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Intellectual Capital as the Fostering Factor for Sustainable Smart Urban Development in the Basque Autonomous Community
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The study seeks to confirm that the design of third-generation cities must include a strategy which makes the city more competitive to face today’s global challenges from the perspective of the municipalities of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (ACBC). Firstly, this study examines the literature on smart cities, sustainable and innovative knowledge-based development, new public management and urban IC. Secondly, it presents a multivariate analysis based on secondary data to establish the relations
between the 6 axes of the studied model and at what level are they introduced in each of the Basque municipalities under study. The total population studied includes the 251 municipalities of the ACBC. Of these, the study analysed a representative sample comprising the 200 members of “Udalsarea 21” (the Basque Network for Sustainability), a forum for coordination and cooperation in launching Local Agenda 21 in this region. The main conclusion was that the ranking of the three Basque capitals as smart cities has improved: Bilbao as a transition case, from a post-industrial to an innovative city model, with modern interurban infrastructures; Vitoria-Gasteiz as an environmentally
responsible city, with recovered green spaces and established pollution reduction plans; and Donostia-San Sebastian as a cultural city, innovating and fostering a culture industry. In particular, Bilbao performs best in the “smart mobility” factor, while Donostia-San Sebastian scores better in “smart economy” and “smart living”, with the highest quality of life in the ACBC, and Vitoria-Gasteiz performs
well for the “smart environment” factor.
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The objective of this paper is to address the smart innovation ecosystem characteristics that elucidate the assembly of all smart city notions into green, interconnected, instrumented, open, integrated, intelligent, and innovating layers composing a planning framework called, Smart City Reference Model. Since cities come in different shapes and sizes, the model could be adopted and utilized in a range of smart policy paradigms that embrace the green, broadband, and urban economies. These paradigms address global sustainability challenges at a local context. Smart city planners could use the reference model to define the conceptual layout of a smart city and describe the smart innovation characteristics in each one of the six layers. Cases of smart cities, such as Barcelona, Edinburgh, and Amsterdam are examined to evaluate their entirety in relation to the Smart City Reference Model.
RESUMEN Los objetivos de este estudio son analizar la producción científica sobre turismo en Cataluña y explorar las diferencias entre las revistas turísticas y no turísticas. Mediante un análisis bibliométrico y de contenido, se muestra la producción desde varios ángulos: la dis-tribución de la producción entre autores, centros y revistas; los tipos de revistas; las temáticas y regiones investigadas; y las disciplinas científicas empleadas. Una conclusión es el impor-tante papel que han desempeñado las revistas no turísticas, especialmente las geográficas, en la difusión del conocimiento turístico. Palabras clave: investigación turística, Cataluña, análisis bibliométrico, revistas no turísticas, revistas turísticas.
Recently the mall intercept method of data collection has emerged as one of the most popular methods among market researchers. Little progress has been made, however, in empirically assessing the mall intercept approach. In an exploratory study, the authors assess the mall intercept by comparing it with telephone interviewing on response quality and nonresponse rates, as well as lifestyle characteristics and shopping behavior of the respondents.
For any two brands of a frequently-bought product in a given time-period, the proportion of buyers of one brand who also buy the other brand is generally directly proportional to the total number of buyers of that brand. Such duplicated buyers of two brands buy each brand with an average frequency which tends to be a fixed fraction of that with which all buyers of each brand buy it.
To enrich the limited and recent work in existence on relational phenomena in the consumer-brand domain, the authors focus on the concept of brand trust. The non-existence of a wider accepted measure of this concept is surprising given that: (1) trust is viewed as the cornerstone and one of the most desired qualities in a relationship; and (2) it is the most important attribute a brand can own. In this context, this research reports the results of a multi-step study to develop and validate a multidimensional brand trust scale drawn from the conceptualisation of trust in other academic fields. Multi-step psychometric tests demonstrate that the new brand trust scale is reliable and valid. Both theoretical and managerial implications are presented.