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A Newly Developed Electrostatic Enhanced Pleated Air Filters towards the Improvement of Energy and Filtration Efficiency

Authors:
Feng Zhuangbo at Southeast University (China)
Feng Zhuangbo
Shi-Jie Cao at Southeast University (China)
Shi-Jie Cao
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Abstract and Figures

The widely utilized high efficient particulate air filters (HEPA) lead to high building energy consumption. Indoor particle removal technology with minimal pressure drop is urgently needed for both air purification and energy conservation. Electrostatic enhanced air filter (EEAF) has potential to achieve high filtration efficiency and low energy consumption simultaneously. It uses external electric field to improve fabric filter performance without adding pressure drop. However, available researches utilized EEAF with flat filter in laboratory-scale study, which restricted engineering applications due to limited filtration area and high pressure drop. In order to improve EEAF, the present study developed electrostatic enhanced pleated air filters (EEPF). Experiments and mathematical model established in our previous study were adopted to investigate filtration performance of EEPF for fine particles (0.01–10 μm). Compared to EEAF with flat filter, EEPF saved 75% energy consumption and improved filtration efficiency up to 20%. Results show that filtration efficiency of EEPF was sensitive to duct velocity, applied voltage and filter type. Ozone mass generated by EEPF satisfied ASHRAE standards. The validated mathematical model was adopted to optimize pleat geometries of EEPF. Compared with HEPA, optimal EEPF had comparable filtration efficiency (>98%) and saved 70% energy consumption.
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1. Introduction
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GF= LQH= G> HD=9L=< U:JGMK UDL=J OAL@GML ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= 9F< ;9L@G<=K
/@= HJ=K=FL KLM<Q MLADAR=< =PH=JAE=FL9D 9F< E9L@=E9LA;9D E=L@G<K
LG AFN=KLA?9L= UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! !ADLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q =F
=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF IM9DALQ >9;LGJ 9F< GRGF= ?=F=J9LAGF O=J= E=9KMJ=<
$F GJ<=J LG <AKHD9Q 9<N9FL9?=K L@= H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! 9F< ! O=J=
;GEH9J=< /@=F L@= =>>=;LK G> <A>>=J=FL H9J9E=L=JK 9HHDA=< NGDL9?=
<M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ UDL=J LQH= 9F< <MKL DG9<AF? GF +! H=J>GJE9F;=
O=J= 9DKG =N9DM9L=< :Q =PH=JAE=FLK 9F< E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=DK /@= =P
H=JAE=FL9D J=KMDLK O=J= MLADAR=< LG N9DA<9L= EG<=DK G> +! !AF9DDQ L@=
N9DA<9L=< EG<=D O9K 9<GHL=< LG GHLAEAR= HD=9L ?=GE=LJA=K G> +!
2. Methodology
!A?  <=K;JA:=K VGO ;@9JL G> L@= HJ=K=FL OGJC !AJKLDQ =PH=JAE=FLK
O=J= ;GF<M;L=< LG ;GEH9J= UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! 9F< !
OAL@ V9L UDL=J E=<AME /@= 9<N9FL9?=K G> +! O=J= 9F9DQR=< AF <=L9AD
/@=F L@= AFVM=F;=K G> KQKL=E H9J9E=L=JK 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= <M;L N=DG;
ALQ UDL=J LQH= 9F< <MKL DG9<AF? GF +! H=J>GJE9F;= O=J= =N9DM9L=<
:Q =PH=JAE=FLK !=F? 'GF? (G  !=F? 'GF? 4M  (9L@=
E9LA;9D EG<=D <=N=DGH=< :Q GMJ HJ=NAGMK KLM<Q O9K MK=< LG HJ=<A;L UD
LJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! 9F< EG<=D O9K N9DA<9L=< :Q =PH=JAE=F
L9DDQ E=9KMJ=< J=KMDLK /@= E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D ;GMD< := MK=< AF UD
LJ9LAGF KQKL=E <=KA?F 9F< GHLAEAR9LAGF OAL@ EGJ= H9J9E=L=J LQH=K 9F<
OA<=J J9F?= !AF9DDQ L@= N9DA<9L=< EG<=D O9K MLADAR=< LG GHLAEAR= HD=9L
?=GE=LJA=K G> +! /@= GHLAE9D +! 9F< OA<=DQ MK=< # + O=J=
;GEH9J=< /@= <=L9AD=< AF>GJE9LAGF G> =PH=JAE=FLK 9F< E9L@=E9LA;9D
EG<=D O=J= <=K;JA:=< 9K >GDDGO
2.1. Experimental methods
!A? 9 ADDMKLJ9L=K L@= K;@=E9LA; <A9?J9E G> =PH=JAE=FL9D KQKL=E
.IM9J= N=FLAD9LAGF <M;LK JGKK K=;LAGF  Y  EEZ '=F?L@
 EE O=J= 9<GHL=< >9F ;GFF=;L=< OAL@ >J=IM=F;Q ;GFN=JL=J
9F< 9F=EGE=L=J O9K MK=< LG ;GFLJGD <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ $F <MKL DG9<AF?
HJG;=KK UDL=J J=KAKL9F;= 9F< 9AJ VGO J9L= N9JA=< G:NAGMKDQ 9K=< GF
9AJ N=DG;ALA=K E=9KMJ=< :Q 9F=EGE=L=J >J=IM=F;Q ;GFN=JL=J ;@9F?=<
>9F KH==< 9F< C=HL <M;L N=DG;ALQ 9K ;GFKL9FL N9DM= /@= 9LEGKH@=JA;
<MKL O9K MLADAR=< LG =N9DM9L= UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! /A9F (G
 /A9F (G 'A  /A9F (G 'GF? =L 9D  !A? : <=
K;JA:=K <=L9AD=< AF>GJE9LAGF G> +! =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< HD=9L=< 9AJ
UDL=J AF;DM<AF? <AK;@9J?= OAJ=K HD=9L=< 9AJ UDL=J 9F< ?JGMF<=< KMH
HGJL E=L9D ?JA< /@J== <AK;@9J?= OAJ=K OAL@ J9<AMK G>  EE O=J= AF
KL9DD=< MHKLJ=9E G> HD=9L=< UDL=J E=<AME /@= E=L9D ?JA< O9K ;GE
HGK=< G> AJGF OAJ=K OAL@ J9<AMK G>  EE 9F< L@= <AKL9F;= :=LO==F
LOG AJGF OAJ=K O9K  EE $F L@= ;MJJ=FL =PH=JAE=FL9D KLM<Q <AK
L9F;= :=LO==F <AK;@9J?= OAJ= 9F< HD=9L=< 9AJ UDL=J O9K  EE +D=9L
@=A?@L O9K  EE 9F< HD=9L <=FKALQ O9K  ) EE +GJGMK UDL=J
E=<AME LA?@LDQ ;GFL9;L=< OAL@ E=L9D ?JA< AK;@9J?= OAJ=K O=J= ;GF
F=;L=< LG 9 @A?@NGDL9?= KGMJ;= F 9EE=L=J O9K MK=< LG J=;GJ< <AK
;@9J?= ;MJJ=FL N9DM= /@= 9;;MJ9;Q G> 9EE=L=J O9K  μ OAL@ E=9
Fig. 1. /@= <=K;JAHLAGFK G> # + @A?@ =>U;A=FL H9JLA;MD9L= 9AJ UDL=JK +! =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< HD=9L=< 9AJ UDL=J 9F< ! =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< V9L 9AJ UDL=J
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 2. /@J== <AE=FKAGF9D ?=GE=LJQ G> +! ;GFKAKLAF? G> HD=9L=< U:JGMK UDL=J <AK;@9J?=
;9L@G<=K 9F< ?JGMF<=< <=NA;=
KMJAF? J9F?= G>  μ /@= KMJ>9;= =D=;LJA; HGL=FLA9D G> ;@9J?=< UD
L=J E=<AME O9K E=9KMJ=< :Q ;GEE=J;A9D =D=;LJGE=L=J /J=C 
=L9AD=< AF>GJE9LAGF 9:GML E=9KMJ=E=FL G> KMJ>9;= =D=;LJA; HGL=FLA9D
;GMD< := >GMF< AF DAL=J9LMJ= !=F? 'GF?  @=F  #=JGMK
)=E9E;@9 -=E9<FA9  9K;9D=K;M 
F GHLA;9D H9JLA;D= KAR=J 'A?@L@GMK=  '! /=;@FGDG?A=K MK
LJ9DA9 O9K MK=< LG E=9KMJ= H9JLA;D= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK !ADLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q
O9K <=L=JEAF=< :Q H9JLA;D= FME:=J ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK 9L MHKLJ=9E 9F<
<GOFKLJ=9E G> +! *RGF= E9KK =EALL=< :Q +! O9K E=9KMJ=< :Q
H@GLGE=LJA; GRGF= 9F9DQR=J /+$ (G<=D  +J=KKMJ= DGKK 9;JGKK
HD=9L=< UDL=J E=<AME O9K E=9KMJ=< :Q HJ=KKMJ= <JGH K=FKGJ .$ ( ).
,( !ADL=J E=<AME H9J9E=L=JK KM;@ 9K UDL=J E=<AME L@A;CF=KK
U:=J <A9E=L=J 9F< <A=D=;LJA; ;GFKL9FL AFVM=F;=< =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9LAGF
=>U;A=F;Q 2M GD:=;C  5@9F?  2M 29DL=JK  /@GE9K 
/@MK LOG <A>>=J=FL LQH=K G> ;GEE=J;A9D UDL=J E=<AME AF +! O=J=
L=KL=< /9:D=  <=K;JA:=K L@= H9J9E=L=JK G> L=KL=< UDL=J E=<AME
IK  9F<  O=J= 9<GHL=< LG <=L=JEAF= UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q
9F< IM9DALQ >9;LGJ G> +! J=KH=;LAN=DQ !ADL=J E=<AMEK @9< <A>>=J
=FL H9J9E=L=JK KM;@ 9K L@A;CF=KK HJ=KKMJ= <JGH 9F< AFALA9D =>U;A=F;Q
$F GJ<=J LG ;GEH9J= <A>>=J=FL UDL=J E=<AMEK AF +! IM9FLAL9LAN=DQ
L@= ;GF;=HL G> “IM9DALQ >9;LGJ”O9K MLADAR=< !=F? 'GF? (G 
Fig. 3. !DGO ;@9JL G> L@= HJ=K=FL +! KLM<Q
Fig. 4. PH=JAE=FL9D K=LMH >GJ =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< 9AJ UDLJ9LAGF KQKL=E
Table 1
.MEE9JQ G> L=KLAF? UDL=J E=<AMEK
/@A;CF=KKEE !A:=J<A9E=L=JME A=D=;LJA;;GFKL9FL +9;CAF?<=FKALQ (9L=JA9DLQH=
!ADL=J    +GDQHJGHQD=F=
++?D9KKU:=J
!ADL=J    ++?D9KKU:=J
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx


2@=J= CZAF 9F< CZGML 9J= H9JLA;D= FME:=J ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF MHKLJ=9E 9F<
<GOFKLJ=9E G> 9AJ UDLJ9LAGF KQKL=E J=KH=;LAN=DQ EZ/ AK UDLJ9LAGF =>U
;A=F;Q G> +! QZ! AK IM9DALQ >9;LGJ ΔP+9 AK HJ=KKMJ= DGKK 9;JGKK UDL=J
E=<AME QAK 9AJ VGO J9L= EZK V9F< I9J= <AK;@9J?= NGDL9?= 1 9F<
;MJJ=FL  ηAK >9F =>U;A=F;Q
2.2. Mathematical models
$F +! H9JLA;D=K 9F< UDL=J E=<AME O=J= ;@9J?=< <M= LG KH9;= =D=;
LJA; U=D< 9F< AGFK /@= AFL=FKAN= =D=;LJA; U=D< >GJ;= OGMD< <J9? ;@9J?=<
H9JLA;D=K GFLG U:=J KMJ>9;= 9F< AF;J=9K= UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q 9K=<
GF E=;@9FA;9D 9F< =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9LAGF L@=GJA=K !GLGN9LA /9>J=K@A
+GMJ<=Q@AEA  '== 'AM  UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> +!
K@GMD< := KAEMD9L=< :Q >GDDGOAF? KL=HK  <=L=JEAFAF? 1$ NGDL9?= vs.
;MJJ=FL ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K !=F? 'GF? (G  !=F? +9F 5@9F? =L 9D
  ;9D;MD9LAF? H9JLA;D= ;@9J?= 9EGMFL U:=J ;@9J?= 9EGMFL 9F<
=D=;LJA; U=D< KLJ=F?L@ AF UDL=J E=<AME  EG<=DAF? KAF?=U:=J UDLJ9LAGF
=>U;A=F;Q <M= LG E=;@9FA; =>>=;L AF;DM<AF? <A>>MKAGF AEH9;LAGF 9F< AF
L=J;=HLAGF  EG<=DAF? KAF?=U:=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q <M= LG =D=;LJGKL9
LA; >GJ;=  <=L=JEAFAF? LGL9D =>U;A=F;Q >GJ 9AJ UDL=J E=<AME :9K=< GF
KAF?=U:=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q !GLGN9LA =L 9D  '==  'AM 
$F +! OAL@ OAJ=UDL=J?JGMF<=< ?JA< ;GFU?MJ9LAGFK HGJGMK 9F<
<A=D=;LJA; UDL=J E=<AME AFVM=F;=< L@= 1$ ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> UDLJ9LAGF
KQKL=E *F;= ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= O9K KL9:D= UDL=J E=<AME O9K >MDDQ
;@9J?=< J=KMDLAF? AF H9JLA9D <AK;@9J?= AF U:=J ;@9FF=DKHGJ=K KG;9DD=<
:9;C ;GJGF9 /@= UDL=J KMJ>9;= HGL=FLA9D <A>>=J=F;= 9F< AFF=J =D=;LJA;
U=D< AFL=FKALQ E9AFL9AF=< E9PAEME N9DM=K :=;9MK= G> :9;C ;GJGF9 =>
>=;L #GJ=FKL=AF  &9;HJRQC  (AKL9  9;C ;GJGF9 H@=FGE
=FGF 9DKG ;@9F?=< >J=IM=F;Q G> <AK;@9J?= /JA;@=D HMDK= 9L L@= ;9L@G<=
9F< AF;J=9K=< <AK;@9J?=< LGL9D ;MJJ=FL N9DM= /@= HJ=K=FL KLM<Q <AJ=;LDQ
MLADAR=< L@= EG<=DK <=N=DGH=< AF DAL=J9LMJ= LG HJ=<A;L 1$ ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K
G> +! KQKL=E 9;;@A=?9 "9DDAE:=JLA JJGF<=D 9J9E9F #9EDAD
 !=F? +9F 5@9F? =L 9D  !=F? +9F 29F?  'GF? 
9K=< GF J=KMDLK G> 1$ ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K H9JLA;D= ;@9J?= 9EGMFLK O=J=
;9D;MD9L=< :Q =D=;LJA; U=D< 9F< <A>>MKAGF ;@9J?AF? L@=GJA=K !=F? +9F
5@9F? =L 9D  !=F? +9F 29F? =L 9D  #AF<K  $> :9;C
;GJGF9 =>>=;L G;;MJJ=< KMJ>9;= HGL=FLA9D G> UDL=J U:=J ;@9J?= 9F< =D=;
LJA; U=D< AFL=FKALQ AF UDL=J E=<AME E9AFL9AF=< ;GFKL9FL N9DM=K O@A;@
O=J= AF<=H=F<=FL G> =PL=JF9D =D=;LJA; U=D< #GJ=FKL=AF  &9;HJRQC
 (AKL9  .AEAD9J LG GMJ HJ=NAGMK J=K=9J;@ L@= L@J== =D=;LJA; H9J9
E=L=JK <=K;JA:=< 9:GN= O=J= <=L=JEAF=< :Q =PH=JAE=FL9D E=L@G<K OAL@
HAFV9L UDL=J?JGMF<=< ?JA< ;GFU?MJ9LAGFK !=F? 'GF? (G  !A
F9DDQ UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> KAF?D=U:=J 9F< UDL=J E=<AME O=J= EG<
=D=< :Q IK –






$F IK – E=Z  AK L@= LGL9D =D=;LJGKL9LA; KAF?D= U:=J =>U;A=F;Q E=Z
E=Z- GJ E=Z$ AK L@= KAF?D= U:=J =>U;A=F;Q <M= LG L@= <A>>MKAGF AFL=J;=HLAGF
9F< L@= AEH9;LAGF E= AK L@= LGL9D KAF?D= U:=J =>U;A=F;Q EZ/ AK L@= LGL9D
UDL=J E=<AME =>U;A=F;Q /@= βAK L@= H9JLA;D= EG:ADALQ β πμRZH
CZ; AK L@= MFFAF?@9E ;G=>U;A=FL QAK L@= U:=J ;@9J?= E  
>GJ LOG UDL=J E=<AME LQH=K qAK L@= H9JLA;D= ;@9J?=  UZ AK L@= UDLJ9
LAGF N=DG;ALQ EK EAK L@= =D=;LJA; U=D< KLJ=F?L@ AF UDL=J E=<AME 1
E   >GJ UDL=J LQH=    >GJ UDL=J LQH=  RZ> AK U:=J J9
<AMK E RZH AK H9JLA;D= J9<AMK E dZ> AK L@= U:=J <A9E=L=J E dZH AK L@=
H9JLA;D= <A9E=L=J E εZ; AK L@= <A=D=;LJA; ;GFKL9FL G> L@= U:=J εAK L@= 9AJ
<A=D=;LJA; ;GFKL9FL tAK L@= ;GFKL9FL tRZ>RZ>RZH RAK L@= IMGLA=FL G>
dZH 9F< dZ>αAK L@= UDL=J E=<AME KGDA< J9LAG ZAK L@= UDL=J E=<AME L@A;C
F=KK E Pe AK L@= +=;D=L FME:=J PedZ>UZD KAK L@= @Q<JG<QF9EA;
>9;LGJ K'Fααα8 stk AK L@= H9JLA;D= KLGC=K FME
:=J stk ρZHdZHZCZ;UZμdZ>DAK H9JLA;D= <A>>MKAGF ;G=>U;A=FL ρZH AK H9J
LA;D= <=FKALQ C?EZ μAK L@= 9AJ NAK;GKALQ +9 Y .
2.3. Case setup
$F L@= HJ=K=FL J=K=9J;@ <A>>=J=FL ;9K=K O=J= ;GF<M;L=< :Q =PH=JA
E=FLK GJ E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=DAF? /9:D=  <=K;JA:=K <=L9AD=< AF>GJE9
LAGF G> ;9K= K=LMH $F GJ<=J LG <AKHD9Q L@= 9<N9FL9?=K G> HD=9L=< UDL=J
E=<AME 9K=  O9K <=KA?F=< >GJ AFN=KLA?9LAF? L@= =>>=;L G> UDL=J HD=9L
AF? GF =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q 9K= – O=J= ;GF<M;L=< LG
=N9DM9L= L@= AFVM=F;=K G> 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= <M;L N=DG;ALQ UDL=J LQH= 9F<
<MKL DG9<AF? GF +! H=J>GJE9F;= $F ;9K=  AEH9;L G> <MKL DG9<AF? GF
UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> <AJLQ UDL=J O9K =N9DM9L=< P;=HL >GJ ;9K=  9DD
GL@=J ;9K=K >G;MK=< GF ;D=9F UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q 9F< <A< FGL ;GFKA<=J <MKL
DG9<AF? /@= =PH=JAE=FL9D J=KMDLK AF ;9K= – O=J= MLADAR=< LG N9DA<9L=
E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D $F ;9K=  L@= HD=9L ?=GE=LJA=K G> +! O=J= GHLA
EAR=< :9K=< GF N9DA<9L=< E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D
3. Results
!AJKLDQ ;GEH9JAKGFK :=LO==F +! 9F< ! OAL@ V9L UDL=J E=<AME
O=J= <=K;JA:=< AF “” .=;GF<DQ L@= AFVM=F;=K G> KQKL=E H9J9E=
L=JK 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= <M;L N=DG;ALQ UDL=J LQH= 9F< <MKL DG9<AF? GF
+! H=J>GJE9F;= O=J= K@GOF AF “–” /@= N9DA<9L=< E9L@=E9LA
;9D EG<=D O9K 9<GHL=< LG GHLAEAR= +! 9F< L@= GHLAEAR=< J=KMDLK O=J=
<=K;JA:=< AF “”
Table 2
=L9AD=< AF>GJE9LAGF G> +! ;9K=K
9K=
)G
+D=9L<=FKALQ
) EE
+D=9L#=A?@L
EE
HHDA=<
NGDL9?=
C1
M;L
N=DG;ALQ
EK
!ADL=J
LQH=
     !ADL=J
   !ADL=J
    

!ADL=J
     !ADL=J

     !ADL=J
     !ADL=J

UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
3.1. Case 1: comparisons between EEAF and EEPF (Experiment)
!A?  ;GEH9J=K =PH=JAE=FL9D UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> !
 D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< V9L UDL=J KQKL=E 9F< +!  D=;LJGKL9LA; =F
@9F;=< HD=9L=< UDL=J KQKL=E OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  /@= 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= O9K
 C1 9F< L@= <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ O9K  EK /@= UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ
G> +! O9K GF=>GMJL@ G> ! <M= LG HD=9LAF? =>>=;L !A? 9 K@GOK
UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK >GJ +! HD=9L=< UDL=J 9F< ! V9L UDL=J
OAL@GML 9HHDA=< NGDL9?=  C1 !GJ UF= H9JLA;D=K – μE HD=9L=<
UDL=J @9< @A?@=J =>U;A=F;Q :=;9MK= G> DGO=J UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ 9F< <A>>M
KAGF UDLJ9LAGF E=;@9FAKE #GO=N=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> V9L UDL=J >GJ
H9JLA;D=K OAL@ KAR= G> – μE O9K @A?@=J <M= LG AEH9;LAGF UDLJ9LAGF
E=;@9FAKE *F;= L@= ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= O9K 9HHDA=<  C1 +! OAL@
HD=9L=< UDL=J E=<AME @9< @A?@=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q AF L@= O@GD= H9J
LA;D= KAR= J9F?= – μE 9K <=K;JA:=< :Q !A? : 'GO=J UDLJ9LAGF
N=DG;ALQ O9K :=F=U;A9D >GJ =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q AEHJGN=E=FL !=F?
'GF? (G  !=F? +9F 5@9F? =L 9D  2M =L 9D  
!GJ ! OAL@ V9L UDL=J E=<AME L@= EGKL AEHGJL9FL <AK9<N9FL9?=
O9K @A?@ =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF !A?  ;GEH9J=K IM9DALQ >9;LGJK 9F< =F
=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF G> +! 9F< ! ;GJJ=KHGF<AF? LG =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK
AF !A?  /@= =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF G> ! O9K 9:GML >GMJ LAE=K G> +!
<M= LG @A?@=J UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ 9F< HJ=KKMJ= DGKK /@= IM9DALQ >9;LGJ
G> +! O9K EM;@ @A?@=J L@9F ! *N=J9DD +! OAL@ HD=9L=< UDL=J
E=<AME ;GMD< AF;J=9K= UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q 9F< =F=J?Q K9NAF? =>>=;L KA
EMDL9F=GMKDQ $F ;9K=  L@= MFGHLAEAR=< ! +! KQKL=EK O=J= FGL
;GEH9J=< OAL@ # + <M= LG DGO=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q >GJ UF= H9JLA;D=K
*HLAEAR9LAGFK G> +! O=J= ;GF<M;L=< AF ;9K= 
3.2. Case 2: the e=ect of applied voltage on EEPF (Experiment/Model)
!A?  <=K;JA:=K L@= AFVM=F;=K G> 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= GF ! =>U
;A=F;Q M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ O9K  EK 9F< UDL=J LQH=  O9K 9<GHL=<
GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= =F@9F;=< UDL=J H=J>GJE9F;= G:NAGMKDQ *F;= ;GJGF9
<AK;@9J?= O9K LMJF=< GF H9JLA;D=K O=J= ;@9J?=< 9F< =D=;LJA; U=D< O9K
?=F=J9L=< AF UDL=J E=<AME /@= =D=;LJA; U=D< >GJ;= 9;LAF? GF ;@9J?=<
H9JLA;D=K <J9??=< L@=E GFLG U:=J KMJ>9;= 9F< AF;J=9K=< UDLJ9LAGF =>
U;A=F;Q /@= =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>>=;L AEHJGN=< 9AJ UDL=J H=J>GJE9F;= AF
L@= O@GD= H9JLA;D= KAR= J9F?= – μE !A?  AF<A;9L=< L@9L L@=
E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D J=9KGF9:DQ HJ=<A;L=< +! H=J>GJE9F;= !GJ UF=
H9JLA;D=K OAL@ KAR= G> − μE AGFAR=< =D=;LJA; U=D< AF;J=9K=< UD
L=J =>U;A=F;Q >JGE  LG  9K <=K;JA:=< AF !A? 9 /@= UDLJ9
LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> +! OAL@ C1 O9K @A?@=J L@9F L@9L OAL@  C1
#A?@=J 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= ?=F=J9L=< AFL=FK=J =D=;LJA; U=D< KLJ=F?L@ 9F<
EGJ= KH9;= AGFK J=KMDLAF? AF EGJ= ;@9J?=K ;9JJA=< :Q H9JLA;D=K $F U
:JGMK UDL=J E=<AME L@= H9JLA;D=K OAL@ D9J?= FME:=J G> =D=;LJA; ;@9J?=K
O=J= =9KADQ ;9HLMJ=< :Q U:=JK !A?  9DKG K@GOK L@9L >GJ H9JLA;D=K KAR=<
AF – μE D9J?=J <A9E=L=J D=9<=< LG @A?@=J =>U;A=F;Q OAL@OAL@
GML =PL=JF9D =D=;LJA; U=D< <M= LG L@= AEH9;LAGF 9F< AFL=J;=HLAGF =>>=;L
&D=H=AK =L 9D 
!A? <=K;JA:=K IM9DALQ >9;LGJK G> +! UDL=J LQH=  OAL@ <A>>=J
=FL 9HHDA=< NGDL9?=K /@= E=9KMJ=< UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> H9JLA;D=K KAR
AF? >JGE  LG  μE O9K MLADAR=< AF ;9D;MD9LAGF DL@GM?@ ;GJGF9 <AK
;@9J?= ;GFKME=< KGE= =D=;LJA; =F=J?Q IM9DALQ >9;LGJ O9K HGKALAN=DQ ;GJ
J=D9L=< OAL@ 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= <M= LG =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< UDLJ9LAGF =>
U;A=F;Q
3.3. Case 3: the e=ect of duct velocity on EEPF (Experiment/Model)
!A? K@GOK EG<=D=< 9F< =PH=JAE=FL9D UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> +!
OAL@ <A>>=J=FL <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ /@= 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= O9K  C1 9F<
UDL=J LQH=  O9K 9<GHL=< /@= =PH=JAE=FL9D 9F< EG<=D=< J=KMDLK 9?J==<
O=DD $L O9K G:NAGMK L@9L =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q <=;J=9K=< OAL@ AF
;J=9K= G> <M;L N=DG;ALQUDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ /@= J=D9LAGFK@AH :=LO==F <M;L
9AJ N=DG;ALQ 9F< UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ O9K ADDMKLJ9L=< :Q I  $F ;9K=K
OAL@ @A?@ <M;L N=DG;ALQ H9JLA;D=K OADD @9N= K@GJL=J J=KA<=F;= LAE= AF
AGFAR=< =D=;LJA; U=D< 9F< 9AJ UDL=J E=<AME J=KMDLAF? AF D=KK H9JLA;D=
Fig. 5. PH=JAE=FL9D UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> ! 9F< +! KQKL=EK 9 C1 :  C1
Fig. 6. ,M9DALQ >9;LGJ 9F< =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF J=KMDLK G> ! 9F< +! KQKL=EK 9 IM9DALQ >9;LGJ : =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 7. /@= $FVM=F;= G> 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= GF +! =>U;A=F;Q EG<=D=< 9F< =PH=JAE=FL9D ;GEH9JAKGFK 9 − μE : – μE ; – μE : – μE
Fig. 8. ,M9DALQ >9;LGJ N9DM=K OAL@ <A>>=J=FL 9HHDA=< NGDL9?=K
;@9J?=K 9F< DGO=J U:=J J=EGN9D =>U;A=F;Q !ADLJ9LAGF 9AJ N=DG;ALQ FGL
GFDQ <=L=JEAF=< E=;@9FA;9D UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q :ML 9DKG =D=;LJGKL9LA;
UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q /@=J=>GJ= UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ AK 9F C=Q >9;LGJ AF
+! <=KA?F

2@=J= vZ< 9F< SZ< 9J= <M;L N=DG;ALQ EK 9F< ;JGKKK=;LAGF9D 9J=9 EZ
J=KH=;LAN=DQ vZ> 9F< F9J= UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ EK 9F< UDL=J E=<AME 9J=9
EZ J=KH=;LAN=DQ
!A?  K@GOK L@= AFVM=F;= G> <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ GF IM9DALQ >9;LGJ G>
+! KQKL=E OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  !ADLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> H9JLA;D=K OAL@
KAR= G> − μE O9K MLADAR=< AF ;9D;MD9LAGF 'GO=J <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ
;9MK=< @A?@=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q DGO=J HJ=KKMJ= <JGH 9F< @A?@=J =D=;
LJA; =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF >GJ MFAL 9AJ VGO J9L=  EZK /@MK L@= J=
D9LAGFK@AH :=LO==F <M;L N=DG;ALQ 9F< IM9DALQ >9;LGJ AK FGFDAF=9J 9F<
;GEHD=P /@= J=KMDLK AF !A?  AF<A;9L=< L@9L IM9DALQ >9;LGJ G> +
<=;J=9K=< OAL@ <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ AF;J=9K= /@= =>>=;L G> =D=;LJGKL9LA;
=>U;A=F;Q =F@9F;=E=FL O9K <GEAF9FL #GO=N=J L@= +! OAL@ DGO
<M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ F==<K D9J?= <M;L K=;LAGF 9J=9 .GE= HJ9;LA;9D :MAD<AF?K
;GMD< FGL HJGNA<= =FGM?@ KH9;= >GJ #1 KQKL=E /@=J=>GJ= L@= <=KA?F
G> +! K@GMD< ;GFKA<=J L@= LJ9<=GX 9EGF? UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q =F=J?Q
;GFKMEHLAGF 9F< AFKL9DD9LAGF KH9;= DAEAL9LAGF
!A?  <=K;JA:=K “UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q AF;J=9K=”G> +! UDL=J LQH=
 OAL@ <A>>=J=FL H9JLA;D= KAR= J9F?= 9F< <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ /@= “=>U
;A=F;Q AF;J=9K=”AF !A?  E=9FK <A>>=J=F;= G> HD=9L=< UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q
OAL@ 9F< OAL@GML ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= /@= <M;L N=DG;ALQ AFVM=F;=< =D=;
LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q AF;J=9K= 9 DGL 'GO=J <M;L N=DG;ALQ J=KMDL=< AF @A?@=J
=>U;A=F;Q AF;J=9K= !GJ UF= H9JLA;D=K OAL@ KAR= G> − μE =>U;A=F;Q
AF;J=9K= N9DM= N9JA=< >JGE  LG  OAL@ <M;L N=DG;ALQ AF;J=9K=<
'GF?=J H9JLA;D= J=KA<=F;= LAE= AF AGFAR=< UDL=J E=<AME O9K :=F=U;A9D
>GJ H9JLA;D= J=EGN9D !GJ H9JLA;D=K KAR=< >JGE  LG  μE L@= =D=;
LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=E=FL =>>=;L ;GMD< := A?FGJ=< O@=F <M;L N=DG;ALQ O9K
 EK
3.4. Case 4: the e=ect of ;lter medium type on EEPF (Experiment)
!A?  ;GEH9J=K L@= H=J>GJE9F;= G> LOG 9AJ UDL=J LQH=K AF +!
/@= <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ O9K  EK 9F< 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= O9K  C1 /@=
AFALA9D E=9KMJ=< UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q OAL@GML ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= G> UD
L=J LQH=  O9K @A?@=J L@9F UDL=J LQH=  9K <=K;JA:=< :Q !A? 9 $>
;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= O9K LMJF=< GF  C1 =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q G> UD
L=J LQH=  O9K KLADD @A?@=J !GJ H9JLA;D=K OAL@ KAR= G> − μE UDLJ9
LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> ! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= 9F< LQH= O9K  9F< 
J=KH=;LAN=DQ /@= U:JGMK ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> 9AJ UDL=J AFVM=F;=< ;@9J?=<
H9JLA;D= J=EGN9D :Q U:=JK AF =PL=JF9D =D=;LJA; U=D< .AEAD9J LG GMJ HJ=
NAGMK KLM<Q !=F? 'GF? (G  @A?@=J AFALA9D E=;@9FA;9D UDLJ9
LAGF =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDL=< AF @A?@=J =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q #GO=N=J HJ=K
KMJ= <JGH G> + OAL@ UDL=J LQH=   +9 O9K @A?@=J L@9F L@9L G>
UDL=J LQH=  +9 J=KMDLAF? AF EGJ= =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF $F GJ<=J
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 9. /@= AFVM=F;= G> <M;L N=DG;ALQ GF +! =>U;A=F;Q EG<=D=< 9F< =PH=JAE=FL9D ;GEH9JAKGFK 9 − μE : – μE ; – μE : – μE
Fig. 10. ,M9DALQ >9;LGJ G> +! OAL@ <A>>=J=FL <M;L N=DG;ALQ
LG ;GEH9J= IM9DALQ >9;LGJ G> LOG UDL=J LQH=K =>U;A=F;Q G> H9JLA;D=K OAL@
KAR= G> − μE O9K MLADAR=< AF ;9D;MD9LAGF DL@GM?@ EGJ= =F=J?Q
O9K ;GFKME=< L@= IM9DALQ >9;LGJ G> +! OAL@ UDL=J O9K @A?@=J <M=
LG =>>=;LAN= =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=E=FL 9K <=K;JA:=< :Q !A? 
3.5. Case 5: the e=ect of dust loading on EEPF (Experiment)
!A?  <=K;JA:=K =PH=JAE=FL9D =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UD
L=J LQH=  AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG<  <9QK /@= 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= O9K
 C1 9F< UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ O9K  EK /OG ?JGMHK O=J= =KL9:DAK@=<
>GJ ;GEH9JAKGFK OAL@ 9F< OAL@GML 9HHDA=< NGDL9?=  C1  C1 .AEA
D9J LG HJ=NAGMK KLM<A=K /A9F  (G  /A9F (G 'A  /A9F (G
'GF? =L 9D  L@= 9LEGKH@=JA; H9JLA;D=K O=J= MK=< >GJ <MKL DG9<
AF? L=KLAF? $F <MKL DG9<AF? HJG;=KK L@= FGF=D=;LJGKL9LA; UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q
 C1 AF;J=9K=< >JGE  LG  9K <=K;JA:=< :Q !A? 9 +9JLA;D=K
<=HGKAL=< AF UDL=J E=<AME GJ GF UDL=J KMJ>9;= OGMD< ;9HLMJ= F=O H9J
LA;D=K J=KMDLAF? AF =>U;A=F;Q AEHJGN=E=FL AF E=9KMJ=E=FL H=JAG< !GJ
L@= +! OAL@ ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?=  C1 =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q
AF;J=9K=< >JGE  LG  9K K@GOF AF !A? 9 /@= =D=;LJGKL9LA;
Fig. 11. /@= =PH=JAE=FL9D UDLJ9LAGF “=>U;A=F;Q AF;J=9K=”J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= 9 − μE : – μE
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 12. PH=JAE=FL9D UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ <A>>=J=FL UDL=J LQH=K 9 C1 :  C1
Fig. 13. ,M9DALQ >9;LGJK G> +! OAL@ <A>>=J=FL UDL=J LQH=K
=>>=;L ;GMD< AEHJGN= UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q 9 DGL >GJ ;D=9F 9F< <AJLQ 9AJ UD
L=J /@= H9JLA;D=K <=HGKAL=< AF +! <A< FGL @AF<=J =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F
@9F;=E=FL G> UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q L L@= :=?AFFAF? G> <MKL DG9<AF?
HJG;=KK =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q AF;J=9K= N9DM= UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q <A>>=J
=F;= :=LO==F =D=;LJGKL9LA; 9F< FGF=D=;LJGKL9LA; ;GF<ALAGFK O9K 
L L@= =F< =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>U;A=F;Q =F@9F;=E=FL O9K  D=;LJGKL9LA;
=>U;A=F;Q =F@9F;=E=FL 9DKG AF;J=9K=< AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG< +J=NAGMK
KLM<Q <=N=DGH=< 9F =D=;LJGKL9LA; 9AJ UDLJ9LAGF KQKL=E ;GE:AF? AGFAR=J
9F< =D=;LJ=L UDL=J AF K=JA=K .@A =L 9D  /@= AGFAR=J ;GMD< ;@9J?=
H9JLA;D=K 9F< AEHJGN= =D=;LJ=L UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q #GO=N=J L@= KQKL=E =>
U;A=F;Q <=;J=9K=< <MJAF? <MKL DG9<AF? HJG;=KK :=;9MK= <=HGKAL=< H9J
LA;D=K <=KLJGQ=< =D=;LJA; U=D< AF =D=;LJ=L UDL=J /@= =>U;A=F;Q G> +!
<=N=DGH=< AF L@= HJ=K=FL KLM<Q <A< FGL <=;J=9K= <MJAF? <MKL DG9<AF?
HJG;=KK <M= LG MLADAR9LAGF G> ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?= $L AK L@= 9<N9FL9?= G> GMJ
KQKL=E !A? : <=K;JA:=K ! =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK >GJ H9JLA;D=K OAL@
KAR= G> –μE .AEAD9JDQ L@= =D=;LJGKL9LA; =>>=;L AEHJGN=< 9AJ UDL=J
H=J>GJE9F;= G:NAGMKDQ AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG<
!A? 9 K@GOK HJ=KKMJ= <JGH J=KMDLK G> ! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=
AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG< +9JLA;D=K <=HGKAL=< AF UDL=J E=<AMEGF UDL=J
KMJ>9;= 9F< >GJE=< F=O <=F<JAL=K J=KMDLAF? AF HJ=KKMJ= <JGH AF;J=9K=
!A? : K@GOK E=9KMJ=< J=KMDLK G> F=L GRGF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF O@A;@ AK
L@= <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F MHKLJ=9E 9F< <GOFKLJ=9E GRGF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
/@= J=KA<=FLA9D GRGF= =PHGKMJ= DAEAL J=;GEE=F<=< :Q .#- KL9F
<9J<K O9K  HH: !=F? 'GF? (G  *RGF= ?=F=J9LAGFK AF +!
KQKL=E O=J= DGO=J L@9F L@= DAEAL=< N9DM=K HJGHGK=< :Q <A>>=J=FL DAL=J9
LMJ= !=F? 'GF? (G  $F E=;@9FA;9D N=FLAD9LAGF KQKL=E J=;Q;D=
9AJ >JGE 9AJ UDLJ9LAGF KQKL=E OADD := EAP=< OAL@ >J=K@ 9AJ >JGE 9LEGK
H@=JA; =FNAJGFE=FL :=>GJ= =FL=JAF? AF<GGJ KH9;= $> J=;Q;D= 9AJ VGO J9L=
=IM9D=< LG >J=K@ 9AJ VGO J9L= L@= @A?@=KL F=L GRGF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF G>
+! O9K DGO=J L@9F  HH: *L@=JOAK= GRGF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF OGMD< 9L
L=FM9L= AF 9AJ LJ9FKHGJL HJG;=KK AF N=FLAD9LAGF <M;LK /@=J=>GJ= AF<GGJ
GRGF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF O9K KE9DD=J L@9F L@9L E=9KMJ=< AF L@= GMLD=L G>
+!
3.6. Case 6: optimization of pleat geometries of EEPF (Model)
9K=< GF L@= N9DA<9L=< E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D GHLAEAR9LAGF OGJC O9K
;GF<M;L=< /@= EG<=D ;GMD< HJGNA<= <=L9AD=< AF>GJE9LAGF G> H9JLA;D=
KAR= <AKLJA:MLAGF J9L@=J L@9F K=N=J9D H9JLA;D= KAR= J9F?=K =? − μE
AF =PH=JAE=FL9D J=KMDLK !GJ AF<GGJ N=FLAD9LAGF KQKL=E OAL@ 9 ;=JL9AF
9AJ VGO J9L= L@= GHLAE9D H9J9E=L=JK O=J= HD=9L <=FKALQ + 9F< HD=9L
@=A?@L +# O@A;@ AFVM=F;=< UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ 9F< =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9
LAGF =>U;A=F;Q 9 DGL $F L@= HJ=K=FL GHLAEAR9LAGF ;9K= L@= ;JGKKK=;LAGF9D
9J=9 G> <M;LK O9K  Y  EZ <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ O9K UP=< 9K  E
K 9F< 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= O9K  C1 .AEAD9J LG L@= =PH=JAE=FL9D ;9K=K
L@J== OAJ=K O=J= 9<GHL=< AF +! KQKL=E GL@ G> L@= LOG LQH=K G> UDL=J
E=<AME O=J= L=KL=< AF L@= GHLAEAR9LAGF OGJC
!A?  K@GOK L@= =>>=;L G> HD=9L <=FKALQ GF +! UDLJ9LAGF =>U
;A=F;Q !A? 9 <=K;JA:=K EG<=D=< =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UD
L=J LQH=  9F< HD=9L @=A?@L O9K  EE /@J== HD=9L <=FKALQ  
Fig. 14. PH=JAE=FL9D =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG< 9 − μE : – μE
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 15. PH=JAE=FL9D HJ=KKMJ= <JGH 9 9F< GRGF= ?=F=J9LAGF : J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG<
Fig. 16. /@= GHLAE9D J=KMDLK G> +! =>U;A=F;Q OAL@ <A>>=J=FL HD=9L <=FKALQ 9 +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  : +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= 
 ) ;E O=J= ;GFKA<=J=< #A?@=J HD=9L <=FKALQ D=9<=< LG DGO=J
UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ 9F< @A?@=J =>U;A=F;Q >GJ KE9DD H9JLA;D=K  μE AF
!A? 9 /@= J=9KGF O9K L@9L DGO=J UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ AF<M;=< KLJGF?
<A>>MKAGF UDLJ9LAGF =>>=;L O@A;@ O9K <GEAF9FL AF UF=J H9JLA;D= J=EGN9D
!GJ H9JLA;D=K D9J?=J L@9F  μE DGO=J HD=9L <=FKALQ J=KMDL=< AF @A?@=J
=>U;A=F;Q <M= LG AEH9;LAGF 9F< AFL=J;=HLAGF =>>=;LK !GJ H9JLA;D=K D9J?=J
L@9F  μE UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> +! OAL@ <A>>=J=FL HD=9L <=FKALQ
O9K 9HHJGPAE9L=DQ  !A? : <=K;JA:=K EG<=D=< =>U;A=F;Q J=
KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  GEH9J=< OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  UDL=J LQH=
@9< @A?@=J =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q <M= LG AFALA9D E=;@9FA;9D =>
U;A=F;Q <A>>=J=F;= $F L@= O@GD= H9JLA;D= KAR= J9F?= – μE +!
OAL@ @A?@=J HD=9L <=FKALQ @9N= @A?@=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q *N=J9DD L@=
+! OAL@ @A?@=J HD=9L <=FKALQ @9< :=LL=J H=J>GJE9F;= >JGE L@= H=J
KH=;LAN=K G> UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q
!A? 9 K@GOK L@= AFVM=F;=K G> HD=9L @=A?@L GF UDLJ9LAGF =>U
;A=F;Q G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  +D=9L <=FKALQ O9K ) EE 9F<
<A>>=J=FL HD=9L @=A?@LK    EE O=J= ;GFKA<=J=< .AEAD9JDQ
DGF?=J HD=9L @=A?@L D=9<=< LG DGO=J UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ 9F< @A?@=J =>U
;A=F;Q >GJ KE9DD H9JLA;D=K  μE AF !A? 9 <M= LG <A>>MKAGF =>>=;L
!GJ H9JLA;D=K D9J?=J L@9F  μE K@GJL=J HD=9L @=A?@L J=KMDL=< AF @A?@=J
=>U;A=F;Q :=;9MK= G> AEH9;LAGF 9F< AFL=J;=HLAGF =>>=;LK !A? : <=
K;JA:=K EG<=D=< =>U;A=F;Q J=KMDLK G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  9K=< GF
;GEH9JAKGFK G> UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q DGF?=J HD=9L @=A?@L J=KMDL=< AF :=L
L=J UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;=
!A? 9 K@GOK L@= =>>=;L G> HD=9L <=FKALQ GF IM9DALQ >9;LGJ /@=
EGKL H=F=LJ9LAF? H9JLA;D= KAR= (++. O9K − μE 9K <=K;JA:=< AF
!A?  /@= UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G>  μE H9JLA;D=K O9K MK=< LG ;9D;M
D9L= IM9DALQ >9;LGJ !GJ LOG UDL=J LQH=K IM9DALQ >9;LGJ G> +! AF;J=9K=<
9 DGL OAL@ HD=9L <=FKALQ AF;J=9K= /@= J=9KGF O9K L@9L @A?@=J HD=9L <=F
KALQ J=KMDL=< AF @A?@=J UDL=J =>U;A=F;Q 9F< DGO=J ;GFKMEHLAGF G> E=
;@9FA;9D =F=J?Q #GO=N=J @A?@ HD=9L <=FKALQ AF;J=9K=< AFALA9D AFN=KL
E=FL G> 9AJ UDL=J ,M9DALQ >9;LGJ G> +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= O9K @A?@=J
Fig. 17. /@= GHLAE9D J=KMDLK G> +! =>U;A=F;Q OAL@ <A>>=J=FL HD=9L @=A?@L9 +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  : +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= 
UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 18. *HLAE9D J=KMDLK G> IM9DALQ >9;LGJ OAL@ <A>>=J=FL HD=9L <=FKALQ 9 +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH=  : +! OAL@ UDL=J LQH= 
L@9F L@9L G> UDL=J LQH=  <M= LG ALK @A?@ E=;@9FA;9D UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q
!A? : K@GOK L@= =>>=;L G> HD=9L @=A?@L GF IM9DALQ >9;LGJ /@= UDLJ9
LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G>  μE H9JLA;D=K O9K 9<GHL=< LG ;9D;MD9L= IM9DALQ >9;
LGJ .AEAD9J LG !A? 9 DGF?=J HD=9L @=A?@L J=KMDL=< AF @A?@=J IM9DALQ
>9;LGJK
/@= HJ=K=FL KLM<Q ;GEH9J=< L@= H=J>GJE9F;= G> GHLAE9D +! 9F<
OA<=DQ MK=< # + :Q MKAF? IM9DALQ >9;LGJ 9F< =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF
/@= +! OAL@ HD=9L <=FKALQ G> ) EE HD=9L @=A?@L G>  EE
(++. G>  9F< UDL=J LQH=  O9K K=D=;L=< 9K <=K;JA:=< AF !A? :
/@= # + OAL@ (++. G>  O9K 9<GHL=< >GJ ;GEH9JAKGF !=F? 
/@= <M;L 9AJ N=DG;ALQ O9K UP=< 9K  EK /@= (++. G> =9;@ UDLJ9LAGF
KQKL=E O9K MK=< AF IM9DALQ >9;LGJ ;9D;MD9LAGF !A?  AF<A;9L=< L@9L GH
LAE9D +! @9N= @A?@=J IM9DALQ >9;LGJ 9F< DGO=J =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF
L@9F # + $F ;GEEGF AF<GGJ N=FLAD9LAGF KQKL=EK +! ;9F K9N= 9 DGL
G> =F=J?Q OAL@GML K9;JAU;AF? @A?@ UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q
4. Discussions
DL@GM?@ EG<=D=< 9F< E=9KMJ=< UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;A=K G> +!
9?J==< O=DD KGE= =JJGJK KLADD =PAKL=< !AJKLDQ U:=J <AKLJA:MLAGF O9K 9K
KME=< 9K MFA>GJE 9F< AKGLJGHA; !A:=J KAR=K MK=< AF E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D
O=J= 9N=J9?= N9DM=K .=;GF<DQ &MO9:9J9 9AJ N=DG;ALQ EG<=D G> KAF
?D= U:=J O9K MLADAR=< 2M =L 9D   ;LM9DDQ 9AJ VGO U=D<
9JGMF< U:=JK O9K >9J EGJ= ;GEHDA;9L=< <M= LG ;GEHD=P KLJM;LMJ= G>
UDL=J E=<AME !=F? 'GF? (G  !=F? 'GF? 4M  0LADAR
AF? ! E=L@G< :Q ;GFKLJM;LAF? L@= ;GEHD=P U:=J KLJM;LMJ= 9F< E=K@
AF? L@= HGJ=K ;GMD< AEHJGN= 9;;MJ9;Q G> UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q HJ=<A;LAGF
!=F? 'GF? (G  !=F? 'GF? 4M  /@AJ<DQ GFDQ L@= =D=;
LJGKL9LA; =>>=;L G> L9J?=L KAF?D= U:=J GF ;@9J?=< H9JLA;D= EGLAGF 9F< J=
EGN9D O9K ;GFKA<=J=< /@= AFVM=F;=K G> GL@=J ;@9J?=< U:=JK O=J= A?
FGJ=< J=KMDLAF? AF KGE= =JJGJK !AF9DDQ L@= AFVM=F;=K G> ;GJGF9 <AK
;@9J?= U=D< GF H9JLA;D= <A>>MKAGF AEH9;LAGF 9F< AFL=J;=HLAGF E=;@9
Fig. 19. /@= ;GEH9JAKGFK G> IM9DALQ >9;LGJ 9F< =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF :=LO==F +! 9F<
# +
FAKEK O=J= FGL ;GFKA<=J=< AF EG<=D !GMJ UDLJ9LAGF E=;@9FAKEK O=J=
9KKME=< 9K AF<=H=F<=FL DD L@=K= >9;LGJK <=K;JA:=< 9:GN= ;GMD< ;9MK=
EG<=D =JJGJK $F GMJ >MLMJ= OGJC EG<=D AEHJGN=E=FL OADD >G;MK GF L@=
>9;LGJK <=K;JA:=< 9:GN=
/@= E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D <=N=DGH=< AF L@= ;MJJ=FL KLM<Q ;GMD< J=9
KGF9:DQ HJ=<A;L UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! OAL@ ;D=9F UDL=J E=<AME
OAL@GML ;GFKA<=JAF? L@= =>>=;LK G> <MKL DG9<AF? GF UDLJ9LAGF HJG;=KK $>
<MKL DG9<AF? ;GFLAFM=< >GJ 9 DGF? LAE= L@= E9KK G> ;GDD=;L=< H9JLA;D=K
;GMD< FGL := F=?DA?A:D= AJLQ UDL=J ;GFKAKL=< G> LOG U:=J LQH=K GJA?AF9D
U:=JK KM;@ 9K ?D9KKU:=J GJ HGDQHJGHQD=F= U:=J 9F< H9JLA;D= <=F<JAL=K
KG;9DD=< H9JLA;D= U:=JK /@= F=ODQ >GJE=< H9JLA;D= <=F<JAL=K ;@9F?=<
L@= AGFAR=< =D=;LJA; U=D< H9JLA;D= ;9HLMJ= =>U;A=F;Q 9F< GRGF= ?=F=J9
LAGF $F >MLMJ= L@= E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D K@GMD< := AEHJGN=< LG KAEMD9L=
LJ9FKA=FL H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! AF <MKL DG9<AF? H=JAG<
$F L@= HJ=K=FL +! KLM<Q UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> UF= H9JLA;D=K
– μE O9K E=9KMJ=< /@= J=EGN9D =>U;A=F;Q G> MDLJ9UF= H9J
LA;D=K − μE O9K GFDQ EG<=D=< $F >MLMJ= OA<= H9JLA;D= KAR=
J9F?= – μE OADD := ;GFKA<=J=< AF =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9LAGF =>U
;A=F;Q E=9KMJ=E=FLK
5. Conclusions
/@= ;MJJ=FL KLM<Q AFN=KLA?9L=< UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> +! :Q =P
H=JAE=FL9D 9F< E9L@=E9LA;9D E=L@G<K /@= AFVM=F;= G> <A>>=J=FL <=KA?F
H9J9E=L=JK O=J= 9F9DQR=< IM9FLAL9LAN=DQ AF;DM<AF? 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= UD
LJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ UDL=J LQH= 9F< <MKLAF? DG9<AF? /@=F HD=9L ?=GE=LJA=K
G> +! O=J= GHLAEAR=< :Q N9DA<9L=< E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D 9K=< GF L@=
J=KMDLK <=K;JA:=< 9:GN= >GDDGOAF? ;GF;DMKAGFK ;9F := <J9OF
 A>>=J=FL >JGE ! OAL@ V9L UDL=J E=<AME +! OAL@ HD=9L=< UD
L=J @9< @A?@=J UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q 9F< DGO=J =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF
/@= E9PAEME GRGF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF ?=F=J9L=< :Q ;GJGF9 <AK;@9J?=
AK :=DGO  HH:
 'GO=J UDLJ9LAGF N=DG;ALQ @A?@=J 9HHDA=< NGDL9?= 9F< @A?@=J UDL=J
E=;@9FA;9D =>U;A=F;Q D=9<=< LG @A?@=J =D=;LJGKL9LA; UDLJ9LAGF =>U
;A=F;Q 9F< IM9DALQ >9;LGJ KAEMDL9F=GMKDQ
 /@= =PH=JAE=FL9D 9F< EG<=D=< J=KMDLK 9?J==< J=9KGF9:DQ /@=
E9L@=E9LA;9D EG<=D <=N=DGH=< AF L@= ;MJJ=FL KLM<Q ;GMD< := MK=<
AF =F?AF==JAF? 9HHDA;9LAGF
 GEH9J=< OAL@ OA<=DQ MK=< # + GHLAE9D +! @9K ;GEH9J9:D=
UDLJ9LAGF =>U;A=F;Q 9F< K9N=K  =F=J?Q ;GFKMEHLAGF
Uncited reference
2M =L 9D 

UNCORRECTED PROOF
Z. Feng, S-J Cao Sustainable Cities and Society xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Acknowledgements
/@= 9ML@GJK OGMD< DAC= LG 9;CFGOD=<?= L@= ;GGJ<AF9L=< KMHHGJL
>JGE )9LMJ9D .;A=F;= !GMF<9LAGF G> @AF9 "J9FL )G  "J9FL
)G 
References
:<MD29@9: . !9<D9DD9@ . D-9K@<A (  N9DM9LAGF G> L@= AEH9;L G>
?JGMF<D=N=D ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK G> .* )*P * 9F< +( =EALL=< >JGE 9 KL==D E=DLAF?
HD9FL GF (MK;9L *E9F .MKL9AF9:D= ALA=K 9F< .G;A=LQ  –
?J9FGNKCA $ #M9F? - +Q9FCGN * DLE9F $ "JAFK@HMF .  F@9F;=E=FL G> L@=
H=J>GJE9F;= G> DGO=>U;A=F;Q #1 UDL=JK <M= LG ;GFLAFMGMK MFAHGD9J AGF =EAKKAGF
=JGKGD .;A=F;= 9F< /=;@FGDG?Q  –
J9BA ( -9Q  '=MF? '  +ADGLKLM<Q GF 9AJ:GJF= +( UDLJ9LAGF OAL@ H9JLA;D=
9;;=D=J9L=< ;GDDAKAGF L=;@FGDG?Q AF G>U;= =FNAJGFE=FLK .MKL9AF9:D= ALA=K 9F< .G;A=LQ
 –
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EG<=D >GJ HJ=<A;LAGF G> .+ =>U;A=F;Q 9F< NGDL9?=;MJJ=FL ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K MK
LJ9DA9$ .+
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E9LL=J UDL=JK H=J>GJE9F;= AF MJ:9F 9J=9K .MKL9AF9:D= ALA=K 9F< .G;A=LQ  
9A - 5@9F? ' 4M   <N9F;=< =D=;LJGKHMF UDL=JK LG HJGL=;L :MAD<AF? =FNAJGF
E=FLK >JGE HGDDMLAGF $F<GGJ 9F< MADL FNAJGFE=FL  –
9G .%  @9DD=F?=K G> MKAF? ! KAEMD9LAGF >GJ L@= <=KA?F 9F< GFDAF= ;GFLJGD G>
N=FLAD9LAGF KQKL=EK $F<GGJ 9F< MADL FNAJGFE=FL  –
9G .% (=Q=JK %  *F L@= ;GFKLJM;LAGF 9F< MK= G> DAF=9J DGO<AE=FKAGF9D N=FLAD9
LAGF EG<=DK $F<GGJ AJ  –
9G .% (=Q=JK %  $FVM=F;= G> LMJ:MD=FL :GMF<9JQ ;GF<ALAGFK GF -). KAEMD9
LAGFK G> HGDDML9FL <AKH=JKAGF AF E=;@9FA;9DDQ N=FLAD9L=< =F;DGKMJ=K OAL@ LJ9FKALAGF9D
KDGL -=QFGD<K FME:=J MAD<AF? 9F< FNAJGFE=FL  –
9G .% -=F   1=FLAD9LAGF ;GFLJGD KLJ9L=?Q MKAF? DGO<AE=FKAGF9D DAF=9J N=FLAD9
LAGF EG<=DK 9F< 9JLAU;A9D F=MJ9D F=LOGJC MAD<AF? 9F< FNAJGFE=FL  –
9G .% =F  5@9F? 2 !=F? 5  .LM<Q GF L@= AEH9;LK G> @ME9F O9DCAF? GF AF
<GGJ H9JLA;D=K <AKH=JKAGF MKAF? EGE=FLME L@=GJQ E=L@G< MAD<AF? 9F< FNAJGFE=FL
 –
=F? # !=F? 5 9G .%  $FVM=F;= G> 9AJ ;@9F?= J9L=K GF AF<GGJ * KLJ9LAU;9LAGF
AF L=JEK G> -A;@9J<KGF FME:=J 9F< NGJLA;ALQ MAD<AF? 9F< FNAJGFE=FL  –
!=F? 5  F =PH=JAE=FL9D KLM<Q G> L@= J=D9LAGFK@AH :=LO==F J=KAKL9F;= 9F< KLJM;LMJ=
G> 9 @A?@ =>U;A=F;Q H9JLA;MD9L= 9AJ UDL=J 6(. L@=KAK7 /KAF?@M9 0FAN=JKALQ @AF9
!=F? 5 'GF? 5  (G<=DAF? MFKL=9<Q UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> HD=9L=< UDL=J =JGKGD
.;A=F;= 9F< /=;@FGDG?Q  –
!=F? 5 'GF? 5 @=F ,  1GDL9?=;MJJ=FL ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> F==<D=HD9L= KQKL=E
OAL@ <A>>=J=FL E=<AME GF L@= UDLJ9LAGF HD9L= %GMJF9D G> D=;LJGKL9LA;K  –
!=F? 5 'GF? 5 (G %  PH=JAE=FL9D 9F< L@=GJ=LA;9D KLM<Q G> 9 FGN=D =D=;LJGKL9LA;
=F@9F;=< 9AJ UDL=J  ! >GJ UF= H9JLA;D=K %GMJF9D G> =JGKGD .;A=F;=  –
!=F? 5 'GF? 5 4M /  !ADLJ9LAGF ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> U:JGMK UDL=J >GDDGOAF? 9F =D=;
LJGKL9LA; HJ=;AHAL9LGJ %GMJF9D G> D=;LJGKL9LA;K  –
!=F? 5 +9F 2 29F? 4 'GF? 5  (G<=DAF? UDLJ9LAGF H=J>GJE9F;= G> HD=9L=< U
:JGMK UDL=JK :Q MD=JA9F(9JCGN E=L@G< +GO<=J /=;@FGDG?Q  –
!=F? 5 +9F 2 5@9F? # @=F? 3 'GF? 5 (G %  N9DM9LAGF G> L@= H=J>GJE9F;=
G> 9F =D=;LJGKL9LA; =F@9F;=< 9AJ UDL=J  ! :Q 9 FME=JA;9D E=L@G< +GO<=J /=;@
FGDG?Q  –
!GLGN9LA . /9>J=K@A # +GMJ<=Q@AEA    E9;JGK;9D= EG<=D >GJ KAEMD9LAF? HJ=K
KMJ= <JGH 9F< ;GDD=;LAGF =>U;A=F;Q G> HD=9L=< UDL=JK GN=J LAE= .=H9J9LAGF 9F< +MJAU
;9LAGF /=;@FGDG?Q  –
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KMJ>9;= HGL=FLA9D <=;9Q GF 9 L@AF UDE G> HGDQ=L@QD=F= L=J=H@L@9D9L= + / %GMJF9D G>
D=;LJGKL9LA;K  –
#AF<K 2  =JGKGD L=;@FGDG?Q +JGH=JLA=K :=@9NAGJ 9F< E=9KMJ=E=FL G> 9AJ:GJF=
H9JLA;D=K %G@F 2AD=Q  .GFK $F; )=O 4GJC 0 . 
#GJ=FKL=AF (  .MJ>9;= ;@9J?AF? DAEAL >GJ 9 OGN=F >9:JA; GF 9 ?JGMF< HD9F= %GMJ
F9D G> D=;LJGKL9LA;K  –
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/J9FK9;LAGFK GF A=D=;LJA;K 9F< D=;LJA;9D $FKMD9LAGF  –
&AE # #9F  &AE 4 4G .  @9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> 9F =D=;LJGKL9LA; HJ=;AHAL9LGJ >GJ
KM:EA;JGF H9JLA;D=K MKAF? FGFE=L9DDA; HAFK 9F< UDLJ9LAGF HD9L=K %GMJF9D G> =JGKGD
.;A=F;=  –
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Review of Engineering Controls for Indoor Air Quality: A Systems Design Perspective
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2023
This paper aims to review the engineering controls for indoor air quality (IAQ) from a systems design perspective. As a result of the review, we classify the literature content into three categories: (1) indoor air treatments, (2) dissemination control strategies, and (3) information technology. Indoor air treatments can be generally interpreted as the “cleaning” aspect, which covers ventilation and contaminant removal techniques. Dissemination control focuses on how contaminants generated in an indoor space can be transmitted, where four types of dissemination are classified. The category of information technology discusses IAQ sensors for monitoring, as well as the applications of the Internet of Things and IAQ data. Then, we further analyze the reviewed engineering controls by performing systems and functional analysis. Along with a discussion of IAQ functions, we suggest some systems design techniques, such as functional decoupling and design for flexibility/resilience, which are expected to promote more systems thinking in designing IAQ solutions.
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Challenges of using CFD simulation for the design and online control of ventilation systems
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2018
The optimal design and control of ventilation systems is of great importance to both indoor health and building energy efficiency. Indoor airflow characteristics play an important role for ventilation systems due to their great influence on indoor contaminant removal effects. Simulation of airflow using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modelling software can provide a prediction of indoor airflow and contaminant concentration by solving Navier-Stokes (NS) equations and a set of species transport equations. CFD modelling has been widely applied for the design and application of building ventilation systems. However, to satisfy high demand for practical design application and for online control of various types of ventilation systems, there are still some challenges confronting the research using CFD.
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Thermal Performance Analysis of an Underground Closed Chamber with Human Body Heat Sources under Natural Convection
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2018
  • APPL THERM ENG
In this article, a combined experimental and numerical study has been performed to investigate the thermal performance of a mine refuge chamber (MRC) under natural convection. In the current study, a 20-hour heating experiment is carried out in a fifty-person MRC laboratory and the heat lamps are utilized to simulate the human heat loss. A new analytical model is proposed to predict the air temperature and validated against the experimental data. Sensitivity analysis is performed to further investigate the effects of the thermal parameters of the rock. Results indicated that: (1) two different air temperature increase stages, rapid and slow increase stages, are observed in the MRC; (2) A new analytical method for predicting the air temperature in MRC under natural convection is proposed, it shows that the air temperature increasing trend becomes slow with the increase of the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat capacity of the rock; (3) the surface heat transfer coefficient on the vertical walls reaches the largest and it increases linearly with air temperature.
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Ventilation control strategy using low-dimensional linear ventilation models and artificial neural network
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2018
  • BUILD ENVIRON
Directly using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) for ventilation prediction and control is time-consuming and data-storage-expensive. Construction of linear system is of great importance for ventilation online control. Following with previous construction of linear ventilation models (LVM), in this work we continued to develop a new reliable model with the methodology of LLVM (Low-dimensional Linear Ventilation Models)-based ANN (artificial neural network) aiming at ventilation online control based on indoor pollutants response. A large database was firstly built using CFD simulations considering different ventilation modes, ACHs (air change rates per hour) and individual pollutant sources. Corresponding experiments were also conducted for validations. For the sake of rapid prediction, CFD-validated LVM (Linear Ventilation Models) method was used. Next, LLVM method was utilized for reconstruction and expansion of CFD database. Then, the well-trained LLVM-based ANN was employed to predict indoor CO2 concentration levels. An evaluation index (Ev) was defined to assess performance of different ventilation modes, considering weighting factors for both ventilation rates and CO2 concentration (i.e., 0.45 and 0.55). It is found that a single ventilation mode was not efficient for all scenarios, e.g., different pollutant source strength and positions. With ventilation control using LLVM-based ANN model, both indoor pollutant concentration and energy consumption were largely reduced (up to 30% and 50%) when compared with not using ventilation control. This work can potentially provide an efficient and effective strategy for ventilation online control of indoor environment in the perspectives of both health and energy efficiency.
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Toward energy saving and high efficiency through an optimized use of a PET coarse filter: The development of a new electrostatically assisted air filter
Article
  • Mar 2019
  • ENERG BUILDINGS
Efficient particle removal technology with minimal pressure drop is urgently needed for both air purification and energy conservation. Compact electrostatically assisted air (cEAA) coarse filters can significantly enhance the filtration efficiency of low-efficiency filters without increasing the pressure drop, thus greatly reducing the energy consumption of ventilation fans. In this study, we developed a new structure for an electrostatically assisted air (EAA) filter, in which the corona charging and polarizing fields were separated and independently controlled. We experimentally evaluated the influencing factors on both single pass filtration efficiency and energy consumption of 6 EAA PET coarse fibrous filters: charging field intensity (Ec), polarizing field intensity (Ep), and PET filters’ characteristics. The EAA filter device increased the single pass filtration efficiency for 0.3–0.5 µm particles of a PET coarse filter from 0.4% (Ec = Ep = 0) to 57.0% (Ec = 5.9 kV/cm, Ep = 0) by particle charging, and then up to 99.0% (Ec = 5.9 kV/cm, Ep = 12.5 kV/cm) by filter polarizing. Increasing Ep enhanced filtration efficiency and reduced power dissipation of EAA filters at the same time. Although all filters are made of PET, several filter characteristics – including thickness, filling power, electrostatic half period, morphology and fiber diameter – strongly influence filtration efficiency. We compared the six EAA PET filters to traditional filters reported in the literature, and found that to have a more than 90% filtration efficiency for PM0.3–0.5, commercial filters (91.0%) need total power use per unit area (Pt) of at least 327 W/m², while filters described in the literature (94.1%) need at least Pt = 76 W/m², and EAA PET coarse filters (93.2%) need at least Pt = 39 W/m². This study gives an understanding of the importance of media optimizing for EAA coarse filtration to achieve energy saving and high efficiency.
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CFD Assessment on Particulate Matter Filters Performance in Urban Areas
Article
  • Apr 2019
Particulate matter (PM) in the air is one of the several challenges that densely built urban areas are facing today, and the severe health risks that PM poses to a city's inhabitants are well known. While the sources of increase in PM levels could arise from a combination of several factors, it is imperative to take the necessary measures to maintain a ‘healthy’ city. One such measure is to install air treatment systems that filter out PM from the surrounding air. The effectiveness of such air treatment units in an urban setting is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). For the configuration used in this study, the mean performance of filters in reducing the uniform background PM levels is found to be approximately 11.4%. If PM sources due to traffic is also included, then the mean performance of filters in reducing the increased ambient PM levels is 7.6%. This study shows that introduction of such air treatment systems are generally effective in reducing outdoor PM levels and can be considered as one of the mitigation measures to improve the air quality.
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Modeling filtration performance of pleated fibrous filters by Eulerian-Markov method
Article
  • Sep 2018
  • POWDER TECHNOL
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool for the design of pleated fibrous filters. The Lagrangian method is widely used to simulate particle motion, filtration and clogging in pleated filters. However, the Lagrangian method is very time-consuming because it tracks large number of particle trajectories. In order to overcome the disadvantages, the current study proposed a new Eulerian-Markov method. The Eulerian method and Markov chain model were utilized to simulate the particle concentration field in the air zone and filter medium of a pleated filter respectively. The hybrid method was validated by experimental results from previously published literature. It was found that the Eulerian-Markov method is accurate, time-saving and widely applicable. Compared to the Lagrangian method, the newly developed Eulerian-Markov method could reduce computing time by 80%–90%.
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