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Plant Growth Response of French Bean to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

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HEMLATA CHAUHAN
HEMLATA CHAUHAN
HEMLATA CHAUHAN
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D. J. Bagyaraj at Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development (CNBRCD), Bangalore
D. J. Bagyaraj
  • Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development (CNBRCD), Bangalore
G. Thilagar at Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development
G. Thilagar
  • Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development
J. E. RAVI
J. E. RAVI
J. E. RAVI
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Abstract

Eleven arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were screened for their effectiveness on French bean in a poly house experiment. Plants with mycorrhizal inoculation performed better compared to uninoculated control. Plant height was maximum in Glomus mosseae inoculated plants. Biovolume index, fruit weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight were also maximum in Glomus mosseae treated plants. Mycorrhizal root colonization was 100% in G. fasciculatum and G. bagyarajii treated plants followed by G. mosseae and G. macrocarpum which showed 90% colonization. Number of AM spores in the root zone soil was maximum in G. etunicatum treatment. Based on the overall plant growth improvement and P uptake G. mosseae is selected as the best AM fungus for inoculating French bean.
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5 0 J. Soil Biol. Ecol. 32 (1&2) : 50-56, 2012
Plant Growth Response of French Bean to Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi
HEMLATA CHAUHAN, D. J. BAGYARAJ, G. THILAGAR and J. E. RAVI
Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development
41, RBI Colony, Anand Nagar, Bangalore – 560024
Received: 02 July 2012; Accepted: 08 October 2012
Abstract
Eleven arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were screened for their effectiveness on
French bean in a poly house experiment. Plants with mycorrhizal inoculation performed
better compared to uninoculated control. Plant height was maximum in Glomus mosseae
inoculated plants. Biovolume index, fruit weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight
were also maximum in Glomus mosseae treated plants. Mycorrhizal root colonization was
100% in G. fasciculatum and G. bagyarajii treated plants followed by G. mosseae and G.
macrocarpum which showed 90% colonization. Number of AM spores in the root zo ne soil
was maximum in G. etunicatum treatment. Based on the overall plant growth improvement
and P uptake G. mosseae is selected as the best AM fungus for inoculating French bean.
Introduction
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are obligate symbiotic fungi and associated with almost
80% of the plants. They have wide host range and are distributed over a wide range of
climatic conditions. AM fungal association with plants offers number of benefits to host.
The inoculation of plants with AM fungi improves growth of the host mainly because of
enhanced P uptake. Other benefits to the ho st include enhanced tolerance to pathogens,
abiotic and biotic stresses, increased nutrient uptake, formation of soil aggregates etc.
(Bagyaraj and Kehri, 2012). The beneficial effect of inoculation of AM fungi to plants may
vary depending on host and soil conditions. These fungi are not host specific but they
show host preference (Miller et al., 1987). Thus it is necessary to screen different mycorrhizal
fungi for inoculating a particular crop. Association of AM fungi in legumes is of special
interest as they alleviate P stress which enhances N fixation by the plant leading to improved
plant growth, yield and sometimes increased protein content (Hayman, 1986). French bean
5 1
Response of French Bean to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
(Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important vegetable legume crop widely cultivated in temperate
and subtropical regions. It is mostly cultivated for edible pod and ripe seeds which contain
protein, carbohydrate, fiber, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium and iron. Present study was
conducted to screen different AM fungi in a poly house in order to select the efficient AM
fungi for inoculating French bean.
Material and Methods
The present study was carried out in a poly house. Soil: sand: vermicompost were
mixed (1:1:0.25 v/v) and poly bags (1.5 kg) were filled with this mix. Soil used in the study
was a fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, kanhaplustalf having an indigenous population of
209 spores / 50g of soil. The mycorrhizal fungi used in the study were Acaulospora laevis,
Glomus bagyarajii, G. etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, G. leptotichum, G. macrocarpum,
and G monosporum, G. mosseae, Gigaspora margarita and Scutellospora calospora . These were
maintained at CNBRCD culture collection as pot culture using Rhodes grass as host. The
experiment had 12 treatments (11 inoculation treatments and 1 control without inoculation)
and each treatment was replicated 7 times. A planting hole was made in each pot and 10g
of the mycorrhizal inoculum was added to each potting hole depending on the treatment.
Three French bean seeds (Arka Komal, IIHR) were sown to each bag and later one plant per
pot was maintained. The plants were watered as and when necessary.
Pl ant height and girth were measu red at regular intervals and also at harvest.
Biovolume index was calculated using appropriate formula (Hatchell, 1985). Plants were
harvested after two months. Root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total plant dry weight
were determined after harvest. Dry weight was determined after drying plants to a constant
weight in a hot air oven at 80ºC. Fruit yield was also recorded. Shoot and root sample s were
powdered and the phosphorus concentration was determined using Vandomolybdate
ye llow co lour me thod (J ackson, 1 973). Pe r cent mycorrhiza l root co lonizati on was
determined after staining the root samples with trypan blue (Philips and Hayman, 1970)
and colonization estimated using the gridline intersect method (Giovanetti and Mosse,
198 0). AM sp ore numb ers in the root zone soil was estim a ted by wet sieving and
decantation method (Gerdmann and Nicolson, 1963). The Results obtained were analyzed
statistically and treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(Duncan, 1965).
5 2
Results and Discussion
Increased plant growth and P nutrition due to AM fungal inoculation has been
reported in several legume and cereal crops (Bagyaraj, 2011). In general, mycorrhizal
inoculation resulted in a significant increase in plant height, stem girth, biovolume index,
fruit fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and plant P concentration of French
bean plants. Host preference among AM fungi has been reported by earlier workers.
Hence the need for selecting efficient AM fungi that can be used for inoculating crop
plants has been stressed ((Bagyaraj and Kehri, 2012). The present study with an objective
of screening for an efficient AM fungus has also resulted in varied plant growth responses
to different AM fungi. The results on plant height, stem girth and biovolume index and
fruit yield are presented in table 1. Though most of the inoculated plants showed higher
plant height compared to uninoculated control, inoculation with G. mosseae resulted in
significantly higher plant height differing from all other treatments. The stem girth was
significantly highest in plants treated with Scutellospora calospora followed by Acaulospora
laevis and G. leptotichum treated p lants. The biovolume index which is an important
parameter giving the quality of the plant was significantly highest in plants treated with G.
mosseae. The increase was 140% over uninoculated plants. Enhanced plant height, stem
girth and biovolume index because of AM fungal inoculation has been reported by earlier
workers in other plants. (Rajan et al., 2000; Dag et al., 2007; Pagano et al., 2007). The fruit yield
was also higher in inoculated plants compared to uninoculated control. Significantly
highest yield was obtained in Glomus mosseae treated plants. The increase in yield was 55%
over control.
The root dry weight was highest in G. mosseae treated plants which was statistically on
par with the treatments of G. bagyarajii and G. leptotichum, the increase being 595, 525,
512% respectively, over control. The shoot dry weight was highest in G. leptoticum treated
plants which was on par with G. mosseae treatment. The increase over control was 827%
and 681% respectively. The total plant dry weight was maximum in G. mosseae treatment
which did not differ statistically from the treatments G. bagyarajii, G. macrocarpum and G.
leptotichum (Table2) and the increase was 628%, 500%, 418% and 594% respectively. Increase
in plant dry weight due to efficient AM fungal inoculation in legume crops has been
reported by earlier workers (El-Giami and Daft, 1974; Aryal et al., 2003; and Choudhury and
Azad, 2004). P concentration of plants in most of the inoculated treatments was significantly
higher compared to uninoculated plants. Plants raised in the presence of G. fasciculatum
and G. etunicatum showed the significantly highest P concentration (3.34%) (Table 2) followed
Hemlata Chauhan, D. J. Bagyaraj, G. Thilagar and J.E. Ravi
5 3
by plants treated with G. mosseae (3.05%), all being on par with each other. It is well known
that AM fungi improve plant growth mainly through the uptake of diffusion-limited
nutrients like P, Zn, Cu etc. (Bagyaraj, 2011).
Regarding mycorrhizal root colonization it was 100% in G. fasciculatum and G. bagyarajii
inoculated plants followed by G. mosseae and G. macrocarpum treated plants showing 90%
root colonization (Table 2). Control plants without any mycorrhizal inoculation showed
only 3% colonization. Colonization was not correlated with number of spores in root zone
soil but the spore number was maximum in plants treated with G. etunicatum followed by
G. bagyarajii and G. mosseae. Control plants showed an indigenous AM population of 302
spores / 50g of root zone soil. Since the AM root colonization in uninoculated plants was
only 3% even though abundant spores were present in the soil, it can be deduced that the
native AM fungi are unable to colonize the French bean.
From the plant parameters like biovolume index, fruit yield, total plant dry weight and
P concentration of the plant it can be concluded that Glomus mosseae is the best AM fungal
symbiont for French bean. However, validation under field condition is necessary before
recommending G. mosseae as an inoculant for French bean.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Department of Science and Technology, Government of
India, New Delhi for the financial support for carrying out this work.
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Response of French Bean to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
5 4
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Table 1: Influence of AM fungi on growth parameters of French bean
Response of French Bean to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Values in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05)
5 6
Table 2: Influence of AM fungi on plant dry weight, P concentration, per cent mycorrhizal
colonization and spore numbers in the root zone soil of French bean
Hemlata Chauhan, D. J. Bagyaraj, G. Thilagar and J.E. Ravi
Values in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05)
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Sustainable agroforestry recommends use of more biologicals including microorganisms for the cultivation of plants. Emblica officinalis is an important forest tree species commonly used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for curing several human ailments. A glass house study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Claroideoglomus etunicatum and 5 different plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms (PGPR) singly and in combination on the growth of Phyllanthus emblica (amla) seedlings. The result brought out that single inoculation with AMF C. etunicatum is the best compared to all other treatments in improving the growth of amla seedlings. The performance of this microbial inoculation was later evaluated through large scale forest nursery trials at 3 locations with 500 inoculated and 500 uninoculated amla seedlings at each location. The results of the large scale forest nursery trials validated the results of the glass house study. The increase in biovolume index (BI) of inoculated plants, which indicates the quality of seedlings, was 49% (average of 3 locations) compared to uninoculated plants. The inoculated seedlings under large scale nursery trials were planted in wastelands at 2 locations and their establishment was monitored. The BI of inoculated seedlings was 66% more (average of 2 locations) compared to uninoculated seedlings.
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HMA, C. ensiformis y fertilización en yuca. 2018
Book
  • Jun 2018
A partir de la dependencia micorrízica de Manihot esculenta Crantz y con el objetivo de establecer sistemas de suministro de nutrientes que permitan altos rendimientos y menores dosis de fertilizantes minerales, se ejecutaron diversos experimentos en suelos Ferralíticos Rojos Lixiviados y Pardos mullidos carbonatados, con el fin de integrar el uso y manejo de la simbiosis micorrízica efectiva, vía inoculación de cepas de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) y la utilización de Canavalia ensiformis como abono verde precedente e intercalado, en la tecnología del cultivo. Los principales resultados se asociaron con el establecimiento de criterios de manejo efectivo de los inoculantes micorrízicos en el cultivo, incluyendo los principales clones comerciales y validados a escala productiva en ambos tipos de suelos. Asimismo, la integración de C. ensiformis y los inoculantes garantizó altos rendimientos y un funcionamiento micorrízico efectivo, con menores dosis de fertilizantes minerales y un aumento de la eficiencia agronómica de estos, superando los beneficios anteriormente reportados por el uso de los inoculantes micorrízicos en este cultivo. Además, se obtuvieron los primeros resultados sobre manejo e inoculación de cepas de HMA en suelos de Angola, con resultados muy promisorios en el cultivo de la yuca.
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, Performance of local isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in black clayey soil.
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2014
A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bheemarayanagudi, UAS, Raichur, during rabi season of 2011 to investigate the performance of local isolates of AM fungi along with standard AM fungus, Glomus macrocarpum on growth and yield of chilli variety, Pusa Jwala grown in black clayey soil. The results revealed that per cent root colonization, spore counts, population of free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizers in the rhizosphere of chilli were found to be significantly highest in plants inoculated with local isolate-9 and G. macrocarpum (Standard) as compared to rest of the local isolates of AM fungi and un-inoculated control, but, they did not differ significantly between AM fungi. A matching trend was observed with respect to plant height, total number of green fruits, fruit weight, plant dry weight per plant and shoot phosphorus concentration.
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Dual Inoculation of Native Rhizobium spp. and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Impact Study for Enhancement of Pulse Production
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2004
Fifteen Rhizobium spp. from nodules of 6 common pulses collected from 6 districts of Assam were studied for their infectivity, intrinsic antibiotic resistance, nitrogenase activity and effect of dual inoculation with two native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi viz. Glomus mosseae(GM) and Gigaspora gilmarie(GG). Out of the 15 isolates 9 were found nodulation positive and 6 of them(AR1, BR8, BR12, AR10, UR10 & GR21) were subjected to intrinsic antibiotic sensitivity test of which AR1 showed resistance against all the 9 test antibiotics. Isolates AR1 and GR21 showed the highest(4.25 mole, gm-1hour-1) and the lowest(1.05 mole, gm-1hour-1) nitrogenase activity respectively. In Most Probable Number count, the maximum Rhizobium population 5.8×105, was found in both Blackgram and Greengram variety of pulses. The maximum dry weight of nodules(3.14 g), dry weight of shoot(10.08 g), nitrogen content(7.68 mg, plant-1), chlorophyll content(1.89 mg, g-1), phosphorus content of shoot(6.17 mg, g-1) and yield(535.67 kg, Ha-1) were found when AR1 dually inoculated with GM in Blackgram.
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Biomass Allocation in an Agropyron smithii-Glomus Symbiosis
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1987
The type of response the steppe grass Agropyron smithii Rydb. exhibits to mycorrhizal fungi is dependent upon where along the resource gradient the experiment is conducted. At the lower end of a soil-phosphorus (P) gradient (2 μg P g⁻¹ soil) mycorrhizal A. smithii biomass was 35% greater than its nonmycorrhizal counterpart; while at the high end of the gradient (20 μg P g⁻¹ soil) no difference in host biomass production was evident. Mycorrhizal plants were shorter in stature and produced more tillers than nonmycorrhizal plants. The stature and tiller response was more pronounced at the high end of the soil-P gradient. The partitioning of the mycorrhizal fungus was influenced by the soil-P gradient. At the lower end of the gradient the majority of the fungus was produced extramatrically, where over 5,000 cm of hyphae per plant were encountered after 10 wk growth. While at the high end of the gradient, the majority of fungus was produced internally. The highest mycorrhizal dependency values were measured at the lower end of the soil-P gradient where cost to the host (as measured by fungus biomass expressed as a percentage of the root system) was also highest. Increasing shoot and root-P concentrations were correlated with decreasing external fungus biomass. A positive association between tiler production and internal fungus biomass also existed.
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Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture,Horticulture and Forestry
Book
  • Jan 2021
Microbial Biotechnology is wide-ranging, multi-disciplinary activities which include recombinant DNA techniques, cloning and the application of microbes to the production of goods from bread to antibiotics. This book is an attempt to highlight the significant aspects of the vast subject area of microbial biotechnology likes bioinformatics tool for PCR primer designing, fungal biotransformations, bioremediation by microbes, natural products from fungi, microbial diversity etc to provide a complete overview of the subject. It also addresses the role of bacterial plasmid in xenobiotic degradation, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, ultraviolet-B radiation effect on microbes and human health. The book will be valuable to the researchers, biologist, microbiologist, scientists, post graduate students of microbiology, agriculture, biotechnology and medical science also.
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BIOMASS ALLOCATION IN AN AGROPYRON SMITHII-GLOMUS SYMBIOSIS
Article
  • Jan 1987
The type of response the steppe grass Agropyron smithii Rydb. exhibits to mycorrhizal fungi is dependent upon where along the resource gradient the experiment is conducted. At the lower end of a soil-phosphorus (P) gradient (2 μg P g⁻¹ soil) mycorrhizal A. smithii biomass was 35% greater than its nonmycorrhizal counterpart; while at the high end of the gradient (20 μg P g⁻¹ soil) no difference in host biomass production was evident. Mycorrhizal plants were shorter in stature (P < 0.002) and produced more tillers (P < 0.0001) than nonmycorrhizal plants. The stature and tiller response was more pronounced at the high end of the soil-P gradient. The partitioning of the mycorrhizal fungus was influenced by the soil-P gradient. At the lower end of the gradient the majority of the fungus was produced extramatrically, where over 5,000 cm of hyphae per plant were encountered after 10 wk growth. While at the high end of the gradient, the majority of fungus was produced internally. The highest mycorrhizal dependency values were measured at the lower end of the soil-P gradient where cost to the host (as measured by fungus biomass expressed as a percentage of the root system) was also highest. Increasing shoot and root-P concentrations were correlated with decreasing external fungus biomass. A positive association between tiller production and internal fungus biomass also existed. The significance of these findings, as well as the need to consider characteristics which measure fitness of a host in evaluating the mycorrhizal association of grasses, are discussed.
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Screening of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for their symbiotic efficiency with Tectona grandis
Article
  • Feb 2000
  • FOREST ECOL MANAG
A green house study was conducted under nursery conditions to study the efficacy of nine arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on Tectona grandis. Stumps were raised in polythene bags containing soil inoculated with isolates of different AM fungi. Teak seedlings raised in the presence of AM fungi generally showed an increase in plant growth and plant nutritional status over those grown in the absence of the inoculation of soil with AM fungi. The extent of growth and nutritional status enhanced by AM fungi varied with the species of AM fungi inhabiting the roots of teak seedlings. Considering the various plant growth parameters and nutritional status of the plants, it was observed that Glomus leptotichum is the best AM symbiont for teak compared to the others used under this experiment.
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