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Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0

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Smart City is the city morphology supported by the new generation of ICT in perspective of innovation 2.0 in a knowledge-based society. Through pervasive perception, ubiquitous network and intelligent convergence application, smart city is of people-centered sustainable innovation, which is featured by user innovation, open innovation, mass innovation and collaborative innovation. Smart city can shape the public value and create unique value for the city and for every citizen in the city. The evolution of the city from traditional city, cyber city to smart city in the era of innovation 2.0 is analyzed in perspective of paradigm shift of innovation pattern. The key features of smart city are proposed. Practices of smart city around the world are introduced. The case of smart city administration as the smart city initiative in Beijing is analyzed. Government Model Hierarchy Internet Based E-Government Mobile Government、Fluid Government, Smart Government Globalization Countries Companies Individual City Morphology Traditional City Cyber City Smart City Innovation Innovation 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)→Innovation 2.0(service paradigm) Government Government 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)→Government 2.0(service paradigm) Business Enterprise 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)→Enterprise 2.0(service paradigm)
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Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
1
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
SONG Gang1,2 WU Lun1
(1, Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China;
2, Beijing Municipal Bureau of City Administration and Law Enforcement, Beijing 100045,China)
Abstract: Smart City is the city morphology supported by the new generation of ICT in perspective of
innovation 2.0 in a knowledge-based society. Through pervasive perception, ubiquitous network and
intelligent convergence application, smart city is of people-centered sustainable innovation, which is
featured by user innovation, open innovation, mass innovation and collaborative innovation. Smart city
can shape the public value and create unique value for the city and for every citizen in the city. The
evolution of the city from traditional city, cyber city to smart city in the era of innovation 2.0 is
analyzed in perspective of paradigm shift of innovation pattern. The key features of smart city are
proposed. Practices of smart city around the world are introduced. The case of smart city administration
as the smart city initiative in Beijing is analyzed.
Key words: Innovation 2.0, Smart City, Cyber City, Sustainable Innovation, Smart City Administration
Table 1: Multi-dimensional Analysis of Social Topology of Region, Network, Fluid
Social Topology
Region
Network
Fluid
Characteristics
Boundary
Relation
Variation & transformation
Typical ICT Application Mainframe, local
network, (and Pre-ICT)
Telephone, Internet,
e-mail, end user
computing
Mobile technology,
Ubiquitous technology (IoT,
Cloud Computing etc.)
Interaction
Physical and co-located
Virtual
Virtual+ Physical
Service Delivery Bureaucratic, office
based Standard transactions,
informational
User-Centric, Action oriented,
Open, Tailored, coordinated,
real time
Government Model Hierarchy Internet Based
E-Government
Mobile GovernmentFluid
Government, Smart
Government
Globalization
Countries
Companies
Individual
City Morphology
Traditional City
Cyber City
Smart City
Innovation
Innovation 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)
Innovation 2.0(service paradigm)
Government
Government 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)
Government 2.0(service paradigm)
Business
Enterprise 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)
Enterprise 2.0(service paradigm)
Table 2: Industrial and City Morphologies in Industrial Age vs. Those in Information Age
Innovation 1.0 of Industrial Age
Innovation 2.0 of Information Age
工业时代的创新 1.0
信息时代的创新 2.0
Traditional Telecom
ICT Service Provider
Traditional Broadcasting and Television
New Media of ICT convergence
Portal
Social Media such as micro-blog
Traditional Friends-making Website
Social Network Service
Traditional Industrial Automation
Intelligence of Internet of Things
Traditional laboratory
Open Innovation Space
In-house Office
Mobile Office
Hierarchy, Closed Organization
Agile, Open, Collaborative Organization
Producer-centric manufacturing paradigm
User-centric Service Paradigm
Highly Structural organization
wireless, ad hoc, self-organization
Enterprise 1.0
Enterprise 2.0
Government 1.0
Government 2.0
Cyber City
Smart City
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
2
2.0
宋刚 1,2邬伦 1
1、北京大学遥感与地理信息系统研究所 北京 100871
2 北京市城市管理综合行政执法局 北京 100045
智慧城市是新一代信息技术支撑、知识社会下一代创新(创新 2.0)环境下的城市形态。智慧城市通过
全面智能的感知、宽带泛在的互联以及智能融合的应用,实现以用户创新、开放创新、大众创新、协同创新为特
征的可持续创新。智慧城市强调服务导向、以人为本,为城市及生活其间的每一位市民塑造公共价值并创造独特
价值。本文从创新范式转变的角度对创新 2.0 时代从传统城市、数字城市到智慧城市的城市形态演变进行了分析,
总结了智慧城市的特征,介绍了国际上智慧城市的实践,并以北京智慧城管建设为例介绍了北京市在智慧城市方
面的探索。
创新 2.0;智慧城市;数字城市;可持续创新;智慧城管
Introduction
信息化与全球化、城市化一起被称为重塑现代社会的三大力量[1]。信息通信技术(ICT)的
融合与发展推动了创新的民主化进程,加速了创新由生产范式向服务范式的转变[2]以用户为中
心、社会为舞台的面向知识社会、以人为本的下一代创新,即创新 2.0 正逐步浮现[3],并进一步
推动了生活方式、工作方式、组织方式与社会形态的深刻变革[4]
快速城市化进程给城市规划、建设、运行和发展带来一系列问题,导致城市经济发展失调、
环境建设失衡、社会管理失稳,城市运行失序。数字城市在利用现代信息技术解决城市建设和管
理中的各类问题、支撑城市科学发展方面发挥了举足轻重的作用,但仍然存在许多瓶颈,面临
多难题。创新 2.0,伴随着新一代信息技术的兴起,给数字城市的发展与演进带来了新的机遇和
挑战。充分利用以物联网、云计算为代表的新一代信息技术,把握知识社会环境下以人为本的创
2.0 机遇,将为我们破解城市发展与社会管理难题开辟新路径,提供新视野。新一代信息技术
支撑、知识社会创新 2.0 环境下的智慧城市是数字城市以后信息化城市发展的高级形态。智慧城
市通过全面智能的感知、宽带泛在的互联以及智能融合的应用,培育面向知识社会的用户创新、
开放创新、大众创新、协同创新环境,通过以人为本可持续创新实现从传统城市、数字城市向
智慧城市的演进。
The New Generation of Information Technology and Social Development
以移动技术为代表的信息通信技术的融合与发展,为普适计算、泛在网络、随时随地随意的
在线连接、通信和交互提供了可能[5]。移动泛在技术进一步与智能识别、传感等技术融合,为无
所不在的智能、无所不在的感知拓展了空间,催生了以物联网、云计算为代表的新一代信息技术
[6]。新一代信息技术应用通过传感器、射频识别技术(RFID)、3SGISGPSRS)等技术,
实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程,采集其声、光、热、电、力学、化学、生物、
位置等各种需要的信息,并基于泛在网络及云计算实现物与物、物与人的泛在连接与感知、识别、
分析、交互与管理。物联网、云计算为代表的新一代信息技术展现了一个充满智能化的世界,
也是建设可持续创新智慧城市的必备技术基础。
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
3
信息技术发展与全球化、城市化的互动不仅重塑了城市空间[7],也推动了网络帝国的崛起、
再造了流的空间[8]传统的社会组织及其活动边界正在消融[9]。在 Castells 关于信息社会[7,8]Mol
Law 关于社会拓扑学[10]等研究的基础上,通过对移动泛在技术在政府组织中应用的分析,地
域、网络、流体三种社会拓扑结构与三代信息通讯技术发展的参考模型被提出(参见表 1的前六
行)[9]。以移动技术、物联网、云计算为代表的新一代信息技术的应用推动了创新形态的嬗变,
带动了企业、府组织形态以及社会形态由生产范式向服务范式的转变,重塑了个体在全球化中
的力量[11],也必将推动城市形态的进一步演变。
1 地域、网络、流体社会拓扑结构多维度分析
Table 1: Multi-dimensional Analysis of Social Topology of Region, Network, Fluid
社会拓朴
Social Topology
地域
Region
网络
Network
流体
Fluid
特征
Characteristics
边界
Boundary
关系
Relation
变化和转型
Variation & transformation
典型信息通信技术应用
Typical ICT Application
主机、局域网
(以及前 ICT 时代)
Mainframe, local
network, (and Pre-ICT)
电话、互联网
Telephone, Internet, e
-mail,
end user computing
移动、泛在技术(物联网、云
计算等)
Mobile technology, Ubiquitous
technology (IoT, Cloud
Computing etc.)
交互
Interaction
物质、同一地点
Physical and co-located
虚拟
Virtual
虚拟
+
物质
Virtual+ Physical
服务提供
Service Delivery
官僚制、基于办公室
Bureaucratic, office
based
标准“交易”、信息的
Standard transactions,
informational
用户中心、行动导向、开放、
定制、协同、实时
User-Centric, Action oriented,
Open, Tailored, coordinated,
real time
政务模式
Government Model
科层制
Hierarchy
传统电子政府
Internet Based
E-Government
移动政府、流畅政府、智慧政
Mobile GovernmentFluid
Government, Smart
Government s
全球化
Globalization
国家
Countries
企业
Companies
个人
Individual
城市形态
City
传统城市
Traditional City
数字城市
Cyber City
智慧城市
Smart City
创新形态
Innovation
创新
1.0(生产范式)→以用户为中心,以人为本,服务导向→创新 2.0(服务范式)
Innovation 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)Innovation 2.0(service paradigm)
政府形态
Government
政府
1.0(生产范式)→以用户为中心,以人为本,服务导向→政府 2.0(服务范式)
Government 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)Government 2.0(service paradigm)
企业形态
Business
企业 1.0
(生产范式)→以用户为中心
,
以人为本
,
服务导向→企业
2.0
(服务范式)
Enterprise 1.0 (manufacturing paradigm)Enterprise 2.0(service paradigm)
Innovation 2.0: The Next Generation of Innovation in a Knowledge-based Society
信息通信技术的融合与发展,推动了信息共享与知识扩散,带动了创新民主化进程和知识社
会的形成。知识社会形态下,传统意义实验室的边界及创新活动的边界也正在消融,以生产者为
中心的创新模式正在向以用户为中心的创新模式转变[2]。创新 2.0 正将城市重塑为一个开放的创
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
4
新空间[12]创新 2.0 不仅是以复杂性科学视角对 ICT 融合背景下科技创新的重新审视,是一种
适应知识社会的,以用户为中心、以社会实践为舞台以大众创新、共同创新、开放创新为特点
的用户参与的创新形态;从更宏观的视角看待,它更是知识社会条件下的创新民主化展现[3]。知
识社会环境下的科学 2.0、技 术 2.0管理 2.0 共同塑造了面向知识社会的创新 2.0重新定义了创
新中用户的角色、应用的价值、协同的内涵和大众的力量[13]
创新形态的演进深刻影响了互联网形态的演化。蒂姆·奥莱利(Tim O´Reilly)充分认识到了这
个趋势并将这种新的强调开放互动、以用户为中心的互联网形态命名为 Web2.0。进而,创新
态演变推动了企业形态、政府形态的演变。当创新 2.0 在商业领域重定义了生产和消费的关系[14]
创新 2.0 在公共领域则重新定义了管理和服务的关系[15],创新 2.0 视野下的企业 2.0Enterprise
2.0)、政府 2.0Government 2.0被相继提出如果说创新 1.0 是以企业、政府为核心,为用户
生产市场产品以及公共产品;创新 2.0 视野下的企业 2.0、政府 2.0 则强调以用户为中心,用户参
与共同创造独特价值、塑造公共价值[11]
总之,从技术发展的视角,我们早已入信息时代。直到进入 21 世纪,伴随着信息技术
的深入应用与发展,改变世界的力量主体从国家、企业进一步演变为个人,工业时代以生产为中
心的创新 1.0 模式演变到知识时代以服务为导向的创新 2.0 模式,我们才逐步做好了心理、社会、
文化上的准备,社会形态才完成从工业文明向信息文明的嬗变,从工业社会迈入知识社会正是
在这种背景下,互联网形态、企业形态、政府形态等也从工业时代延续的 web1.0、企业 1.0、政
1.0 等真正迈入信息时代的 web2.0、企业 2.0、政府 2.0 等形态服务导向、以人为本的城市
2.0,即智慧城市形态才成为现实。关于社会拓扑、信息通信技术创新形态、政府形态、企业形
态与城市形态的对比关系参见表 1
From Cyber City to Smart City
数字城市是数字地球的重要组成部分,是传统城市的数字化形态。数字城市是应用计算机
互联网、3S多媒体等技术将城市地理信息和城市其他信息相结合,数并存储于计算机网
上所形成的城市虚拟空间。数字城市建设通过空间数据基础设施的标准、各 城市信息的数字
化整合多方资源,从技术和体制两方面为实现数据共享和互操作提供了基础,实现了城市 3S
术的一体化集成和各行业、各领域信息化的深入应用[16]数字城市的发展积累大量的基础和运
行数据,也面临诸多挑战,包括城市级海量信息的采集、分析、存储、利用等处理问题,多系统
融合中的各种复杂问题,以及技术发展带来的城市发展异化问题。
新一代信息技术的发展使得城市形态在数字化基础上进一步实现智能化成为现实。依托物联
网可实现智能化感知、识别、定位、跟踪和监管;借助云计算及智能分析技术实现海量信息的
处理和决策支持。同时,伴知识社会环境下创新 2.0 形态的逐步展现,现代信息技术在对工业
时代各类产业完成面向效率提升的数字化改造之后,逐步衍生出一些新的产业业态、组织形态[11]
使人们对信息技术引领的创新形态演变、社会变革有了更真切的体会对科技创新以人为本有了
更深入的理解,对现代科技发展下的城市形态演化也有了新的认识(见表 2)。
2 工业时代和信息时代对应的各类产业业态与城市形态
Table 2: Industrial and City Morphologies in Industrial Age vs. Those in Information Age
工业时代的创新 1.0
Innovation 1.0 of Industrial Age
信息时代的创新 2.0
Innovation 2.0 of Information Age
传统电信业
Traditional Telecom
ICT
服务商
ICT Service Provider
传统广电
ICT
融合下的新媒体
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
5
Traditional Broadcasting and Television
New Media of ICT convergence
门户网站
Portal
微博等社交媒体
Social Media such as micro-blog
交友网站
Friends-making Website
SNS 社交网络
Social Network Service
传统工业自动化
Traditional Industrial Automation
物联网智能化
Intelligence of Internet of Things
传统实验室
Traditional laboratory
开放创新空间
Open Innovation Space
办公室办公
In-house Office
移动办公
Mobile Office
科层制封闭组织
Hierarchy, Closed Organization
灵活外包开放协作组织
Agile, Open, Collaborative Organization
以生产者为中心的生产范式
Producer-centric manufacturing paradigm
以用户为中心的服务范式
User-centric Service Paradigm
基于机构的高度结构化
Highly Structural organization
基于个体的无线、多跳、点对点、自组织
wireless, ad hoc, self-organization
企业
1.0
Enterprise 1.0
企业
2.0
Enterprise 2.0
政府 1.0
Government 1.0
政府 2.0
Government 2.0
……
……
数字城市
Cyber City
智慧城市
Smart City
研究机构 Forrester 对智慧城市的定义为通过智能计算技术的应用使得城市管理、教育、
医疗、房地产、交通运输、公用事业和公众安全等城市组成的关键基础设施组件和服务更互联、
高效和智能[17]技术发展的视角,李德仁院士认为智慧城市是数字城市与物联网相结合的产物
[18]胡小明则从城市资源观念演变的视角论述了数字城市相对应的信息资源、智能城市相对应的
软件资源、网络城市相对应的组织资源之间的关系[19]值得关注的是,一些城市信息化建设的先
行城市也越来越多的开始从以人为本的视角开展智慧城市的建设,欧盟启动了面向知识社会创
2.0 Living Lab 计划,致力于将城市打造成为开放创新空间,营造有利于创新涌现的城市生
[12]
对比数字城市和智慧城市,我们可以发现以下六方面的差异。其一,当数字城市通过城市地
理空间信息与城市各方面信息的数字化在虚拟空间再现传统城市,智慧城市则注重在此基础上进
一步利用传感技术、智能技术实现对城市运行状态的自动、实时、全面感知。其二,当数字城市
通过城市各行业的信息化提高了各行业管理效率和服务质量,智慧城市则更强调从行业分割、
封闭的信息化架构迈向作为复杂巨系统的开放、整合、协同的城市信息化架构,发挥城市信息
化的整体效能。其三,当数字城市基于互联网形成初步的业务协同,智慧城市则更注重通过泛在
网络、移动技术实现无所不在的互联和随时随地随身的智能融合服务。其四,当数字城市关注数
据资源的生产、积累和应用,智慧城市更关注用户视角的服务设计和提供。其五,当数字城市更
多注重利用信息技术实现城市各领域的信息化以提升社会生产效率,智慧城市则更强调人的主体
地位,更强调开放创新空间的塑造及其间的市民参与、用户体验,及以人为本实现可持续创新
价值创造。其六,当数字城市致力于通过信息化手段实现城市运行与发展各方面功能,提高城市
运行效率,服务城市管理和发展,智慧城市则更强调通过政府、市场、社会各方力量的参与和协
同实现城市公共价值塑造和独特价值创造。
智慧城市不但广泛采用物联网、云计算、人工智能、数据挖掘、知识管理、社交网络等技术
工具,也注重用户参与、以人为本的创新 2.0 理念及其方法的应用,以实现智慧技术高度集成、
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
6
智慧产业高端发展、智慧服务高效便民,完成从数字城市向智慧城市的跃升。智慧城市将是创新
2.0 时代以人为本的可持续创新城市。
Smart City: Global Practices, Features and Connotation
1
2008 11 月,在纽约召开的外国关系理事会上,IBM 提出了“智慧的地球” 这一理念,进
而引发了智慧城市建设的热潮。
欧盟于 2006 年发起了欧洲 Living Lab 组织,它采用新的工具和方法、先进的信息和通讯技
术来调动方方面面的“集体的智慧和创造力”,为解决社会问题提供机会。该组织还发起了欧洲
智慧城市网络。Living Lab 完全是以用户为中心,借助开放创新空间的打造帮助居民利用信息技
术和移动应用服务提升生活质量,使人的需求在其间得到最大的尊重和满足[12]
2009 年,迪比克市与 IBM 合作,建立美国第一个智慧城市。利用物联网技术,在一个有六
万居民的社区里将各种城市公用资源(水、电、油、气、交通、公共服务等等)连接起来,监测
分析和整合各种数据以做出智能化的响应,更好的服务市民。
日本 2009 年推出“I-Japan 智慧日本战略 2015”,旨在将数字信息技术融入生产生活的每个
角落,目前将目标聚焦在电子政务治理、医疗健康服务、教育与人才培养三大公共事业领域。
韩国以网络为基础,打造绿色、数字化、无缝移动连接的生态、智慧型城市。通过整合公共
通讯平台,以及无处不在的网络接入,消费者可以方便的开展远程教育、医疗、办理税务,还能
实现家庭建筑能耗的智能化监控等
新加坡 2006 年启动“智慧国 2015”计划,通过物联网等新一代信息技术的积极应用将新
加坡建设成为经济、社会发展一流的国际化城市。在电子政务、服务民生及泛在互联方面,新加
坡成绩引人注目。其中智能交通系统通过各种传感数据、运营信息及丰富的用户交互体验,为
民出行提供实时、适当的交通信息。
美国麻省理工学院比特和原子研究中心发起的 Fab Lab(微观装配实验室)基于从个人通讯
到个人计算再到个人制造的社会技术发展脉络,试图构建以用户为中心、面向应用的用户创新制
造环境,使 即使在自己的家中也可随心所欲的设计和制造他们想象中的产品,从另外一个视
角解读了智慧城市以人为本的内涵[20]
2
各国在智慧城市方面的探索与实践,都注重通过新一代信息技术的应用,从市民需求出发,
以各种基础网络为支撑建设感知设施,通过信息的融合分析提供智能服务。我们关注到,际上
智慧城市的先行者还特别强调以市民为中心,强调用户参与、社会参与的开放创新空间构建。欧
盟在对中小城市开展的智慧城市评价中,梳理了智慧经济、智慧公众、智慧管理、智慧移动性、
智慧环境、智慧生活 6 大维度 31 个方面 74 项指标[21],体现了智慧城市建设中以人为本、强化
服务、强化价值创造的创新 2.0 理念。
智慧城市的四大基础特征体现为:全面智能的感知、宽带泛在的互联、智能融合的应用以及
以人为本的可持续创新。
第一,全面智能的感知。通过传感技术,实现对城市管理各方面监测和全面感知。智慧城市
利用各类随时随地的感知设备和智能化系统,智能识别、立体感知城市环境、状态、位置等信息
的全方位变化,对感知数据进行融合、分析和处理,并能与业务流程智能化集成,继而主动做出
响应,促进城市各个关键系统和谐高的运
第二,宽带泛在的互联。各类宽带有线、无线网络技术的发展为城市中物与物、人与物、人
与人的全面互联、互通、互动,为城市各类随时、随地、随需、随意应用提供了基础条件。宽带
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
7
泛在网络作为智慧城市的神经网络”,极大的增强了智慧城市作为自适应系统的信息获取、
时反馈、随时随地智能服务的能力。
第三,智能融合的应用。现代 城市及其管理是一类开放的复杂巨系统,新一代全面感知技术
的应用更增加了城市的海量数据[22]集大成,成智慧[23]。基 云计算,通过智能融合技术的应用
实现对海量数据的存储、计算与分析,并引入人的“智慧”参与,可大大提升决策支持的能力。
基于云计算平台的大成智慧工程[24]将构成智慧城市的“大脑。技术的融合与发展还将进一步推
动“云 ”与“”的结 [11],推动从个人通讯、个人计算到个人制造的发展[20]推动实现智能融
合、随时、随地、随需、随意的应用,进一步彰显个人的参与和用户的力量[3]
第四,以人为本的可持续创新。面 向 知识社会的下一创新重塑了现代科技以人为本的内涵,
重新定义了创新中用户的角色、用的价值、协同的内涵和大众的力量智慧城市的建设尤其
注重以人为本、市民参与、社会协同的开放创新空间的塑造以及公共价值与独特价值的创造。注
重从市民需求出发,并通过维基、微博、Fab LabLiving Lab 等工具和方法强化用户的参与,汇
聚公众智慧,不断推动用户创新、开放创新、大众创新、协同创新,以人为本实现经济、社会、
环境的可持续发展。
3
伴随网络帝国的崛起、移动技术的融合发展以及创新的民主化进程,知识社会环境下的智慧
城市是继数字城市之后信息化城市发展的高级形态。智慧城市是新一代信息技术支撑、知识社会
创新 2.0 环境下的城市形态,通过新一代信息技术支撑实现全面智能感知、宽带泛在互联、智能
融合应用,推动以用户创新、开放创新、大众创新、协同创新为特征的以人为本的可持续创新。
从技术发展的视角,智慧城市建设要求通过以移动技术为代表的物联网、云计算等新一代信
息技术应用实现全面感知、泛在互联、普适计算与融合应用。从社会发展的视角,智慧城市还要
求通过维基、社交网络Fab LabLiving Lab 等工具和方法的应用,实现以用户创新、开放创新、
大众创新、协同创新为特征的知识社会环境下的可持续创新强调通过价值创造,以人为本实现
经济、社会、环境的全面可持续发展
Smart City Administration: The Practice of Smart City towards Innovation 2.0
智慧城市管理与公共服务、智慧政府是智慧城市的重要方面[25]智慧城管是以新一代信息通
信技术为支撑、面向知识社会创新 2.0 的城市管理新模式。其在理念上强调以用户创新、大众创
新、开放创新、协同创新为特征的知识社会环境下以人为本的可持续创新;在技术上要求通过
动技术、物联网、云计算等新一代信息技术以及维基、社交媒体、Living LabFab Lab 等工具和
方法的应用,实现全面智能的感知、宽带泛在的互联、智能融合的应用、以人为本的可持续创新,
突出城市管理的智能化、人本化服务转型。
北京市城市管理部门借鉴国内外智慧城市建设的先进经验,以城管物联网平台建设为载体,
积极探索物联网、云计算、移动互联网等新一代信息技术应用,并积极打造面向知识社会的创新
2.0 模式,推动从数字城管向智慧城管的跨越。
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
8
电子政务网络 政务物联数据专网 移动公网 互联网
业务数据
共享数据
基础数据
指挥调度系统
公共服务系统 巡查督查系统
分析研判与决策支持系统
无线宽带专网
电子表单 GIS服务 工作流 业务智能
噪声感知 视频感知 视频感知(共享)车辆位置感知 单兵位置感知 城管通信息采集
云计算、云存储
数据中心
综合执法系统
1 基于物联网的智慧城管建设的总体架构图
Figure 1: General Framework of Smart City Administration based on Internet of things
基于物联网的智慧城管总体架构(参见图 1)自底向上分为“感、传、知、用”四个层,即
感知层、传输层、支撑层、应用层,同时建设安全保障体系、标准规范体系作为支撑。
感知层通过无线射频、卫星定位、视频监控、噪音监测、状态监测、执法城管通、市民城管
通等多元传感设备,实现身份识别、位置感知、图像感知、状态感知等多方面感知,全面增强城
管理感知能力。传输层依托全市共建的有线、无线宽带等网络实现城市管理对象与机构、人
员及广大市民之间的泛在互联。支撑层将保障城管物联网平台所需要的 IT 基础设施,构建北京
城管云,提供各类数据和业务的存储、运算分析与服务功能。应用层以城管地图公共服务系统
建设为牵引,通过新一代信息技术工具及社会工具应用构筑面向创新 2.0 的公共服务新模式[26]
强化扁平指挥与敏捷反应能力,并以从定性到定量的综合集成方法为指导,在巡查监察、综合执
法、公共服务等系统基础上构建基于大成智慧工程的综合集成研讨厅,形成智能融合的应用,强
化智能化、科学化决策和人性化服务能力。
北京在城管信息化建设中重视用户体验和参与,重视市民及社会的参与,借鉴 Living Lab
Fab Lab 等面向知识社会的创新 2.0 法论,致力于将基于物联网的智慧城管构建作为开放创新
空间建设的载体,形成人民城市人民管的氛围,实践“城市让生活更美好”的追求,为城市及
生活其间的市民塑造公共价值、创造独特价值。依托标准规范体系及标准化建设,智慧城市将
强化开放数据标准、开放平台接口规范、用户参与及用户体验设计规范等标准规范的建设,推
动用户创新、开放创新、大众创新、协同创新。
当创新 2.0 与新公共服务的浪潮汇聚推动了政府 2.0[11],创 新 2.0 与信息化城市建设的浪潮汇
聚则推动了智慧城市。政府 2.0 智慧城市的潮流进一步汇聚,共同塑造了智慧城管。智慧城管
是新一代信息技术、知识社会创新 2.0 环境下的城市管理再创新,它以物联网、云计算为代表的
新一代信息技术为支撑,通过全面智能感知、宽带泛在互联、智能融合应用,形成以市民为中心、
城市社会为舞台的用户创新、开放创新、大众创新、协同创新,以人为本的价值实现提升到一
Smart City in Perspective of Innovation 2.0
9
个新的高度,实现城市管理者、市场、社会多方协同的公共价值塑造和独特价值创造,实城市
管理从生产范式向服务范式的转变。
Conclusion
伴随信息通信技术演进、知识社会的发展以及创新的民主化进程,新一代信息技术及其
生的创新 2.0 正重塑着当代社会,为城市发展与社会管理带来崭新的机遇。智慧城市是继数字城
市以后信息化城市发展的高级形态。智慧城市不仅体现在以物联网、云计算、移动互联网为代表
新一代信息技术充分应用,还体现在维基、社交网络、Fab LabLiving Lab 为代表的工具
和方法的应用。通过全面智能的感知、宽带泛在的互联、智能融合的应用,智慧城市将实现以用
户创新、开放创新、大众创新、协同创新为特征的知识社会环境下的可持续创新,成为一个充满
生机与活力的有机生命体,塑造城市的公共价值并为生活其间的每一位市民创造独特的价值。
之,智慧城市以新一代信息技术为支撑,是创新 2.0 时代以人为本的城市形态
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mGov Lab China http://www.mgov.cn/lab/
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Chapter
Smart cities are established on some smart components such as smart governances, smart economy, science and technology, smart politics, smart transportation, and smart life. Each and every smart object is interconnected through the internet, challenging the security and privacy of citizen's sensitive information. A secure framework for smart cities is the only solution for better and smart living. This can be achieved through IoT infrastructure and cloud computing. The combination of IoT and Cloud also increases the storage capacity and computational power and make services pervasive, cost-effective, and accessed from anywhere and any device. This chapter will discuss security issues and challenges of smart city along with cyber security framework and architecture of smart cities for smart infrastructures and smart applications. It also presents a general study about security mechanism for smart city applications and security protection methodology using IOT service to stand against cyber-attacks.
Conference Paper
New data acquisition methods in smart city, such as smart mobile phones, RFID, sensors, two-dimensional code, can obtain the object information in real-time. Storage and analysis for big data are challenges for smart city. Based on concept of intellisense information service of smart city, this paper analyzes the interactive relationship among the government, business and public which focus on technology and infrastructure. Then, builds T-IGBP value network model and puts forward the framework model of intellisense information service for smart city, in order to solve the problem for accurate information transmit to the right target at accurate time and right place. Finally, the challenges that smart city intellisense information service are proposed in future.
Conference Paper
This paper will explore the urban experience and design opportunities in the context of smart city. Shaping the ecological, balanced and sustainable way of urban lifestyle is becoming new challenge to designer in China. In related research, the development of smart cities and design urban experience will be explored from the integrated perspectives of theories and methodologies. We regard the city as the social network, living community and connected organism by the support of new information and communication technology. Research will focus on understanding the urban interaction pattern between citizen, media and city based on activity theory. The results of this research will help to transform the smart city design from technology driven to people driven; provide new models and case studies for developing the smart service system and shaping new urban experience in Beijing.
Article
Full-text available
The convergence of mobile communication and mobile computing technologies opens up new horizon for mobile interaction and mobile working. The use of mobile technology in government sector not only provides an alternative channel of communication and public service delivery, but more importantly, it can address the mobility of government itself and in this way transcend the traditional e-government service delivery model by bring personalized, localized and context aware services close to its mobile citizens. A number of mobile government initiatives have been proposed globally to take advantage of this opportunity for better public service delivery. In this paper an example of such a mobile government initiative in a district of Beijing is presented. Based on the study this paper argues for a further paradigm shift from e-government to mobile government. With the challenges and opportunities provided by mobile ICT, government should be aware of the potential of mobile government to transcend the traditional e-government models, which pay undue attention to online Internet portals.
Article
Full-text available
The convergence of mobile communication and mobile computing technologies opens up new horizons for mobile interaction and mobile working. The use of mobile technology in the government sector not only provides an alternative channel of communication and public service delivery, but more importantly, it can address the mobility of the government itself and in this way transcend the traditional e-government service delivery model by bringing personalized, localized and context aware services close to its citizen. The case of Beijing is analyzed in this paper. A distinct fluid organization emerges in mobile government practices in Beijing. With the challenges and opportunities provided by mobile ICT, government should shift from manufacturing mentality to service mentality and be aware of the potentials of mobile government to transform the government to be more agile, responsive, accountable, and action oriented.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The convergence and emergence of modern information and communication technologies opens up new horizons for organizations in a knowledge-based society. Modern ICT transcended the traditional service delivery pattern and innovation pattern by bringing personalized, localized and context aware services close to users. The traditional boundary of organization is dissolving as well as the traditional innovation and R&D boundaries. This paper conducted a preliminary comparative case study of Living Lab, Fab Lab and Application Innovation Park (AIP) based on extended technology-organization-environment framework, and argues the emergence of innovation 2.0 as a paradigm shift from manufacturing paradigm to service paradigm in a knowledge-based society. We need to shift from manufacturing mentality to service mentality and be aware of the potentials of modern ICT on the transformation of the innovation patterns to be more cooperative, open, user-centric and service oriented.
Article
Innovation 2.0, the next generation of innovation, is working to exploit all sources of talent and all scales of enterprise for addressing diversity of demand in the society. The organization aims to exploit the value of peer-to-peer relationships to access the ideas and perspectives of all sources of talent. It democratizes all resources that can be controlled and managed by communities and individuals efficiently. It is also enabling citizens to become active producers of information and consumers of information made by other citizens. The consumers are using Internet as a routine source of information for getting knowledge about specific fields. Patient-led Innovation 2.0 are generating insights that help policy-makers and service providers to understand the information requirements and choices available for users and professionals.
Book
From the Publisher: This ambitious book is an account of the economic and social dynamics of the new age of information. Based on research in the USA, Asia, Latin America, and Europe, it aims to formulate a systematic theory of the information society which takes account of the fundamental effects of information technology on the contemporary world. The global economy is now characterized by the almost instantaneous flow and exchange of information, capital and cultural communication. These flows order and condition both consumption and production. The networks themselves reflect and create distinctive cultures. Both they and the traffic they carry are largely outside national regulation. Our dependence on the new modes of informational flow gives enormous power to those in a position to control them to control us. The main political arena is now the media, and the media are not politically answerable. Manuel Castells describes the accelerating pace of innovation and application. He examines the processes of globalization that have marginalized and now threaten to make redundant whole countries and peoples excluded from informational networks. He investigates the culture, institutions and organizations of the network enterprise and the concomitant transformation of work and employment. He points out that in the advanced economies production is now concentrated on an educated section of the population aged between 25 and 40: many economies can do without a third or more of their people. He suggests that the effect of this accelerating trend may be less mass unemployment than the extreme flexibilization of work and individualization of labor, and, in consequence, a highly segmented socialstructure. The author concludes by examining the effects and implications of technological change on mass media culture ("the culture of real virtuality"), on urban life, global politics, and the nature of time and history. Written by one of the worlds leading social thinkers and researchers The Rise of the Network Society is the first of three linked investigations of contemporary global, economic, political and social change. It is a work of outstanding penetration, originality, and importance.
Article
This is a paper about the topological presuppositions that frame the performance of social similarity and difference. It argues that 'the social' does not exist as a single spatial type, but rather performs itself in a recursive and topologically heterogeneous manner. Using material drawn from a study of the way in which tropical doctors handle anaemia, it explores three different social topologies. First, there are 'regions' in which objects are clustered together, and boundaries are drawn round each cluster. Second, there are 'networks' in which distance is a function of relations between elements, and difference a matter of relational variety. These two forms of spatiality are often mobilized in social theory. However, we argue that there are other kinds of social space, and here consider the possible character of a third, that of 'fluid spatiality'. In this, places are neither delineated by boundaries, nor linked through stable relations: instead, entities may be similar and dissimilar at different locations within fuid space. In addition, they may transform themselves without creating difference.
The Informational City. Blackwell
  • M Castells
Castells, M. The Informational City. Blackwell. Oxford. 1989
Government 2.0: Transforming government and governance for the twenty-first century
  • D Tapscott
  • A Williams
  • D Herman
Tapscott, D., A. D Williams, and D. Herman. "Government 2.0: Transforming government and governance for the twenty-first century." New Paradigm. 2007