Design and Development of Smart Trash Bin Prototype for Municipal Solid Waste Management

Abstract

This paper describe the design and development
of waste management system intended for municipal areas. One
of the classical city problems is the habits of its people who do
not care about cleanliness of their environment. Awareness of
how to throw and manage garbage in a good manner is still not
become an important consideration. The government doesn’t
have yet the efficient waste management system. Waste
management system based on information technology capable
of handling waste management problems is needed to overcome
this problems. In this work, a prototype of waste management
system has been developed, especially for the solid waste,
focusing on segregation and garbage collection phase. The
system consists of three main subsystems: the hardware
subsystem consist of trash bin equipped with sensors and
communication system for monitoring the garbage status and
controlling the garbage collection schedule. The other
subsystems are data management and data visualization
subsystem for management and analysis purposes. The
prototype was built and tested. It shows that the system can
operate well, their sensors can detect different type of garbage,
also can send and display the garbage status to the management
display station. The prototype can meet the needs that have been
defined as part of urban waste management solution.

Full text

978-1-5386-6589-3/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Design and Development of Smart Trash Bin
Prototype for Municipal Solid Waste Management
Feisal Ramadhan Maulana
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
feisalramadhanm@gmail.com
Yudi Pratama
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
yudi.pratama@riset.ai
Theo Adhitya S. Widyanto
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
theoadhitya.sw@gmail.com
Kusprasapta Mutijarsa
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
kusprasapta.mutijarsa@itb.ac.id
Abstract—This paper describe the design and development
of waste management system intended for municipal areas. One
of the classical city problems is the habits of its people who do
not care about cleanliness of their environment. Awareness of
how to throw and manage garbage in a good manner is still not
become an important consideration. The government doesn’t
have yet the efficient waste management system. Waste
management system based on information technology capable
of handling waste manage ment problems is needed to overcome
this problems. In this work, a prototype of waste management
system has been developed, especially for the solid waste,
focusing on segregation and garbage collection phase. The
system consists of three main subsystems: the hardware
subsystem consist of trash bin equipped with sensors and
communication system for monitoring the garbage status and
controlling the garbage collection schedule. The other
subsystems are data management and data visualization
subsystem for management and analysis purposes. The
prototype was built and tested. It shows that the system can
operate well, their sensors can detect different type of garbage,
also can send and display the garbage status to the management
display station. The prototype can meet the needs that have been
defined as part of urban waste management solution.
Keywords—waste management, smart trash bin, solid waste,
smart city, data management, data visualization
I. I
NTRODUCTION
Indonesia as the fourth most populous country in the
world certainly has a lot of community social problems. One
of them is the waste problem that continuously increase in
line with the populations growth. It needs a smart solution
and technology innovations to solve this waste management
problems. Improper waste management can effect
environmental problems as well as public health problems.
Based on data derived from the State Ministry of the
Environment (KNLH) it shows that from the total waste
production in Indonesia, only 18.84% can be sorted for later
reused or discarded [1]. By 2015, statistics data estimate that
Indonesia will become the second largest waste producer
after China with 187.2 million tons / year [2]. Java area
became the largest contributor of the total amount of waste
because of the high population. Increasing population and
limited land to accommodate the rest of the consumption is
one of the factors that cause the volume of garbage continues
to mount.
According to Damanhuri [3], the waste management
method consists of two types: waste reduction and waste
management. In the handling of garbage there are several
elements of work, namely: sorting, collection, transportation,
processing, and final processing of waste. Either the waste
reduction or waste handling, both still do not provide
maximum results from predefined standards. It is estimated
that only 60% of waste in major cities in Indonesia can be
transported to final disposal site, whose main operation is
landfilling [4].
Technological developments in the world today have
reached an amazing stage. The current technology can be
implemented in almost all elements of human life. Integration
and collaboration between information technology with socio-
environmental issues is something that is expected to provide
output that can be a solution of the existing problems. Data
and information on waste management can be a valuable
resource in an effort to maximize management activities. With
the application of information technology, it is expected that
waste management activities can be monitored and controlled
to be appropriate. Therefore, it takes a technology-based
system that can provide solutions in order to increase
effectiveness and efficiency of waste management.
This paper describe the design and development prototype
of waste management system. The system consists of three
main subsystems, i.e. hardware subsystem that consist of trash
bin equipped with sensors and communication system for
monitoring the garbage status and controlling the garbage
collection schedule. The other subsystems are data
management and data visualization for management and
analysis. The paper consist five chapter. The following second
chapter describe the related works of waste management
system and technologies. Chapter three describe the system
requirement analysis and system design process. The
implementation of the prototype is described in chapter four,
and the testing result is discussed in chapter five. The
conclusion is described in chapter six.
II. R
ELATED
W
ORKS
O
F
W
ASTE
M
ANAGEMENT
S
YSTEM AND
T
ECHNOLOGIES
A. Condition of waste management in Indonesia
Waste management is still the main problem in Indonesia.
Until now, the waste management paradigm used gather -

transport and dump step [5] as illustrated in Figure 1. In
practice, the main way of a city in solving its waste problem
is eradication by landfilling. City managers assume that their
landfill can solve the entire waste problem without having to
pay proportional attention to the facility [4]. But it actually
raises a new problem that is the formation of a disease nest in
landfilling done.
Figure 1. Gather-Transport-Dump Waste Management Concept
The way waste management with waste removal and
eradication is most often applied in Indonesia due to the lack
of effectiveness of other management alternatives. This
method is also popular because of the low cost incurred and
the ease of operation offered. However, this can lead to new
problems of soil and groundwater contamination from
leachate (waste water) generated, as well as air pollution in
the form of a pungent odor from garbage heap [7].
In around 1980, the Center for Environmental Research
(PPLH) ITB introduced the concept of Industrial Waste Areas
at the regional level. This concept has a goal of minimizing
waste transported to landfill as much as possible by involving
community self-help in recycling waste [8]. Unfortunately,
this concept does not go smoothly because of the need to
change the mindset and community perspective in handling
waste [3].
B. Analysis of Integrated Waste Management Strategy –
case study Semarang City, Indonesia
The enactment of Law No. 18 of 2008 on waste
management indicates that the municipal / district
government should change the waste disposal system into a
waste management system. Garbage that was initially
transported and then disposed of to the landfill, must now be
managed in advance at both the upstream and downstream
levels. Community-based integrated waste processing can be
implemented by reducing waste as much as possible by
processing waste at the nearest location with the source of
waste [9]. It can help to extend the life of the landfill,
anticipate the limited use of landfills, optimize the operation
of limited transportation facilities, reduce the cost of
transporting waste from the Temporary Waste Disposal Site
(TPS) to Final Waste Disposal Sites (TPA), increasing
community independence as well as the community's active
role in maintaining environmental hygiene through
environmentally friendly waste management [10].
C. Application of Waste Processing Technology and Its
Utilization in Waste Management
In general, the application of waste processing technology
to urban areas can be illustrated in Figure 2. There are three
types of technologies that are commonly applied in waste
processing technologies such as waste composting, waste
incineration, and waste recycling technology. Composting is
the process of degradation of organic matter through the
biological reaction of microorganisms under controlled
conditions. Waste incineration technology can reduce the
amount of waste that must be disposed to the landfill by 80%.
Figure 2. Urban Waste Management Diagram

The successful implementation of waste incineration
technology depends on the physical and chemical
characteristics of waste as well as the funding and
management capability of the local government. Recycling
technology utilizes waste components that have high
economic value to be reused.
D. Technological approach: A Smart Waste
Management with Self-Describing Objects
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology
that can be used in waste management by providing
automatic and fast identification of the type of garbage when
it is disposed of. In the research, a trash bin can identify the
type of waste based on RFID Tags that exist on the packaging
of the product. The waste to be identified is classified into 3
types, which are paper or cardboard, glass, and plastic waste.
In addition to using RFID Reader, the researchers also
offer several alternatives in identifying waste types, including
QR Code Barcode, and NFC technology. The workings of
these alternatives are also similar, namely the process of
scanning the tags placed on the packaging of these objects.
However, there are differences in the scanning process if
done using QR Code. The scanning process is done through
the user's personal device which then raises the appropriate
waste disposal recommendations.
From the results of the literature study, the problem of
waste management that currently exists in the community is
the lack of community participation in helping waste
processing both in the upstream and downstream areas. Good
waste processing in the upstream area will ease the final
waste processing workload in downstream areas, i.e. in Final
Disposal Site (TPA) [13].
Figure 3. Trash Category Identification Schema using RFID [12]
Waste processing in the upstream area can be done by
sorting waste in accordance with the characteristics
established by related government agencies [3]. From the
sorting, the waste that has been separated in accordance with
the classification will be easier to be transported for later
processed in accordance with the place of processing. In
addition, from proper waste segregation, waste management
process through Reduce, Reuse, Re-cycle concept can also be
implemented effectively and efficiently. From an operational
point of view, waste segregation carried out in the early
stages of waste management can reduce transportation costs
from garbage transport vehicles and also can reduce the
workload and cost of landfill (TPA).
III. A
NALYSIS AND
D
ESIGN
A. System Requirement
System requirements are generated by identifying and
analyzing the core of the problems. This waste management
system has the needs to run in accordance with the
requirements. A list of system functional requirements is
presented in Table 1.
Table 1 System Requirements
ID Requirements
SyR-001 System can perform trash type detection.
SyR-002 System can provide an indicator of the appropriate type of
garbage to the user.
SyR-003 System can measure the volume and the weight of garbage
contained in the trash bin.
SyR-004 System can transmit volume, weight, and volume percentage
data to the server.
SyR-005 System can perform data processing from the sensor.
SyR-006 System is capable of displaying volume and trash weight
data visualization on web pages.
SyR-007 System is capable of performing data management of the
trash device.
SyR-008 System is able to perform user data management system.
SyR-009 System is capable of processing garbage weight and volume
data in the database.
SyR-010 The system is able to create a written report about waste
information.
SyR-011 The system is able to create a map marker at the location of
the trash device that reaches a predetermined threshold.
B. System Design
Based on the general description and design specification
of the system, the design of technology system of city waste
management is shown in Figure 4.
The trash bin will send garbage data captured by the
sensor wirelessly to the server, which then performs the data
processing into garbage statistics on the website dashboard.
It will also send notification about the current trash volume
in the trash bin along with its location to the garbage officer
through mobile application.

The schema of the design of the system in more detail can
be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Hardware Design
C. Hardware Design
The following is the hardware design resulting from
meeting the functional requirements of the system and based
on the assessment of aspects of maintainability, performance,
physical infrastructure, budget, and project goal achievement.
Figure 6. Mock-up Platform Design
D. Software Design
The software design is structured into a use case diagram
that describes the activities that can be performed by the
municipal solid waste management software. The diagram
can be seen in Figure 7.
There are six major activities that the system can do:
sorting waste, managing trash device data, knowing garbage
statistics, managing administrator data, views garbage data
report, and views the location of near-fully loaded trash bin.
Figure 7. System Use Case
Sorting garbage is done on trash device. The device will
process the values generated by the characteristic waste
detecting sensors to produce an appropriate disposal
container guide for the user. Managing trash device data
allows the system to add, change, or remove the device's
listed in the system. Garbage statistics information allows the
system to provide an assistance in waste management
decisions, especially to waste managers or environmental
agencies. Managing administrator data allows the system to
add, change or delete administrator data, both in-office and
field staff. The system can also generate reports on garbage
data into a file for printing purposes. The system can know
the location of the fully-loaded trash can, so that it can be
carried out by the officer immediately. This activity is
directed to field officers and the location is known by using a
smartphone.
Figure 4. Waste Management System Design

IV. I
MPLEMENTATION
A. Hardware and Device Implementation
Implementation of city waste management system and
technology uses two microcontrollers as its core. The
microcontrollers represent two sub-systems of the system as
a whole. The sub-system is a solid waste sorting sub-system
and a data management sub-system. Both sub-systems can be
illustrated by Figure 8 and Figure 9.
Figure 8. Solid Waste Sorting Sub-System
Figure 9. Data Management Sub-System
The components used in the implementation of this project
are written in Table 2.
Table 2 Component for Implementation
Sensor Module Sensor Type
Microcontroller Arduino UNO
Arduino Mega 26500
Volume Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
Waste Characteristics Capacitive and Inductive Sensor
Communication Module Esp8266-01
Notification Module LCD 2x16
LED
Figure 10. Hardware Mock-up
The device mock-up is based on the hardware design that
has been designed in the previous section.
B. User Interface
The user interface on the website is designed in such a
way that it is easy to use by administrators and information
can be well conveyed. Figure 11 is one view on the website,
the dashboard page. There is a navigation menu on the left
side of the page that can direct administrators on the various
features offered.
Waste information in the form of figures and diagrams
can assist decision makers in waste management activities,
such as priority development of infrastructure for managing
certain types of garbage, the capacity of garbage transport
vehicles, and the needs of the number of fleets and garbage
officers
Figure 11. System User Interface
C. Communication Schema
Communication between hardware and software is
connected using the MQTT (Message Queueing Telemetry
Transport) protocol and Mosquitto as its broker. ESP8266
from hardware publishes data to broker, and accepted by
MQTT WARN who acts as a client which subscribes to
certain topic. MQTT WARN then pushes the received data to
the database for further management. A more complete
communication scheme can be seen in figure 12.

Figure 12. Communication Schema
V. T
ESTING
A. Test Case and the Results
Some test cases are made to test system functionality and
its capacity to fulfil the goals.
Table 3 Test Case for Implemented System
ID Test Case Results
TC-001 Starting-up system System can be started up
TC-002 Connectivity testing The system can be connected to a configured
network
TC-003 Cloud server testing The system can be connected to a configured
cloud server
TC-004 Detection module
testing
The system can detect various types of waste
materials
TC-005 Indicator module
testing
The system can provide an indicator that
matches the type of garbage dumped
TC-006 Information module
testing
The system can provide information
according to the type of garbage dumped
TC-007 Data gathering module
testing
The system can collect data from waste
containers
TC-008 Communication
module testing
The system can transmit weight, volume,
and volume percentage data over the
network
TC-009 Garbage device data
manage ment mod ule
testing
The system is capable of performing CRUD
functions for every trash device
TC-010 Garbage device
mapping function
testing
The so ftware syste m is able to d isplay a map
with a marker for each bin listed on the
system
TC-011 Visualization function
testing
The software system is capable of
processing data and displaying the
appropriate garbage data visualization
TC-012 Fully-loaded garbage
device marking
function
The mobile app is capable of displaying
markers on the map for the almost fully-
loaded trash bin.
TC-013 Report generation
function testing
The system can create reports that contain
garbage information in PDF format
TC-014 Integrated system
testing
Hardware systems with software systems
can work well and are synchronized
B. Explanation of the test results
In general, the test cases that have been successfully
tested and produce the appropriate results. It's just that for
some test cases there are disturbances such as long delay time
caused by disconnection of device communication network
with broker, large response time due to bad data transfer
through cable, and also delay time due to technical problem
i.e. the accurate placement of the objects to be detected.
VI. C
ONCLUSION
City waste management system and technology is a
system capable of handling waste management problems in
Indonesia, especially the segregation and garbage collection
activity. This system consists of three main subsystems
namely the sorting subsystem, data management subsystem,
and data visualization subsystem.
Testing for each test case produce the appropriate results,
there are only a few obstacles such as communication delay,
response time, and the accurate placement of the objects to be
detected.
The system can be further developed by improving the
quality of hardware used so that the readings of the sensor can
be more accurate and data processing can be done more
quickly. System development can also be done by extending
the scope of management, for example adding the activities
of transportation, processing, and final processing to obtain a
comprehensive system in handling waste management.
III. R
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