Gil Garrote

University of Vigo | UVIGO · Department of Chemical Engineering

Five deep eutectic solvents (DES) were evaluated to disrupt Paulownia wood structure to produce bioethanol and lignin. The DES formulated with choline chloride:lactic acid provided the most promising result. Temperature (110-130 ºC), residence time (30-120 min), molar ratio (1:2-1:9), and liquid-to-solid ratio (8-15 mL/g) were optimized for cellulo...

Several lignocellulosic wastes are generated in the pulp and paper industry (PPI), such as small wood chips (pinchips) and paper sludge, presenting a high cellulose content suitable to be converted into biofuels or bio-products in a forest biorefinery scheme. In this work, two schemes of biorefinery were proposed for their valorization, processing...

A novel sustainable scheme to jointly valorize Sargassum muticum (Sm) and Paulownia wood (PW) was proposed in this work, employing the advanced environmentally friendly microwave-assisted autohydrolysis (MA) as pretreatment. Sm is an invasive macroalga that has been drastically spread in the Atlantic coast of Europe, causing environmental damage. C...

Considering the urgent need for alternative biorefinery schemes based on sustainable development, this review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art in the use of deep eutectic solvent pretreatment to fractionate lignocellulose, with a focus on lignin recovery. For that, the key parameters influencing the process are discussed, as well as various s...

This study dealt with the use of environmentally friendly processes based on microwave-assisted autohydrolysis (MAA) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) for the selective fractionation of Robinia pseudoacacia wood (RW) within a biorefinery approach. MAA enabled the recovery of 76% of hemicelluloses in the form of oligomers. After-wards, different cond...

Currently, the majority of chemicals and energy are derived from fossil fuel-based resources. The continued depletion of these fossil resources and their attributed negative environmental impacts have boosted the search for green and renewable feedstock. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass has been identified as a sustainable alternative raw m...

Microwave hydrothermal treatment (MHT) is considered a sustainable technology for the valorization of lignocellulosic materials, enabling the solubilization of hemicellulosic-derived compounds, especially in the form of oligosaccharides that may present potential in the chemical, pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries. Hence, MHT at 200 and 230...

Microwave-assisted autohydrolysis is an environmentally friendly intensification technology that permits the selective solubilization of hemicelluloses in form of oligosaccharides in a short time and with low energy consumption. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of microwave-assisted autohydrolysis to produce oligosaccharides...

The industrial processing of avocado to extract oil, and produce guacamole or sauces generates enormous quantities of peels and seeds (around 2 million tons worldwide in 2019) without commercially valuable applications. However, various studies have suggested the presence of a wide range of interesting compounds in the composition of these by-produ...

Fish is regarded as a healthy animal-derived food owing to its remarkable content in macro and micronutrients, which results in a large consumption by humans. Consequently, fishery-related industries generate huge amounts of byproducts that are frequently used to manufacture low-value products or are even discarded. Nevertheless, these marine deriv...

The development of lignocellulosic biorefineries requires a first stage of pretreatment which enables the efficient valorization of all fractions present in this renewable material. In this sense, this review aims to show the main advantages of hydrothermal treatment as a first step of a biorefinery infrastructure using hardwood as raw material, as...

Avocado industrial processing generates huge quantities of residues that are currently wasted without any valuable commercial application. This work deals with autohydrolysis of Avocado peel (AP) for the concomitant recovery of oligosaccharides and polyphenolics. Temperature of 150 °C allowed the highest recovery of oligosaccharides (14.3 g oligosa...

Hydrothermal processes are an attractive clean technology and cost-effective engineering platform for biorefineries based in the conversion of biomass to biofuels and high-value bioproducts under the basis of sustainability and circular bioeconomy. The deep and detailed knowledge of the structural changes by the severity of biomasses hydrothermal f...

The leverage of invasive macroalgae, which represent a serious threat for autochthonous biodiversity, may smooth and mitigate its risk from an environmental point of view while providing an economic benefit. This work proposes the suitability of a closed loop biorefinery employing green technologies (namely autohydrolysis, ultrasound assisted extra...

This study deals with the multiproduct valorization of the invasive macroalgae Sargassum muticum within a green biorefinery concept using microwave hydrothermal treatment. Temperatures of 160 and 180 °C for 0-60 minutes (severities 1.62-3.54) were evaluated, allowing a recovery of a liquid phase rich in fucoidan-derived compounds (up to 4.81 g/L),...

Microwave hydrothermal treatment (MHT), a novel advanced technology, was proposed for the fractionation of Paulownia wood (PW) at temperatures ranging 200-230 °C and residence times of 0-50 min, corresponding to severities of 2.93-4.70. This procedure allowed 80% of xylan recovery as xylooligosaccharides and an average of 95% cellulose recovery in...

In recent years, the consumption of avocado (as fresh fruit or processed) has experienced a sharp increase worldwide due to its nutritional value and beneficial health effects. Its industrial processing generates huge amounts of underused by-products, mainly peel and seed, causing important environmental and economic problems. However, these wastes...

In order to exploit a fast-growing Paulownia hardwood as an energy crop, a xylose-enriched hydrolysate was obtained in this work to increase the ethanol concentration using the hemicellulosic fraction, besides the already widely studied cellulosic fraction. For that, Paulownia elongata x fortunei was submitted to autohydrolysis treatment (210 °C or...

In this work, a delignification process, using lime (Ca(OH)2) as an alternative alkali, was evaluated to improve enzymatic saccharification of corn stover cellulose, with the final goal of obtaining second-generation bioethanol. For that, an experimental design was conducted in order to assay the effect of temperature, lime loading, and time on the...

Corn stover is the most produced byproduct from maize worldwide. Since it is generated as a residue from maize harvesting, it is an inexpensive and interesting crop residue to be used as a feedstock. An ecologically friendly pretreatment such as autohydrolysis was selected for the manufacture of second-generation bioethanol from corn stover via who...

Non-isothermal autohydrolysis, an environmentally friendly pretreatment, was employed for the production of second generation bioethanol from fast-growing Paulownia wood, comparing two biorefinery strategies: (i) onestage autohydrolysis pretreatment, and (ii) sequential two-stage autohydrolysis pretreatment. The first strategy allowed to either rec...

Paulownia is a rapid-growth tree with a high biomass production rate per year and low demand of water, which make it very suitable for intercropping systems, as it protects the crops from adverse climatic conditions, benefiting the harvest yields. Moreover, these characteristics make Paulownia a suitable raw material able to be fractionated in an i...

In this work, valorization of Paulownia wood (PW) was proposed following several process configurations for biofuels and value-added compounds production. Firstly, autohydrolysis and ethanol-organosolv strategies were assessed separately for the fractionation of PW to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. A third strategy focused on a s...

Concerns about fossil fuels depletion has led to seek for new sources of energy. The use of marine biomass (seaweed) to produce biofuels presents widely recognized advantages over terrestrial biomasses such as higher production ratio, higher photosynthetic efficiency or carbon-neutral emissions. In here, interesting seaweed sources as a whole or as...

Sargassum muticum, an invasive macroalgae in Europe, was employed as material for third generation bioethanol production. As a first step, autohydrolysis was chosen as an eco-friendly pretreatment, seeking for a high enzymatic susceptibility of the solid phase and high content of hexoses as glucose, galactose and mannose, in both liquid and solid p...

This work describes the application of two forms of heating for autohydrolysis pretreatment on isothermal regimen: conduction-convection heating and microwave heating processing using corn stover as raw material for bioethanol production. Pretreatments were performed using different operational conditions: residence time (10-50 minutes) and tempera...

The influence of the hydrothermal processing of lignocellulosic materials on the solubilization of the phenolic fractions is reviewed. Special attention is deserved to autohydrolysis, since this an environmentally friendly technology requiring water as the only reagent. Considerations for the selection of the major variables affecting the performan...

The development of a feasible biorefinery is in need of alternative technologies to improve lignocellulosic biomass conversion by the suitable use of energy. Microwave heating processing (MHP) is emerging as promising unconventional pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials (LCMs). MHP applied as pretreatment induces LCMs breakdown through the mole...

Fast-growing and short-rotation biomass is identified as glucan-rich feedstock to be used for bioenergy purposes. For the first time to our knowledge, fast growing biomass (Paulownia tomentosa) was evaluated for bioethanol production in a biorefinery scheme. For that, Paulownia wood was subjected to autohydrolysis pretreatment under severity (S0) c...

SStraw is one of the main lignocellulosic waste produced during cereal crop cultivation. The abundance of barley straw makes it a good candidate for bioethanol production. This work deals with barley straw pretreatment by means of autohydrolysis in order to get xylooligosaccharides in the liquid phase, followed by an organosolv treatment using etha...

The aim of this work was the evaluation of lime pretreatment combined or not with previous step of autohydrolysis for oat straw valorization. Under selected conditions of lime pretreatment, 96% of glucan and 77% of xylan were recovered and 42% of delignification was achieved. Xylose fermentation to ethanol by metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cere...

Twelve maize genotypes, were agronomically evaluated and their stover hydrothermally pretreated in a temperature range of 210-225 C to assess the effects of genotype and pretreatment severity on stover recalcitrance toward bioethanol conversion. Maize genotypes exhibited significant variation for biomass yield and all agronomic evaluated, while amo...

Twelve maize genotypes, were agronomically evaluated and their stover hydrothermally pretreated in a temperature range of 210e225 �C to assess the effects of genotype and pretreatment severity on stover recalcitrance toward bioethanol conversion. Maize genotypes exhibited significant variation for biomass yield and all agronomic evaluated, while am...

The objective of this work was to study the release, identification and characterization of phenolic compounds by saponification of non-isothermal autohydrolysis liquors of corn (Zea mays) cobs and Eucalyptus globulus. Corn cobs and E. globulus are lignocellulosic materials with high contents in cellulose and hemicelluloses. Efficient use of these...

The acidic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim][HSO4]) ionic liquid was explored as both a reaction medium and a catalyst in the furfural production from xylose. Preliminary experiments were carried out at 100–140 °C for 15–480 min in systems containing just xylose dissolved in [bmim][HSO4] in the absence of externally added catalys...

Paulownia (fast growing lignocellulosic material) was subjected to fractionation with non-isothermal autohydrolysis (environmentally friendly processes) to study the Enzymatic Hydrolysis (EH) in order to find the better conversion of cellulose to glucose. Comparison of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) and Separate Hydrolysis and...

Rice straw was subjected to non-isothermal autohydrolysis and the resulting solid phase was used as substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. Solids obtained under selected fractionation conditions (220 ºC, liquid to solid ratio of 8 g liquid/g raw material), were subjected to enzymatic saccharification to achieve glucose concentrations up to 33.5 g/L, c...

In the present work, the hydrothermal valorization of an abundant agricultural residue has been studied in order to look for high added value applications by means of hydrothermal pretreatment followed by fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, to obtain oligomers and sugars from autohydrolysis liquors and bioethanol from the soli...

The present study shows that barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) can be a supplementary raw material of softwoods and hardwoods such as Pinus sylvestris and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, respectively, for the production of cellulose and paper, reducing an agricultural residue that has no added value. Barley straw has a lower content of cellulose at 36.4% th...

Introduction Paulownia is a fast growing lignocellulosic material, suitable for second generation bioethanol production. The production of biomass from Paulownia varied in the range 30 – 60 dry ton/Ha/year, higher values that can be obtained with other hardwoods. This high biomass production reduces the surface required for biomass and also the tra...

Introduction Cereal straws are an important source of raw material for several industries. Considering that one kilogram of cereals generates approximately one kilogram of residue (straw), this agricultural activity creates a large quantity of residue each year. Because of its abundance and chemical composition, barley straw can be considered as a...

Introduction Lignocellulosic materials are an abundant, cheap and renewable source of raw materials for the production of second generation bioethanol, an alternative to fossil fuels with growing interest. This production can be integrated in a biorefinery scheme, in which the material is fractionated in its main fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose...

Growing interest is being paid to the development of environmentally friendly technologies for producing fuels and chemicals from renewable resources. In this scope, Pinus pinaster wood samples were treated with water under optimized conditions to solubilize the hemicellulose fraction, leaving a solid phase containing cellulose and lignin (which co...

Sugars appearing as structural units in softwood hemicelluloses (mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose) were processed in media containing the ionic liquid 1 -butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]CI) and CrCI3 as a catalyst. Experiments were directed to the production of furans (hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural from hexoses and p...

Corn stover was used for manufacturing 2nd generation bioethanol following a biorefinery scheme based on fractionation by autohydrolysis and further Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of pretreated solids. Autohydrolysis was performed under a wide range of severities to identify conditions leading simultaneously to a liquid phase...

Sweet corn is a widely distributed crop that generates agricultural waste without significant commercial value. In this study, we show that sweet corn varieties produce large amounts of residual biomass (10 t ha−1) with high content of soluble sugars (25% of dry matter) in a short growing season (3 months). The potential ethanol production from str...

Bioethanol was manufactured from corn stover after consecutive stages of hydrothermal pretreatment (to solubilize hemicelluloses) and delignification. Hydrothermal pretreatment was carried out by heating aqueous suspensions of corn stover up to reach 180−200 °C, and the resulting solids were delignified with ethanol−water solutions (containing 30−7...

Objective of our project is to provide an assessment on the manufacture of second-generation ethanol from stover of Zea maize L. genotypes. Nine local maize populations from Europe and North-America and three elite commercial hybrids that represent a wide range of the genetic base for temperate hybrid development were evaluated in two locations in...

Lignocellulosic materials (LCM) are produced in large quantities and without clear application and their use as raw material for bioethanol production shows economic and ecologic benefits. LCM are composed mainly of three polymers: cellulose made up of glucose units, hemicellulose made up of several sugars (as xylose or arabinose), and lignin made...

Lignocellulosic material (LCM) can be employed as feedstock for biorefineries, a concept related to industries designed to process biomass for producing chemicals, fuels and/or electrical power. According to this philosophy, LCM can be fractionated and the resulting fractions employed for specific applications. Bioethanol production from cellulosic...

BACKGROUND Ulex europæus (UE) is a widespread invasive shrub species causing economic problems and environmental hazards. This work deals with the valorization of UE by hydrothermal processing (to obtain hemicelluloses-derived saccharides) followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the resulting solids for manufacturing second ge...

En algunos países hay un exceso de producción de fru-ta de banano. En este trabajo se estudia su valorización mediante procesamiento hidrotérmico en condiciones no isotermas a temperaturas máximas entre 110 y 240 ºC. Se ha estudiado la variación del rendimiento en sólido y de la composición de las fases sólida y líquida. La fase sólida está compues...

The majority of tropical countries dedicated in the production of banana fruit have a lot of excess related with this cultivation. This work present an alternative to give add value to this excess using hydrothermal processing at non isothermal conditions with temperatures between (110 240) °C. It was analyzed the yield in solid, the liquid and sol...

A commercial variety of Leucaena leucocephala K360 was used for pulp production and papermaking employing the soda-anthraquinone process. Also, the chemical and energy contents of the resultant black liquors were determined to simultaneously optimize: pulp and paper production and energy generation. A process temperature of (185°C), an operating ti...

Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were subjected to non-isothermal autohydrolysis in order to solubilize hemicelluloses, leading to treated solids of increased cellulose content and enzyme digestibility. Autohydrolyzed solids obtained under a variety of operational conditions were assayed as substrates for bioethanol production by Simultaneous Sacch...

The aqueous fractionation of native lignocellulosic materials with hot, compressed water (also known as hydrothermal processing or autohydrolysis) has been proposed as a fractionation method for biorefineries, as it enables the simultaneous removal of water‐soluble extractives and the solubilization of hemicelluloses, yielding a solid phase enriche...

Biorefinery developed involve separation of olive pruning into two parts: main (OPM) (stems>1cm diameter), and residual (OPR) (stems<1cm diameter, and leaves). OPM was submitted to hydrothermal treatment, separating: a liquid fraction (HL), rich in products of hemicelluloses decomposition, and other solid (HS), rich in cellulose and lignin. HS is s...

BACKGROUND: Olive tree trimmings, a widely available agricultural residue lacking added value applications, were subjected to treatments with hot, compressed water under a variety of operational conditions. As a result of treatments, hemicelluloses were solubilized, and the treated solids were enriched in cellulose and lignin. Spent solids from aut...

Considering the biorefinery concept, the authors of this review, who belong to the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Vigo, in the Faculty of Science, have developed their researches in this field. This review shows the work of the group in the last two decades, based on the fractionating of lignocellulosic materials (forest, indu...

Olive tree trimmings (OTT) were subjected to sequential stages of autohydrolysis (with hot compressed water) and ethanol–water mixtures (organosolv pulping), to obtain three separate streams containing hemicellulose-derived products (autohydrolysis liquors), lignin fragments (pulping liquors), and autohydrolyzed, delignified solids (denoted ADOTT)...

BACKGROUND: Barley husks were subjected to non-isothermal autohydrolysis of different severities, yielding a liquid phase rich in hemicellulose-derived compounds and a solid phase, composed mainly of cellulose and lignin. This solid phase was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in order to assess the effects of severity on the susceptibility of subst...

Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were subjected to autohydrolysis for extracting hemicelluloses, and the resulting solids were assayed as substrates for kraft pulping and further Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) bleaching. The susceptibility of treated solids to kraft processing was assessed under selected experiments covering the optimum experimental r...

This work provides an assessment on the fractionation of Eucalyptus globulus wood by sequential stages of autohydrolysis (to cause the solubilization of hemicelluloses) and organosolv pulping (to dissolve lignin, leaving solids enriched in cellulose). With this approach, valuable products (hemicellulose-derived saccharides, sulphur-free lignin frag...

In this work, we determined the properties of cellulose pulp and paper from six different lignocellulosic materials [Eucalyptus globulus, Arundo donax, Leucaena diversifolia, Paulownia fortunei, sunflower stalks, and Chamaecytisus proliferus (tagasaste)], as well as the heating value and chemical composition of their autohydrolysis liquor, with a v...

Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were pretreated in aqueous media under non-isothermal conditions to reach maximal temperatures (T(MAX)) in the range 195-250 degrees C, in order to assess the effects of the pre-treatment severity on the fractionation of wood and on the susceptibility of processed samples toward enzymatic hydrolysis. Both the fracti...

Hydrothermal processing of Eucalyptus globulus wood was evaluated as a pretreatment for bioethanol manufacture, to assess the effects caused by the severity of wood solubilization, composition of liquors, and spent solid and suceptibility of substrates toward enzymatic hydrolysis. A factorial design was employed to assess the hydrolysis kinetics of...

For the purpose of hydrolysing hemicelluloses to oligomers and monomers, Sesbania grandiflora samples were subjected to isothermal autohydrolysis in the temperatures ranging from 145 degrees C to 190 degrees C, using a solid to liquid ratio of 8 and reaction times up to 7.5 h. Kinetic models based on sequential pseudo-homogeneous first order Kineti...

Reutilisation and valorisation of wastes and byproducts is an increasingly important topic which can be illustrated at graduate or undergraduate level by the one-step bioconversion of apple pomace (AP) (an industrial byproduct) into lactic acid. A simple operational procedure that can be carried out without sophisticated equipment is proposed: star...

BACKGROUND:Acacia dealbata wood samples were subjected to hydrothermal processing in aqueous media, yielding a liquid phase (containing xylooligosaccharides) and a solid phase, enriched in cellulose, which was treated with alkaline solutions to obtain solids with improved susceptibility towards enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of the most influent...

In order to assess the suitability of autohydrolysis as a first biorefinery stage, Acacia dealbata wood samples were heated in aqueous media to a range of 170−240 °C. Under selected operational conditions (maximum temperature, 215 °C), 70% xylan was converted into xylooligosaccharides, whereas cellulose and lignin remained in solid phase with littl...

The use of cellulosic biosludges generated in a Kraft pulp mill was investigated as substrate for lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The effect of the operation mode (batch or fedbatch), the initial liquid to solid ratio (12 or 30 g/g) and the nutrient supplementation (MRS components or none) on several...

One of the principles of sustainable development is to replace chemicals traditionally derived from oil with alternative, renewable materials. For example, phenol and phenol derivatives currently used in the manufacture of wood adhesives can be replaced (at least in part) by biopolymers extracted from biomass. In this work, pine bark (a renewable r...

The influence of temperature in the hydrothermal treatment of sunflower stalks on the composition of the liquid fraction obtained was examined. The remaining solid fraction was subjected to ethanol pulping in order to obtain pulp that was used to produce paper sheets. The pulp was characterized in terms of yield, kappa index, viscosity, and cellulo...

Non-isothermal treatments of barley husks in aqueous media were performed under a variety of operational conditions, to cause the hydrolytic degradation of hemicelluloses. The amount and composition of solid and liquid phases were determined. Liquors from treatments were extracted with ethyl acetate in order to remove non-saccharide components (mai...

Corncobs were subjected to nonisothermal reaction in aqueous conditions to reach temperatures in the range 202−216 °C. The liquors were assayed for composition to assess the conversion of xylan into oligosaccharides and reaction byproducts, whereas the spent solids from treatments were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic assays were carrie...

A study on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biosludges generated in a water treatment plant of a Kraft pulp mill was carried out. The effect of the operational conditions (cellulase to solid ratio (CSR), liquid to solid ratio (LSR), surfactant concentration (SC) and reaction time), on the hydrolysate composition was evaluated and a set of mat...

Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were reacted in aqueous media (hydrothermal treatments) at 160 degrees C for 30-66 min. Liquors from the several experiments were analyzed by spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, oligosaccharide substituents (arabino...

The potential of apple pomace for lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was evaluated. The effects of the cellulase to solid ratio (CSR), the liquor to solid ratio (LSR), and the beta-glucosidase to cellulase ratio (BCR) on the kinetics of lactic acid generation were assessed, and a set of mathematical model...

Samples of Arundo donax were subjected to isothermal autohydrolysis, defined by temperature, 150-195 degrees C; time, 0-15 h; and liquor to solid ratio, 8 g/g. The effect of the operational variables on the yield and composition of both liquid and solid phases obtained after the treatments has been studied. The oligomer concentration and compositio...

Samples of rice husks and corn cobs were subjected to hydrothermal treatments in aqueous media under conditions leading to maximal xylooligomer concentration, and the reaction liquors were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) to assess the type and amount of reaction byproducts with potential application as food ingredients and cosmetics. The ident...

Chamaecytisus proliferus L.F ssp palmensis (tagasaste) trimming wood, due to its chemical characteristics, could be an adequate raw material for pulp and paper making. However, smaller yields could be obtained for tagasaste than for eucalyptus due to their higher contents in extractable compounds. Therefore, the influence of the autohydrolysis pre-...

Chamaecytisus proliferus L.F. ssp palmensis (tagasaste), por sus características químicas, puede ser una materia prima alternativa para la fabricación de pasta celulósica aunque pueden esperarse menores rendimientos que para el eucalipto debido a su mayor contenido en extraíbles. En este trabajo se estudia la influencia de un pretratamiento hidroté...

This paper will consider the influence of the autohydrolysis pretreatment on Paulownia fortunei L. woods to obtain a liquid phase (which can be used as a commercial source of organic reagents) and also a solid phase (which is valuable as raw material for pulping processes). Moreover, the influence of the operating conditionsviz., ethanol concentrat...

Arundo donax L. was submitted to a process of isothermal autohydrolysis in the temperature range of 150−195 °C, for periods between 0 and 15 h and a liquid/solid ratio = 8 g g-1, for the purpose of hydrolyzing the hemicelluloses to oligomers (compounds which are of interest to the food industry) and monomers. A conventional kinetic model was develo...

In the present work, samples of sugar cane bagasse were hydrolysed with phosphoric acid under mild conditions (H3PO4 2–6%, time 0–300 min and 122 °C) to study the feasibility of using the liquid phase as fermentation media. Solid yield, sugar concentrations and decomposition product concentrations were measured. The composition of hydrolysates, the...

When xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials are subjected to the action of heat in an aqueous medium (autohydrolysis reaction) under suitable operational conditions, the heterocyclic ether bonds of the polymeric chain are split to give xylooligosaccharides (XO) and a variety of other products derived from hemicelluloses, lignin and extractives....