers waste as possible secondary raw materials for specific uses. Among these, the use of agricultural waste as a product for the assembly of panels for the sound absorption of living environments represents a particularly suitable...

Many of the Italian Opera theatres built in small towns have not been deeply studied under an acoustic perspective compared to the most famous ones. This paper focuses the attention on small-sized theatres characterized by a horseshoe-shaped plan layout. The determination of the acoustic properties has been outlined by performing acoustic surveys i...

The Roman amphitheatre is one of the architectural building types to be part of the cultural heritage. The development of the elliptical plan layout could give these places a capacity of up to 50,000 seats, being these sites mainly remembered for the shows and fights between gladiators and wild fears. Nowadays some of them are already preserved by...

To contain the environmental impact of modern buildings it is necessary to design in a sustainable way, making efficient use of energy resources and raw materials. The reduction of waste requires a review of the policy of valorizing raw materials by resorting to recycling and reuse as much as possible. In this study, a new membrane-type acoustic me...

Environmental legislation in Ecuador is advancing with the legitimate aspiration of providing citizens with new standards of quality and environmental health. In the context of environmental noise, these legislative advances are based on the experience accumulated in other countries, which is an advantage that must be managed with caution by incorp...

A time series is a sequence of empirical data ordered as a function of time. Time series analysis models exploit forecasting techniques based solely on the history of the variable of interest. They work by capturing patterns in historical data and extrapolating them into the future. The Times Series features recurring structures that can be capture...

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger, structured as a chain of blocks, containing chronologically related transactions regulated by a system of cryptographic algorithms and rules. COVID-19 has highlighted the critical issues related to the management of a pandemic situation, reaffirming the crucial role of the supply chain: First in the ide...

Metamaterials represent a new technology in noise control fields. The first studies about metamaterials date back to the 1900s. The ability to deflect acoustic waves is due to the geometric of the structures that generate resonance effects, and to the periodic arrangement within the material. In this paper, the sound attenuation of an acoustic barr...

The Ottoman mosques of the 15th and 16th centuries represent an architectural typology that has been replicated in territories out of the Middle East for as long as Islam spread its influence on other countries. This paper deals with the determination of the acoustic properties inside a few Ottoman mosques located in different cities of Albania, sp...

Corn is a cereal imported into Europe from the Americas. It is used for human and animal feed, but there are also industrial uses such as the production of ethanol, of fuel for heating homes, or the production of starch. Corn grows in the summer in areas where there is water. It is grown in many regions of the world and its production exceeds that...

To counter the transmission of Covid-19 it is mandatory to wear face masks. Medical face masks (surgical or other medical devices) are used to control the spread of infection by reducing the air borne dispersion of the viral load-carrying saliva droplets emitted from the mouth when talking, sneezing, or coughing. The use of the masks can cause fati...

Corn is a cereal imported into Europe from the Americas and is used for human and animal feed, but there are also industrial uses such as the production of ethanol, as a fuel for heating homes or to produce starch. Corn grows in the summer in areas where there is water. Corn is grown in many regions of the world and its production exceeds that of a...

To counter the transmission of Covid -19 it is mandatory to wear face masks. Medical face masks (surgical or other medical devices) are used to control the spread of infection by reducing the airborne dispersion of the viral load-carrying saliva droplets emitted from the mouth when talking, sneezing or coughing. The use of the mask can cause fatigu...

The identification and separation of sound sources has always been a difficult problem for acoustic technicians to tackle. This is due to the considerable complexity of a sound that is made up of many contributions at different frequencies. Each sound has a specific frequency spectrum, but when many sounds overlap it becomes difficult to discrimina...

Several research groups are recently focusing on natural fibers as components of construction materials, contributing to the search for sustainable solutions that reduce the ecological footprint of buildings. Many of these fibers are proposed as acoustic absorbers to replace man-made fibers widely used to reduce reverberation in rooms, such as fibe...

Metamaterials are designed by arranging artificial structural elements according to periodic geometries to obtain advantageous and unusual properties when they are hit by waves. Initially designed to interact with electromagnetic waves, their use naturally extended to sound waves, proving to be particularly useful for the construction of containmen...

The use of recycled materials to replace natural and artificial materials represents an interesting and real possibility for all industrial sectors to contribute to the reduction of the amount of waste disposed of and non-renewable resources consumed. This study reports the results of the measurements of the sound absorption coefficient carried out...

Safety in urban areas assumes a central position in the requalification of modern cities or in the planning of future cities. Security problems have a different nature: problems deriving from the mobility of citizens, micro-crimes, terrorism are just a few examples. A smart city equipped with an infrastructure of sensors capable of alerting securit...

Nell’ambito delle attività di prevenzione e limitazione della diffusione della pandemia è consigliato e/o reso obbligatorio in-dossare mascherine. Le mascherine hanno lo scopo di limitare la diffusione delle particelle in sospensione durante l’espirazione, per cui è diventato normale indossarle in ambienti di lavoro, nei luoghi pubblici e anche all...

To predict the future behavior of a system, we can exploit the information collected in the past, trying to identify recurring structures in what happened to predict what could happen, if the same structures repeat themselves in the future as well. A time series represents a time sequence of numerical values observed in the past at a measurable var...

In this paper, the acoustic characteristics of the ancient Roman theatre of Cassino are discussed. The theatre was built during the Imperial Age and was abandoned and destroyed after the Barbaric invasions. The theatre has been rebuilt in recent years and it is currently used for summer events ad performance. To measure the acoustic characteristics...

During the Imperial Roman period, thousands of theatres were built. The theatres have three principal elements: the scene building (actor position), the orchestra and the cavea (spectator seating). The theatres were built without a roof, so they were open-air spaces. The theatres were abandoned afterward the barbarian invasions, and during the Midd...

The measurement of reverberation time is an essential procedure for the characterization of the acoustic performance of rooms. The values returned by these measurements allow us to predict how the sound will be transformed by the walls and furnishings of the rooms. The measurement of the reverberation time is not an easy procedure to carry out and...

Deep learning is a branch of machine learning that is based on the use of algorithms whose purpose is the modeling of high-level abstractions on data. It is part of a family of targeted techniques learning methods to represent data. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) represent a type of neural network in which the connection pattern between neuron...

The use of information technology in medicine has been a reality for some time now, and the continuous progress that is taking place is reflected in the technologies applied to the care of people who become increasingly avant-garde. These technologies are used with the fundamental objective of improving the health and life expectancy of the world p...

This work reports the results of experimental measurements of the sound absorption coefficient of ceramic materials using the principle of acoustic resonators. Subsequently, the values obtained from the measurements were used to train a simulation model of the acoustic behavior of the analyzed material based on artificial neural networks. The possi...

In the last years, many papers have reported the results of researchers on acoustic metamaterials. The study of acoustic metamaterials represents a new research field in noise control. Metamaterials are artificial structures with periodical elements, made by the arrangement of scatterers in a square or triangular lattice configuration. The reason f...

Thousands theatres during the Hellenistic period in Greece and in its overseas colonies and during the period of Imperial Rome were built. The theatres were built to entertain people and create venues for shows. The theatres have three principal elements the stage (actor position), the orchestra and the cavea (spectator seating). The Greek and Roma...

In this paper, a typology of a building erected in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome is described: the Odeon. The Odeon is a covered building, but more modest in size than traditional open-air theatres without roofs. The Odeon could hold a few hundred spectators and therefore a smaller audience. The roof covering allowed the possibility of meetings e...

Polymeric sound absorbers can be produced through electrospinning, a process which allows to fabricate high specific surface materials with a fiber diameter from few nanometers to several micrometers. In this study, a numerical simulation model of the acoustic behavior of poly vinyl pyrrolidone/silica composites were developed. First, the character...

The catacombs, burial sites for early Christians, were constructed during the Roman Empire until the Christian religion was recognized in 313 AD. The catacombs were cementeries, which were organized according to precise rules and were dug into the ground on several levels, to occupy as little space as possible. The catacombs became places of worshi...

This paper presents the study of the intervention for the acoustic correction of a Medieval church, the cathedral of Carinola in Italy. The investigated church built on site where a Paleochristian church existed, was completed between the XIV and the XV century. The hard materials, including a marble floor and hard plastered walls, make its reverbe...

Giant reeds represent a natural fiber widely available in some areas of the world. Its use can be particularly useful as the uncontrolled growth of giant reeds can be a problem because large areas are invaded by them and the crops are damaged. In this study, two models of numerical simulation of the acoustic behavior of giant reeds were put in comp...

Egg cartons have been used as sound-absorbing materials since the 1970s for the acoustic control of music recording studios and small private radios. Egg cartons are recyclable materials made with waste from the separate collection of paper and could be valid sound-absorbing systems to be used in a simple and inexpensive way for room acoustic corre...

The food industry generates a large amount of easily controlled organic waste, both in the production and supply phases, which can be reused for various purposes. The responsible management of this type of organic waste is giving rise to initiatives for its reuse, such as energy production or its transformation into construction materials. The cons...

Green materials can be a valid alternative to traditional ones as they are produced and disposed without damaging the environment. In the present paper, materials developed from agricultural wastes from Saudi Arabia are presented. The natural materials considered are: date palm tree leaves, wheat straw fibres and eucalyptus, globules leaves. The va...

The monumental Churches have long reverberation times (over 5.0 seconds). During the centuries, the long reverberation time was favoured for the practice of Gregorian chants and sacred music. After the Council Vatican II, the need arose to use Churches in which verbal communication is important and excessive reverberation time leads to a reduction...

Parking is a crucial element in urban mobility management. The availability of parking areas makes it easier to use a service, determining its success. Proper parking management allows economic operators located nearby to increase their business revenue. Underground parking areas during off-peak hours are uncrowded places, where user safety is guar...

This paper discusses the acoustic characteristics of the “Dives in Misericordia” Church in Rome. The church was designed by architect Richard Meier and opened in 2003. It was made entirely of white concrete and consists of three septa with a double curve shaped like a sail. The nave roof is glass. The volume is approximately 14.000 cubic meters. Th...

In recent years, security in urban areas has gradually assumed a central position, focusing increasing attention on citizens, institutions and political forces. Security problems have a different nature—to name a few, we can think of the problems deriving from citizens’ mobility, then move on to microcrime, and end up with the ever-present risk of...

Simulation modeling helps you to create digital prototypes of physical models to analyze how they work and predict their performance in the real world. With this comprehensive guide, you'll understand various computational statistical simulations using Python. Starting with the fundamentals of simulation modeling, you'll understand concepts such as...

Sound-absorbing asphalts are particularly useful for reducing noise emissions from vehicular traffic. This solution is perfectly suited for urban areas, in fact the use of sound-absorbing asphalt represents a noise control measure with a negligible environmental impact. In the present work, the results of an experimental investigation on sound-abso...

Plastic is widely used all over the world and its production has been increasing continuously in recent years. But plastic presents significant problems about its end-of-life given its important environmental impact. These problems impose recycling policies which provide for the collection and recycling of plastic materials. In this work, the acous...

The use of broom to produce fibers has ancient roots. The Greeks appreciated its resistance to water and for this reason they used it to manufacture sailing ropes. But broom fiber was also appreciated for its sound absorption qualities. In this study, a new methodology was developed for the numerical modeling of the acoustic behavior of broom fiber...

The wind has been a source of energy for the human being since ancient times, mainly because it is widely available in different areas of the world. Several companies are investing huge capital to build wind farms with the aim of obtaining the maximum possible economic return. Therefore, a precise definition of the dynamics of operation of the turb...

Small UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicle) can be used in many sectors such as the acquisition of images or the transport of objects. Small UAVs have also been used for terrorist activities or to disturb the flight of airplanes. Due to the small size and the presence of only rotating parts, drones escape traditional controls and therefore represent a dan...

In this study, the data obtained from the acoustic measurements were used to train a model based on logistic regression in order to detect a quadrotor’s vehicle in indoor environment. To simulate a real environment, we made sound recordings in a shopping center. The sounds related to two scenarios were recorded: only anthropic noise and anthropic n...

Wind energy has been one of the most widely used forms of energy since ancient times, with it being a widespread type of clean energy, which is available in mechanical form and can be efficiently transformed into electricity. However, wind turbines can be associated with concerns around noise pollution and visual impact. Modern turbines can generat...

Cork is a sustainable material and at the end of its useful life it can be disposed of into the environment without causing damage. This paper analyzes an acoustic correction system made of cork sheets mounted at an opportune distance from the walls inside a room. The cork sheets have a thickness equal to 1.5 mm. The sound absorption coefficients o...

Nel presente lavoro è descritta una tipologia di un edificio molto diffuso nell’antica Grecia e nella antica Roma: l’Odeon. Questo edificio di modeste dimensioni rispetto ai teatri all’aperti (benché l'Odeon di Pericle, il maggiore della città di Atene e prototipo si queste costruzioni, misurasse ben 4000 mq) aveva una copertura a tetto ed era impi...

Sommario In questo lavoro è riportata una breve sintesi dell'evoluzione del teatro dal periodo greco a quello romano. Il teatro era realizzato con gradinate lineari e solo successivamente furono realizzati teatri con gradinate concentriche. L'edificio teatrale raggiunse il massimo splendore durante il periodo della Roma imperiale. Per rendere i tea...

La chiesa della Sacra Famiglia a Salerno è il primo edificio sacro che ha rivoluzionato radicalmente la struttura spaziale degli edifici pre-conciliari. I lavori di costruzione iniziarono nel 1971. La realizzazione dell'opera fu un lavoro complesso per la particolare geometria a gradini del tetto, che richiese l'impiego dei lavoratori dei cantieri...

La chiesa della Sacra Famiglia a Salerno è il primo edificio sacro che ha rivoluzionato radicalmente la struttura spaziale degli edifici pre-conciliari. I lavori di costruzione iniziarono nel 1971. La realizzazione dell'opera fu un lavoro complesso per la particolare geometria a gradini del tetto, che richiese l'impiego dei lavoratori dei cantieri...

La chiesa della Sacra Famiglia a Salerno è il primo edificio sacro che ha rivoluzionato radicalmente la struttura spaziale degli edifici pre-conciliari. I lavori di costruzione iniziarono nel 1971. La realizzazione dell'opera fu un lavoro complesso per la particolare geometria a gradini del tetto, che richiese l'impiego dei lavoratori dei cantieri...

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an integral part of machine learning (ML), and is used to train algorithms. With this book, you'll learn how to implement reinforcement learning with R, exploring practical examples such as using tabular Q-learning to control robots. You'll begin by learning the basic RL concepts, covering the agent-environment interf...

Many teenagers’ free time is almost entirely devoted to video games. Unlike reality, in the virtual environment, adolescents feel themselves as protagonists by interacting with people and objects that are very far from the current living environments. Several authors in the literature have highlighted the risks associated with an intensive use of t...

Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources in the world and has grown rapidly in recent years. However, the wind towers generate a noise that is perceived as an annoyance by the population living near the wind farms. It is therefore important to new tools that can help wind farm builders and the administrations. In this stu...

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used in several fields including, for example, archaeology, cargo transport, conservation, healthcare, filmmaking, hobbies and recreational use. UAVs are aircraft characterized by the absence of a human pilot on board. The extensive use of these devices has highlighted maintenance problems...

Wind energy is a primary source for achieving the objectives of the Oil Free Society. However, noise emission is often a significant problem encountered during wind turbines operation. Wind turbines noise generation is a complex phenomenon due to the effects of air interaction during the rotation of the blades. In this paper the noise measurements...

Green materials can be a valid alternative to traditional materials coming from the drilling of products of the chemical industry for the acoustic treatment of rooms. At the end of their useful life, they can be disposed of without damaging the environment. The use of green materials (e.g. hemp, brooms, freshwater canes or wood) can also be a valid...

Noise mapping is a useful and widespread method to visualise various items like the exposure to noise pollution, statistics of affected population, different noise source contribution analysis, and it is also a useful tool in designing noise-control plans. Some researches have moved a step further, proposing maps to represent the people perception...

This paper presents the study of the intervention for the acoustic correction of a modern church. The investigated church was built in the 1960s, with a brutalist style and with a squared plan. The hard materials, including a marble floor and hard plastered walls, were responsible for its reverberation time of over 5 s, resulting in poor speech com...

This eagerly anticipated second edition of the popular Python Machine Learning Cookbook will enable you to adopt a fresh approach to dealing with real-world machine learning and deep learning tasks. With the help of over 100 recipes, you will learn to build powerful machine learning applications using modern libraries from the Python ecosystem. The...

Keras 2.x Projects explains how to leverage the power of Keras to build and train state-of-the-art deep learning models through a series of practical projects that look at a range of real-world application areas. To begin with, you will quickly set up a deep learning environment by installing the Keras library. Through each of the projects, you wil...

Open-plan offices have lower construction costs, allowing for significant savings in space and, according to designers, facilitate communication between workers, thus, improving collaboration, as well as the exchange of ideas. For these reasons, this type of office has become widespread, while highlighting numerous limitations and various problems....

Reinforcement learning has evolved a lot in the last couple of years and proven to be a successful technique in building smart and intelligent AI networks. Keras Reinforcement Learning Projects installs human-level performance into your applications using algorithms and techniques of reinforcement learning, coupled with Keras, a faster experimental...

TL (Extract, Transform, and Load) is an essential technique for data processing. Given that data is everywhere and ever increasing, ETL will always be a vital process for handling data from different sources. Hands-On Data Warehousing with Azure Data Factory starts by covering the basic concepts of data warehousing and the ETL process. You'll learn...

Unleash Google's Cloud Platform to build, train and optimize machine learning models Key Features Get well versed in GCP pre-existing services to build your own smart models A comprehensive guide covering aspects from data processing, analyzing to building and training ML models A practical approach to produce your trained ML models and port them t...

Build effective regression models in R to extract valuable insights from real data Key Features Implement different regression analysis techniques to solve common problems in data science-from data exploration to dealing with missing values From Simple Linear Regression to Logistic Regression-this book covers all regression techniques and their imp...

Neural networks are one of the most fascinating machine learning models for solving complex computational problems efficiently. Neural networks are used to solve wide range of problems in different areas of AI and machine learning. This book explains the niche aspects of neural networking and provides you with foundation to get started with advanc...

MATLAB is the language of choice for many researchers and mathematics experts for machine learning. This book will help you build a foundation in machine learning using MATLAB for beginners. You’ll start by getting your system ready with t he MATLAB environment for machine learning and you’ll see how to easily interact with the Matlab workspace. W...

In recent years, several cities’ administrations have proposed projects of urban renewal of historical districts to face state of neglect and degradation problems. Frequently these projects include new outdoor social activities such as pubs, bistros, and shops along and/or on the streets with a huge amount of investments, and the success of these p...

The renewal of the urban waterfronts has become a major focus of attention for politicians and decision makers in the city’s management programs. The recognition of the patterns that define the waterfronts’ identity is essential to select new strategies of intervention for the environmental recovery. In order to create adequate environments for eve...

High flows of road traffic noise in urban agglomerations can negatively affect the livability of squares and parks located at the neighborhood, district and city levels, therefore pushing anyone who wants to enjoy calmer, quieter areas to move to non-urban parks. Due to the distances between these areas, it is not possible to go as regularly as wou...

The conceptually-driven process filters the perceived sensory information regarding different factors such as expectations, interests, previous experiences, believes and context. Therefore, through the codification of a complex cognitive structure the expectations that subjects have on a specific environment can influence the consequent perception...

Dosimetric measurements carried out on basketball referees have shown that whistles not only generate very high peak sound pressure levels, but also play a relevant role in determining the overall exposure to noise of the exposed subjects. Because of the peculiar geometry determined by the mutual positions of the whistle, the microphone and the ear...

This work focuses on the calculation of the appropriate correction factors that must be applied to peak sound pressure levels (SPL) generated by whistles, so that they can be reliably compared with the existing exposure and action values dictated by EC directive 2003/EC/10. Two laboratory tests have been carried out in order to quantify such correc...