Giovanni Lanzano

National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology | INGV · Section of Seismology Applied to Engineering

The objective of this work is to test whether an empirical Ground Motion Model (GMM) developed for high-seismicity regions can be effectively adapted to a neighbouring region with lower seismic activity. We select the ITA18 suite of GMMs (Lanzano et al. in Bull Seismol Soc Am 109(2): 525-540, 2019a), developed for Italy, which is a region dominated...

The behaviour of the ground surface and of structures subjected to earthquakes can be estimated analysing the accelerograms of seismic records. The ground motion is strongly dependent on several factors and the ability to record, characterize and extract the main features of waveforms is essential to better understand these dependencies. One of the...

This work aims at identifying and modelling statistical dependencies between empirical amplification functions of sites in central Italy and the main geological and geophysical characteristics of the region, within a geostatistical analysis framework. The empirical functions, named δS2S, are estimated by decomposing the re-siduals of the median pre...

This work introduces a new Ground Motion Model (GMM) to predict the horizontal and vertical components of PGA, PGV and acceleration response spectra up to 5s for the volcanic events in Italy. The model updates the GMM for the horizontal components, recently developed by Lanzano & Luzi [1], and shows relevant amplitudes in near-source and a frequenc...

In this study, we exploit the advantages of non-ergodic modelling of the ground motion to map the regional characteristics of source and propagation effects in Italy. In particular, we focused on the study of source and propagation effects obtained from the decomposition of the total residuals, i.e. the logarithmic difference of ITACAext observatio...

This paper examines the advantages and drawbacks of the use of a functional form in empirical ground-motion modelling compared to machine learning algorithms. Typically, models based on linear regression and predefined functional forms have limits in representing complex nonlinear behaviour of source, attenuation and site effects present in the dat...

We propose a new fully nonergodic ground motion model for Central Italy, which is one of the most sampled areas in the world after the occurrence of the last seismic sequences of 2009 and 2016–2017. The model predicts 69 ordinates of the Fourier Amplitude Spectrum in the magnitude range 3.2–6.5 and is constrained on a dense set of seismological and...

ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology, orfeus-eu.org) is a non-profit foundation that coordinates and promotes seismology in the Euro-Mediterranean area and beyond, through harmonized collection, archival and distribution of seismic waveform data, metadata, alongside offering services and products managed at national...

ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology, orfeus-eu.org) is a non-profit foundation that coordinates and promotes seismology in the Euro-Mediterranean area and beyond, via harmonized collection, archival and distribution of seismic waveform (meta)data, services and products. ORFEUS is one of the founding members of EPOS...

In seismology methods based on waveform similarity analysis are adopted to identify sequences of events characterized by similar fault mechanism and propagation pattern. Seismic waves can be considered as spatially interdependent, three dimensional curves depending on time and the waveform similarity analysis can be configured as a functional clust...

The main objective of this work is to provide two zonations of Italy useful to incorporate regional source and path effects in empirical Ground Motion Models (GMMs). To this end, we revise existing zonations developed for seismic and tsunami hazard studies, based on the results of a residual analysis between the observations of the ITACAext dataset...

This study develops a new spatial correlation model for Italy using the most up-to-date and densest dataset of accelerometer and velocimeter records available. The objective is to estimate the average correlation length and assess its impact on the prediction accuracy of the Italian Shakemap compared to the global model (Loth and Baker, 2013–LB13)...

In this study we investigate the correlation between the residuals of a neGMM (non-ergodic Ground Motion Model) and the physics-based parameters obtained using a non-parametric GIT approach (Generalized Inversion Technique) to lay the groundwork for the implementation of an ad-hoc FAS (Fourier Amplitude Spectra) neGMM for the Central Italy region....

We investigated the temporal variation of the spectral decay parameter κ before and after two main earthquakes that occurred in the central Italy region, namely the Amatrice (Mw 6.0) of 24 August 2016 and the Norcia (Mw 6.5) of 30 October 2016 earthquakes. For this analysis, we used seismograms from the central Italy dense seismic array stations, a...

We present the results of a consistency check performed over a flatfile of accelerometric data extracted from the ITalian ACcelerometric Archive (ITACA), enriched with velocimetric records of events with magnitude M < 4.0. The flatfile, called ITACAext, includes 31,967 waveforms from 1709 shallow crustal earthquakes, in the magnitude range from 3.0...

Rupture directivity and its potential frequency dependence is an open issue within the seismological community, especially for small‐to‐moderate events. Here, we provide a statistical overview based on empirical evidence of seismological observations, thanks to the large amount of high‐quality seismic recordings (more than 30,000 waveforms) from Ce...

We study the spectral decay parameter κ using S-wave recordings from the central Italy dense regional array. The data set used consists of 266 earthquakes, 353 stations, and 13,952 observations of κ with a mean value of 0.0412 ± 0.0177 within the distance range of 7.1-168.8 km. We model the variation of κ with hypocenter distance r as κr κ 0 κ s κr...

The characterization of the fling-step represents a challenging task due to the shortage of near-source records with permanent tectonic displacement and the limitation in retrieving the fling-amplitude from accelerometric waveforms. In recent years, innovative ground-motion processing techniques have been developed for a more accurate estimation of...

In this article, we apply the reference-rock identification method (RRIM; Lanzano et al., 2020) to the ITalian ACcelerometric Archive, which includes more than 1600 recording stations in Italy and in the neighboring countries, with different levels of site characterization. The RRIM is based on the identification and the evaluation of site paramete...

This work proposes a novel approach to the calibration of regionalized regression models, with particular reference to ground-motion models (GMMs), which are key for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and earthquake engineering applications. A novel methodology, named multi-source geographically-weighted regression (MS-GWR), is developed, allowi...

ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vuln...

In this paper the site categorization criteria and the corresponding site amplification factors proposed in the 2021 draft of Part 1 of Eurocode 8 (2021-draft, CEN/TC250/SC8 Working Draft N1017) are first introduced and compared with the current version of Eurocode 8, as well as with site amplification factors from recent empirical ground motion pr...

This work presents a novel empirical Ground Motion prediction Model (GMM) for vertical‐to‐horizontal (VH) response spectral amplitudes up to 10 s, peak ground acceleration and velocity for shallow crustal earthquakes in Italy. Being calibrated on the most up‐to‐date strong motion dataset for Italian crustal earthquakes (ITA18), the model is consist...

In this article, we implement a new approach to calibrate ground-motion models (GMMs) characterized by spatially varying coefficients, using the calibration dataset of an existing GMM for crustal events in Italy. The model is developed in the methodological framework of the multisource geographically weighted regression (MS-GWR, Caramenti et al., 2...

Author supplied incorrect ESM as tables were duplicated.

We present an extended and updated version of the worldwide NEar-Source Strong-motion (NESS) flat file, which includes an increased number of moderate-to-strong earthquakes recorded in epicentral area, new source metadata and intensity measures, comprising spectral displacements and fling-step amplitudes retrieved from the extended baseline correct...

In this work we develop a non-ergodic empirical predictive model of the acceleration Fourier ordinates (FAS) in Central Italy, with the aim of modelling the anisotropic distribution of the ground motion amplitudes due to fault rupture directivity. The proposed model has the same characteristics as the one already proposed by Sgobba et al. (2020) re...

We describe the main structure and outcomes of the new probabilistic seismic hazard model for Italy, MPS19 [Modello di Pericolosità Sismica, 2019]. Besides to outline the probabilistic framework adopted, the multitude of new data that have been made available after the preparation of the previous MPS04, and the set of earthquake rate and ground mot...

Observational seismology in Europe is firmly rooted innational and regional observatories in charge of managingmore than 100 permanent seismic networks and more than200 past and present temporary deployments. Primarily drivenby governmental mandates to detect local seismicity and pro-vide earthquake information to civil protection agencies andthe g...

ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology; http://orfeus-eu.org/) is a non-profit foundation that promotes observational seismology in the Euro-Mediterranean area through the collection, archival and distribution of seismic waveform data, metadata, and closely related services and products. The data and services are coll...

We develop a non-ergodic empirical predictive model of the acceleration Fourier ordinates (FAS) in Central Italy to capture the anisotropic distribution of ground motion amplitudes due to fault rupture directivity. We extend the model of Sgobba et al. (2020) proposed for the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the linear elastic acceleration respons...

This work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pug-liese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337-352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing us...

We describe the main structure and outcomes of the new probabilistic seismic hazard model for Italy, MPS19 [Modello di Pericolosità Sismica, 2019]. Besides to outline the probabilistic framework adopted, the multitude of new data that have been made available after the preparation of the previous MPS04, and the set of earthquake rate and ground mot...

Strong ground motion records and free open access to strong-motion data repositories are fundamental inputs to seismology, engineering seismology, soil dynamics, and earthquake engineering science and practice. This article presents the current status and outlook of the Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology (ORFEUS) coordina...

Near-source effects can amplify seismic ground motion, causing large demand to structures and thus their identification and characterization is fundamental for engineering applications. Among the most relevant features, forward-directivity effects may generate near-fault records characterized by a large velocity pulse and unusual response spectral...

This paper provides a new methodological framework to generate empirical ground shaking scenarios, designed for engineering applications and civil protection planning. The methodology is useful both to reconstruct the ground motion pattern of past events and to generate future shaking scenarios, in regions where strong-motion datasets from multiple...

This work offers a novel methodological framework to address the problem of generating data-driven earthquake shaking fields at different vibration periods, which are key to support decision making and civil protection planning. We propose to analyse the entire profiles of spectral accelerations and project their information content to unsampled lo...

This paper describes the seismological analyses performed within the framework of the seismic microzonation study for the reconstruction of 138 municipalities damaged by the 2016–2017 sequence in Central Italy. Many waveforms were recorded over approximately 15 years at approximately 180 instrumented sites equipped with permanent or temporary stati...

This work describes the analysis of the strong-motion data from the Engineering Strong Motion database (ESM, http://esm.mi.ingv.it), aimed at: (1) extract a dataset of accelerometric waveforms recorded during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence; (2) identify the recording stations to be used as reference sites for further seismological ana...

The relation between macroseismic intensity and ground shaking makes it possible to transform instrumental Ground Motion Parameters (GMPs) in macroseismic intensity and vice versa, and is therefore useful for making comparisons between estimates of seismic hazard determined in terms of GMPs and macroseismic intensity, and for other engineering and...

To evaluate the site response using both empirical approaches (e.g. standard spectral ratio, ground motion models (GMMs), generalized inversion techniques, etc.) and numerical 1- D/2-D analyses, the definition of the reference motion, that is the ground motion recorded at stations unaffected by site-effects due to topographic, stratigraphic or basi...

The aim of this paper is to identify the ground motion models (GMMs), applicable in active shallow crustal regions (ASCRs) and subduction zones (SZs), to be used for the new release of the seismic hazard model of Italy (MPS19) for peak ground acceleration and 12 ordinates of the acceleration response spectra (5% damping) in the period range 0.05–4...

ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology) is a non-profit foundation that promotes seismology in the Euro-Mediterranean area through the collection, archival and distribution of seismic waveform data, metadata and closely related products. The data and services are collected or developed at national level by more than 6...

Quality assessment of the data and metadata distributed by open earthquake databases is crucial in order to provide reliable information to seismology, engineering seismology, soil dynamics and earthquake engineering science and practice. The ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology) community coordinates two major stro...

In Italy, earthquakes caused by volcanoes are of primary importance in the evaluation of seismic hazard, since several volcanoes seriously endanger densely populated areas (e.g. Catania and surroundings, Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius). On the other hand, there are very few models for the prediction of ground motion induced by volcanic events, mostly beca...

In the first months of 2018, a parametric table (flatfile) related to the Engineering Strong Motion (ESM) database was released and disseminated through a website (http:// esm.mi.ingv.it/flatfile-2018). The flatfile contains intensity measures of engineering interest and associated metadata of three-components manually processed waveforms. The unif...

This work describes a procedure to configure U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-ShakeMap for a given region. The procedure is applied to Italy to update and improve the ShakeMap service provided by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The new configuration features (1) the adoption of recently developed ground-motion models (GMMs) and...

In August 2016, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Central Italy, starting a devastating seismic sequence, aggravated by other two events of magnitude 5.9 and 6.5, respectively. After the first mainshock, four Italian institutions installed a dense temporary network of 50 seismic stations in an area of 260 km2. The network was registered in the Inte...

The Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) of Bindi et al. (2011) are nowadays considered as the reference predictive equations for shallow crustal events in Italy. However, the maximum usable magnitude for the hazard assessment is 6.9 and the longest periods (>1s) are not well constrained. In this paper, we discuss a new set of GMPEs for Italy...

The first mainshock (Mw 6.0) of the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence, severely struck the Amatrice village and the surrounding localities. After few days, some Italian Institutions, coordinated by the "Center for Seismic Microzonation and its applications", carried out several preparatory activities for seismic microzonation of the area. A tempo...

This paper illustrates REXELweb, an updated online version of REXEL, which is a tool for the automatic selection and scaling of spectrum-compatible ground-motions for dynamic analysis of structures. REXELweb allows to define target spectra according to user-definition or design provisions (Eurocode 8 and Italian building code), as well as to unifor...

In this study, we propose an approach to generate spatially correlated seismic ground‐motion fields for loss assessment and risk analysis. Differently from the majority of spatial correlation models, usually calibrated on within‐earthquake residuals, we use the sum of the source‐, site‐, and path‐systematic effects (namely corrective terms) of the...

We present the results of a consistency check performed over the flatfile extracted from the engineering strong motion (ESM) database. The flatfile includes 23,014 recordings from 2179 earthquakes in the magnitude range from 3.5 to 7.8 that occurred since the 1970s in Europe and Middle East, as presented in the companion article by Lanzano et al. (...

The Engineering Strong-Motion (ESM) at le is a parametric table which contains veri- ed and reliable metadata and intensity measures of manually processed waveforms included in the ESM database. The at le has been developed within the Seismology The- matic Core Service of EPOS-IP (European Plate Observing System Implementation Phase) and it is diss...

This work aims to revise the Bindi et al. (2011) ground-motion model for shallow crustal earthquakes in Italy (hereinafter, ITA10), calibrated in the magnitude range 4.0-6.9 using strong-motion data recorded up to the 2009 L’Aquila sequence. The improvement of ITA10 is needed because of the large number of strong-motion records made available in It...

We propose a semiautomatic processing scheme (extended BASeline Correction [eBASCO]) for recovering the tectonic fling from near-source records. The method, based on a piecewise linear detrend of the strong-motion (SM) recordings, is applied to reconstruct the ground displacement field of the 30 October 2016 M w 6.5 earthquake in central Italy. The...

The availability of high-quality waveforms recorded in epicen-tral areas of moderate-to-strong earthquakes is a key factor for investigating ground-motion characteristics close to the seismic source. In this study, near-source strong-motion waveforms (named NESS1) were collected from worldwide public archives with the aim of building a flat file of...

Strong-motion data processing is necessary to evaluate reliable ground-motion for standard or specific applications. We describe a processing web-service, fully integrated with the engineering strong motion database (ESM), a daily-updated strong-motion archive that contains more than 50,000 waveforms of events with magnitude ≥ 4.0, mainly recorded...

The probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard (PSHA) at an individual site is a standard practice, but an ergodic assumption is commonly made: the ground-motion uncertainty computed by a Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) from a global dataset is assumed to be the same as the variability at a single site. In this paper, the ergodic assum...

The ESM strong-motion Flat-File is a parametric table which contains verified and reliable metadata and intensity measures of manually processed waveforms included in the Engineering Strong Motion database (ESM). The Flat-File has been developed within the Seismology Thematic Core

INGV has been producing shakemaps for Italy using the USGS-ShakeMap software since 2006. To respond to the recent technological developments and research outcomes (i.e., more data, better calibrated ground motion prediction equations and improved site classifications), it has become necessary the incorporation of these new elements into the routine...

Although rock sites are generally classified as A, according to the Eurocode 8, they can be affected by site-effects, caused by particular stratigraphic and/or morphological features. A common, and sometimes critical, assumption is to consider class EC8-A as representative of reference rock sites; for example, typically waveforms recorded by statio...

The Engineering Strong Motion database (ESM) is one of the infrastructures of the EU project EPOS, for the distribution of accelerometric waveforms. It combines the expertise and datasets acquired within several European projects (FP4 to FP7), the European Integrated Data Archive and national databases. ESM is centralized and distributes strong-mot...

The paper summarizes the preliminary results of 1D and 2D seismic site response analyses addressed to the seismic characterization of four accelerometric stations of the RAN (Italian Accelerometric Network) located along an array in the Sulmona alluvial basin, Abruzzo (Italy). The main uncertainties about the morphological and geotechnical soil mod...

In seismology methods based on waveform similarity analysis are adopted to identify sequences of events characterized by similar fault mechanism and prop- agation pattern. Seismic waves can be considered as spatially interdependent three dimensional curves depending on time and the waveform similarity analysis can be configured as a functional clus...

The availability of waveforms from moderate-to-strong earthquakes recorded in epicentral areas is a key factor for investigating ground-motion characteristics close to the seismic source and constraining ground motion prediction equations at short source-to-site distances. To investigate near-source effects on ground-motion, worldwide records were...

This paper describes the main findings of the project HYPSTHER (HYbrid ground motion prediction equations for PSha purposes: the study case of souTHERn Italy; supported by the Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology). The goal of the project is to develop a methodological approach to retrieve hybrid Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs...

To assess site-specific ground motion it is common practice to calculate seismic hazard at bedrock and then multiply it by a deterministic site-amplification factor typically computed from 1D numerical simulation. For this reason, the ground motion at bedrock should be free from amplification phenomena and its site response flat. Ground Motion Pred...

A recently compiled, comprehensive and good quality strong motion database of the Iranian earthquakes has been used to develop local empirical equations for the prediction of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), and 5%-damped spectral accelerations (PSA) up to 4.0 s. The equations account for style of faulting, four site classes and use the horizont...

Major natural events must be characterized in terms of their hazard, that is, their ability to cause significant harm. Although there have been attempts to predict the occurrence of natural events, uncertainties still exist with respect to large-scale natural events due to their complexity. Furthermore, for Natech risk analysis, a simplified event...

Seismic networks often record signals characterized by similar shapes that provide important information according to their geographic positions. We propose an approach to identify homogeneous clusters of seismic waves, combining analysis of waveforms with metadata and spectrogram information. In waveforms clustering, cross-correlation measures b...

In this paper, we separate the residuals of ground motion prediction equations into different components, calculating the repeatable site-specific (dS2Ss), location-specific (dL2Lr) and path-specific (dP2Per) correction for the median model. In this way, we can reduce the total standard deviation (sigma) of the ground-motion model by Lanzano et al....

Since August 2016, central Italy has been struck by one of the most important seismic sequences ever recorded in the country. In this study, a strong-motion data set, consisting of nearly 10,000 waveforms, has been analyzed to gather insights about the main features of ground motion, in terms of regional variability , shaking intensity, and near-so...

The seismic vulnerability assessment of tunnels is generally based on empirical fragility curves. They are derived from the statistical analysis of observed damages in past earthquakes. Some authors have calculated fragility curves based on the results of numerical analyses, defining the damage index in terms of ratio between the flexural demand an...

The last release of the strong-motion database ITACA (ITalian ACelerometric Archive v 2.1, http:// itaca. mi. ingv. it) includes, to date, about 25,222 three-component accelerometric waveforms generated by 1365 earthquakes with magnitude between 3.0 and 6.9 and recorded by 1210 stations in the time frame 1972–2015. One of the main goals of ITACA is...

This paper is a reappraisal of the study on the single-station sigma for Italian strong-motion stations carried out by Luzi et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 104:467–483, 2014). A residual analysis considering the time interval 1972–2015 is carried out on two datasets, using 4.0 and 3.5 as magnitude thresholds, and the ground motion prediction equations...

In the last decades, the calibration of reliable GMPEs became a critical issue in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA). NGA-East project provides a set of new GMPEs for median and standard deviation of Ground Motions (GMs) and their associated weights in the logic trees for use in PSHA for Central and Eastern North-American Region. These...

Seismic site classification is a critical issue in order to reliably predict seismic ground motion parameters for the development of microzonation maps and site-specific hazard studies, addressed to territorial planning, real-time generation of shaking maps, and seismic design of engineering structures. The equivalent shear wave velocity through th...

On 24 August 2016, at 1.36:32 GMT, a MW 6.0 earthquake with epicenter located below the village of Ac- cumoli, struck a wide area among the boundaries of Lazio, Abruzzo, Umbria and Marche regions (Central Italy): the main event caused the collapse of several buildings and about 300 fatalities, mainly in the towns of Amatrice, Arquata del Tronto and...