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Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants
ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop20
Bioactivities and Chemical Constituents of
Essential Oils Extracted from Caryopteris
mongholica Bunge against Two Stored-Product
Insects
Ya-Zhou Shao, Qin-Zheng Hou, Zi-Yi Xie, Ying-Ying Yang, Chun-Yu He, Feng
Zhou, Ji Zhang & Jun-Yu Liang
To cite this article: Ya-Zhou Shao, Qin-Zheng Hou, Zi-Yi Xie, Ying-Ying Yang, Chun-Yu He, Feng
Zhou, Ji Zhang & Jun-Yu Liang (2021) Bioactivities and Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils
Extracted from Caryopteris�mongholica Bunge against Two Stored-Product Insects, Journal of
Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 24:1, 22-30, DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2021.1875888
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2021.1875888
Published online: 04 Mar 2021.
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Bioactivities and Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Extracted from
Caryopteris mongholica Bunge against Two Stored-Product Insects
Ya-Zhou Shao 1, Qin-Zheng Hou 1, Zi-Yi Xie 1, Ying-Ying Yang 1, Chun-Yu He
2, Feng Zhou 1, Ji Zhang 1,3, Jun-Yu Liang 1*
1College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University (NO.967 Anning East
Road, Lanzhou, 730070, CHINA)
2
College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730101,
Gansu, P.R. China
3A New Rural Development Research Institute of Northwest University, North-
west Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, P.R. China
* Corresponding Author: 18893811951@163.com (Jun-Yu Liang)
Abstract: This work investigated the chemical constituents of the essential oil (EO) extracted from different
organs (whole plants, flower and fruits, leave and branches) of Caryopteris mongholica. At the same time, the
fumigant, contact and repellent effect of the EO from C. mongholica against Lasioderma serricorne and
Tribolium castaneum were evaluated. The main chemical components were identified from the EO included β-
pinene (24.77 %), 4-terpineol (15.80 %), β-cis-ocimene (9.31 %), α-pinene (8.20 %), 2-isopropyltoluene (7.37 %).
The results of bioassays indicated that EO was toxicity to T. castaneum than L. serricorne. The results also
showed that possessed stronger repellent activity against T. castaneum than L. serricorne. The results provided
a basis for the development and utilization in the future for the control of insects.
Keywords: Caryopteris mongholica; essential oil; insecticidal activity; Tribolium castaneum; Lasioderma
serricorne.
ISSN: 0972-060X (Print); ISSN: 0976-5026 (Online)
Journal of Essential
Oil-Bearing Plants
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop
Received 18 July 2020; Received in revised form 10 December 2020; Accepted 12 January 2021
Introduction
Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius and Tribo-lium
castaneum Herbst are two common species of
insects in stored products 1-2. Generally, the nor-
mal practices to control insects depended on the
synthetic chemical. However, pesticide residue has
obvious harmful effects on warm-blooded animals
and the environment 3. Meanwhile, the overzealous
use of synthetic chemical pesticides has increased
the cost of application, pest-resistance, lethal eff-
ects on non-target organisms and toxicity to users
4. Therefore, alternatives to synthetic chemical
insecticides are needed urgently. More and more
researchers are developing new pesticides that
are efficient and have low toxicity to the environ-
ment and animals. Botanical pesticides possess
unique characteristics such as low toxicity and
easy biodegradation 5. Plant-based EOs have been
considered as a kind of botanical pesticides 6. Due
to high volatility, plant-based EOs are less likely
to leave residues on stored products 7. On the
other hand, EOs have been demonstrated to exert
various biological activities against insects and
nematodes 8. Some of the plant EOs have been
evaluated for insecticidal activity 9-13. They are
the potential to be used as a kind of botanical pesti-
J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 2021, 24, 22-30 © 2021 Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons
DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2021.1875888
Article
J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (1) 2021 pp 22 - 30 22
cide.
Caryopteris mongholica is blindly Monglian
medicine and widely distributed in Monglian and
Gansu province, which has high ornamental and
medicinal value. And C. mongholica belongs to
the mint subfamily Ajugoideae (Lamiaceae) 14. It
has the effect of eliminating food, dispelling rheu-
matism, promoting blood circulation and relieving
pain 15. Zhang et al 15 reported the Methanol ex-
tract of Caryopteris mongholica. Meanwhile,
some Caryopteris genus plants have shown insec-
ticidal activity against insects. For example, C.
incana possesses strong fumigant activity and ob-
vious contact activity against Sitophilus zeamais
adults 16. C. xclandonensis showed repelling acti-
vity and insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti
17. In this work, we investigated fumigants, insecti-
cides and repelling activities of C. mongholica
against L. serricorne and T. castaneum adults.
Materials and methods
Plant material and EO extraction
C. mongholica was collected from Lanzhou,
Gansu Province, China (34°03'N latitude, 103°40'
E longitude, altitude 1720 m) in September 2017.
The species was identified by Associate Professor
Q.Z., Hou and the voucher specimen was depo-
sited at the Herbarium of College of Life Sciences
of Northwest Normal University. The fresh plant
was divided into four groups: whole plant, flower
(attached fruits), leave and branch. These four
groups were separately air-dried and chopped,
then weighed and were transferred into an appro-
priative apparatus equipped with a water-cooled
oil receiver to reduce overheating artifacts. The
hydrodistillation was carried out for 6 h. The distil-
late was extracted with n-hexane and EOs were
collected from four organs(whole plants, flower
and fruits, leave and branch)of C. mongholica.
The extra water was removed by adding anhy-
drous sodium sulphate. At last, the EOs were sto-
red in airtight containers in the refrigerator at 4°C.
Insects
L. serricorne and T. castaneum obtained from
Laboratories of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Qua-lity R&D and Product Development, College
of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, in
China. They were kept in a dark cabinet of an
incubator at 29 ± 1°C and 70 %-80 % relative hu-
midity. The two insects were reared in glass contai-
ners (0.5 L) containing wheat flour mixed with
yeast (10:1, w/w). The unsexed insects used in
all were 1-week old adults.
Chemical analysis by gas chromatography
(GC) and mass spectrometry (MS)
The chemical components were analyzed on a
GC instrument and coupled to a mass spectro-
meter equipped with an HP-5MS capillary column
(30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). The original
temperature was set at 60°C for 1 min and rose
at 10°C/min to 180°C. It stayed for 1 min and
then rose at 20°C/min to 280°C. It stayed another
15 min. Analytical conditions were as follows: the
carrier gas was helium at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/
min, the column temperature was maintained at
60°C for 2 min and then rose to 180°C for 1 min
at the rate of 10°C per minute and then rose to
20°C for 15 min, the injector temperature was
maintained at 270°C. The samples (1 μL, dilute to
1 % with hexane) were injected with a split ratio
of 1:10, scan 2 times per second with a scanned
spectrum from 20 to 550 m/z.
Each component was identified by mass spectra
compared to the NIST 94 2.0 libraries. Relative
percentages of the individual constituents of the
EO were obtained by the normalization method
of peak area.
Fumigant toxicity
The fumigant toxicity of the EO extracted from
the whole plant against two insects were investi-
gated with Liu and Ho’s method 18. Diluted con-
centrations were determined by Pre-experiment.
The EO was dissolved in n-hexane to prepare a
serial testing solution with n-hexane solvent as
the negative control. MeBr and phosphine were
used as a positive control. The filter paper (2.0
cm in diameter) was filled with 10 μL EOs of
different concentrations. Then the filter paper was
placed on the top of the glass vial’s nut (2.5 cm in
diameter, 5.5 cm in height and 25 mL in volume).
After 20 seconds of solvent evaporation, the cap
was tightened to form an airtight space inside the
bottle and placed in an incubator. There were 10
Ya-Zhou Shao et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (1) 2021 pp 22 - 30 23
insects in each test and all treatments and controls
were implemented five times. The dead insects
were counted after 24 h. The median lethal con-
centration (LC50) was calculated using probit ana-
lysis (SPSS 19.0).
Contact toxicity
The contact toxicity was tested based on the
methods described by Liu and Ho 18. Dilute con-
centrations were determined by Pre-experiment.
The EO was dissolved in n-hexane to prepare a
serial testing solution with n-hexane solvent as
the negative control. Pyrethrin was used as a posi-
tive control. The EO was used as the testing sam-
ples and two species of insects were used as tar-
gets. 0.5 μL dilution essential oil was applied to
the dorsal thorax of the two species of insects. It
was put in a glass bottle of 2.5 cm in diameter
and 5.5 cm in height. It was placed in an incubator
with a temperature of 28~30°C and relative humi-
dity of 70 %-80 %. There were 10 insects in each
test and all treatments and controls were imple-
mented for five replicates. The dead insects were
counted after 24 h. The median lethal dose (LD50)
values were calculated by using Probit analysis
(SPSS 19.0).
Repellency activity
According to the description of Zhang and other
methods19, we investigated the repellent activity
of the essential oil. The EO was dissolved sepa-
rately in n-hexane to prepare serials of testing
solutions (78.63, 15.73, 3.15, 0.63 and 0.13 nL/
cm2). N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET)
was used as the positive control and n-hexane
was used as the negative control. A filter paper
was cut into two equal pieces. 500 μL samples
were placed on one piece, while another piece
was treated with 500 μL of n-hexane. After they
were air-dried to evaporate the solvent completely,
the two pieces of filter paper were fixed on the
bottom of a Petri dish side by side. There are 20
insects in each experimental dish. Then placed
the insects in the middle of the filter paper. The
numbers of the insects present on each strip were
counted after 2 and 4 hours. All experiments were
repeated at least five times. The value of percent
repellency (PR) was calculated with the following
equation:
PR ( %) = [(Nc-Nt) / (Nc+Nt)] × 100
Nc was the number of insects present on the
negative control half, Nt was the number of insects
present on the testing part and then the averaged
PR values and the SE values were derived. In re-
pellency tests, means and standard errors were
conducted by Microsoft Excel 2007 for Windows
XP.
Results and discussion
Chemical composition of the EOs
The compositions of EOs extracted from the
different organs of C. mongholica were investi-
gated in Table 1. The main components of EO of
the whole plant were β-pinene (24.77 %), 4-terpi-
neol (15.80 %), β-cis-ocimene (9.31 %), α-pi-
nene(8.20 %), 2-isopropyltoluene (7.37 %) and
limonene (5.00 %). The main compositions of the
EOs of other organs were similar to the whole
plant except the branch. The main components
of the EO of the branch were 4-terpineol (69.13
%), myrtenal (6.24 %) and trans-pinocarveol
(5.42 %). The proportion of these three main com-
positions was approximately 80 % in the whole
EO of the branch. Meanwhile, there were 13
compositions (2-Hexenal, α-pinene, myrcene and
so on) of the whole plant in EO. But they have
not been detected in the EO of the branch. Com-
pared with the EOs of other Caryopteris genus
plants, there were differences in compositions and
relative content. For instance, the main composi-
tions of EO of C. incana were estragole (24.8
%), linalool (14.0 %) and 1,8-cineol (5.2 %) 16,
the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-
bacterial activity. C. xclandonensis were α-cop-
aene (8.3 %), limonene (7.2 %) and δ-cadinene
(6.3 %) 17, C. grata were spathulenol (30.1 %),
humulene epoxide II (8.4 %), α-cadinol (6.8 %),
α-muurolol (6.1 %), α-humulene (5.0 %) 20, C.
glutinosa were β-pinene (52.63 %), limonene (15.
03 %), α-pinene(13.81 %) 21, C. terniflora were
limonene (37.40 %), cis-sabinol (26.90 %) 22.These
diversities may result in different biological activi-
ties.
Fumigant toxicity
The fumigant activity of the EO extracted from
Ya-Zhou Shao et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (1) 2021 pp 22 - 30 24
Table 1. Chemical compositions of the essential oils
extracted from different parts of C. mongholica
Relative content ( %)
RIaRIbCompounds Whole Flower and Leaf Branch
plant fruit
829 1022 2-Hexenal 0.68 - 0.59 -
932 835 α-Pinene 8.20 9.17 7.87 -
977 975 β-Pinene 24.77 34.85 26.39 2.33
988 962 Myrcene 0.84 - 0.91 -
1002 983 α-Terpinene 2.35 2.37 2.06 -
1015 1013 β-Phellandrene 0.59 2.86 1.99 -
1028 1071 p-Cymene 7.37 4.54 8.68 0.71
1033 1037 Limonene 5.00 5.28 3.81 0.97
1045 1050 β-cis-Ocimene 9.31 7.21 8.21 1.65
1060 1049 γ-Terpinen 4.21 4.18 3.42 1.33
1083 1084 Terpinolene 1.62 1.56 1.48 -
1090 1385 β-Terpineol 0.67 0.55 - 1.13
1096 974 Acetate-3-Octanol 1.76 1.27 2.02 -
1106 1106 trans-Pinocarveol 4.86 2.28 5.90 5.42
1124 1299 (-)-Camphor 0.38 0.56 - 1.99
1142 1374 α-Pinocarvone 1.39 0.78 1.27 3.01
1149 1148 4-Terpineol 15.80 14.17 13.95 69.13
1166 1042 Myrtenal 3.47 2.12 - 6.20
1174 1475 α-Terpineol 1.05 0.72 - 4.44
1180 1042 Myrtenol 0.92 - 4.62 -
1376 1291 Copaene 0.77 0.74 0.62 -
1412 1382 β-Caryophyllene 0.21 0.36 0.41 -
1474 1560 β-Germacrene 1.05 1.04 0.95 -
1518 1525 β-Cadinene 0.90 1.02 0.84 -
1569 1581 Caryophyllene oxide 0.13 - 1.08 -
total 98.30 97.63 97.07 98.31
Yields ( %, v/w) 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.01
Density (g/mL) 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.92
RIa, retention index as determined on HP-5MS column using the homologous series (C5-C36) of n-hydro-
carbons; RIb, retention index taken from the NIST 05 library and the literatures
the whole plant of C.mongholica was listed in
Table 2. The EO showed obvious fumigant toxi-
city against L. serricorne (LC50 =12.84 mg/L air)
and T. castaneum (LC50 = 12.15 mg/L air). The
EO showed lower fumigant toxicity than the posi-
tive control (Mebr and Phosphine, respectively)
against two species of insects. Meanwhile, the
EO of C.mongholica showed stronger fumigant
toxicity than the EO of Artemisia dubia deter-
mined by the same method. (LC50 = 49.54 mg/L
air) 23. Nevertheless, the EO of C. mongholica
showed similar toxicity with Ajania fruticulosa
(LC50 = 11.50 mg/L air) 24 and A. anethoides
(LC50 = 13.05 mg/L air) 25 against T.castaneum.
For example, A. stolonifera (LC50 = 0.99 mg/L
air) 26 and A. mongolica (LC50 = 6.08 mg/L air)
27. β-Pinene and 4-terpineol were two main
compositions of the EO of the C. mongholical.
β-Pinene showed fumigant toxicity against T.
castaneum (LC50 = 16.43 mg/L air) 26 and L.
Ya-Zhou Shao et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (1) 2021 pp 22 - 30 25
Table 2. Fumigant toxicity of C. mongholica essential oils
against L. serricorne (LS) and T. castaneum (TC) adults
Insect Treatment LC50 (95 % FL) Slope ± SE Chi-square P-value
(mg/L air) (χ2)
TC Essential oil 12.15 (11.16-13.20) 0.22 ± 0.03 12.90 0.95
MeBr * 1.71 (1.52-1.89) 1.59 ± 0.51 19.29 0.84
Essential oil 12.84 (11.62-14.22) 0.21 ± 0.02 8.48 0.99
LS Phosphine ** 9.23×10-3 (7.13×10-3-11.37×10-3) 2.12 ± 0.27 11.96 0.91
* Data from Liu and Ho 14
** Data from Wang et al. 24-25 and be got at the same laboratory with the author.
serricorne (LC50 = 29.03 mg/L air) 28, respecti-
vely. Mean-while, 4-terpineol also showed obvious
fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne (LC50 =
6.90 mg/L air) 27. The result implied that β-pinene
and 4-ter-pineol might be contributed to the
fumigant toxicity of C. mongholica EO against
the two species of insects 29-31.
Contact toxicity
The contact activity of the EO extracted from
the whole plant of C. mongholica was showed
in Table 3. The EO showed obvious fumigant toxi-
city against L. serricorne (LD50 =13.62 μg/adult)
and T. castaneum (LD50 = 13.25 μg/adult). The
two species of insects showed a similar sensibility
to EO. The EO has lower contact toxicity against
both insects when compared with the positive con-
trol, pyrethrins. However, C. mongholica EO
possessed stronger contact toxicity than other EOs
which used a similar bioassay in the literature
against T. castaneum adults, e.g. essential oil of
Evodia lepta (LD50 = 166.94 μg/adult) 32, Ajania
fruticulosa (LD50 = 106.00 μg/adult) 24. β-Pinene
showed contact activity against T. castaneum
(LD50 = 22.14 μg/adult) 26 and L.serricorne (LD50
= 65.55 μg/adult) 12, respectively. Meanwhile, 4-
terpineol also showed obvious fumigant activity
against T. castaneum (LD50 = 7.65 μg/adult) 33
and L. serricorne (LD50 = 8.62 μg/adult) 27, res-
pectively. The two compositions might be contri-
buted by the contact activity of C. mongholica
EO. Especially, the contact activity of 4-terpineol
was stronger than β-pinene, but the content of 4-
terpineol was lower than β-pinene in C.mongho-
lica EO. 4-terpineol might have played a larger
role than β-pinene in the contact activity of the
EO. While the contact activity of the EO was not
caused by a single compound, it might be attributed
to the synergistic effect of multiple compounds
34.
Repellent activity
The repellent results of the EO of the whole C.
mongholica against the two species of pests were
shown in Figure 1. The EO exhibited similar repell-
ent activity with DEET at four tested concentra-
Table 3. Contact toxicity of C. mongholica essential oils
against L. serricorne (LS) and T. castaneum (TC) adults
Insect Treatment LC50 (95 % FL) Slope ± SE Chi-square P-value
(μg/adult) (χ2)
TC Essential oil 13.25 (12.12-14.48) 0.18 ± 0.02 9.56 0.99
Pyrethrins 0.10(0.08-0.13) 2.40 ± 0.39 8.83 0.79
LS Essential oil 13.62 (12.33-14.99) 0.15 ± 0.02 23.58 0.43
Pyrethrins * 0.24 (0.16-0.35) 1.31 ± 0.20 17.36 0.92
* Data from Wang et al.[24-25] and be got at the same laboratory with the author
Ya-Zhou Shao et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (1) 2021 pp 22 - 30 26
Fig. 1 PR of DEET and the essential oils of C. mongholica against L. serricorne and T. castaneum at 2 h and 4 h after exposure
Ya-Zhou Shao et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (1) 2021 pp 22 - 30 27
tions except for the lowest concentration (0.13
nL/cm2) at 2 h exposure against T. castaneum.
The PR values of EO were higher than 90 % at
the testing concentrations of 78.63 nL/cm2 and
15.73 nL/cm2 at 2 h after exposure. Five tested
concentrations possessed the same repellent level
with DEET at 4 h after exposure against T. casta-
neum. Especially, the EO possessed strong PR
(97 %) at a tested concentration of 78.63 nL/cm2
at 4 h after exposure.
At a concentration of 78.63 nL/cm2, the EO
showed similar repellent activity with DEET at
2 h after exposure. At the five tested concentra-
tions, the EO showed certain repellency 4 h after
exposure. The PR values of EO were 72 % and
50 % at the concentrations of 78.63 nL/cm2 and
15.73 nL/cm2 at 2 h and 4 h after exposure, respec-
tively. The results showed that EO had certain
repellent activities against T. castaneum and L.
serricorne. The EO of C. mongholica had a
similar repellent activity to the positive control
DEET against T. castaneum. Meanwhile, the
repellent activity of EO from C. mongholica
against T. castaneum was higher than L.
serricorne. The difference between the two
results was due to the multiplicity of targets. On
the other hand, the investigation indicated that the
repellency and concentration were correlative.
Conclusion
This project investigated the chemical composi-
tions of the C. mongholica EOs of the different
organs. The main compositions of the EOs of other
organs were similar to the whole plant except the
branch. The common components of the EO of
the branch and the whole plant were 4-terpineol.
Meanwhile, it is possible that 4-terpineol possessed
strong contact toxicity and fumigant toxicity again-
st two species of insects. At the same time, the
repellent activity of EO was stronger against T.
castaneum than L. serricorne. The EO of C.
mongholica possessed obvious insecticidal acti-
vity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne. 4-
terpineol, a neurotoxic agent, acts on the nervous
system. ATPase is one of the main targets of 4-
terpineol widely in various tissues of insects 35.
Studies have shown that β-pinene has abundant
biological activity and has good application pros-
pects in medicine and agriculture 36. It is specu-
lated that β-pinene and 4-terpineol can affect the
nervous system of the insects. The effect of two
monomers on insecticidal activity needs further
study. The EO is easy to volatilize in air and de-
grade in nature. Thus, the EOs has the potential
to develop into new natural pest control. The re-
sults provided fundamental research for insect
control by using EOs and the basis of the develop-
ment and utilization in the future for the control of
insects.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
This project was supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
51873175) and Gansu Higher Education Industry
Support Program (2020C-9)
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