A literature review on Smart Cities: Paradigms, opportunities and open problems

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A Literature Review on Smart Cities: Paradigms,
Opportunities and Open Problems
Ayoub Arroub, Bassma Zahi, Essaid Sabir and Mohamed Sadik
NEST Research Group, LRI Lab. ENSEM, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.
arryoub@gmail.com, bassma.zahi.7@gmail.com, e.sabir@ensem.ac.ma, m.sadik@ensem.ac.ma
Abstract—During the last years, both academicians and pro-
fessional researchers attribute an interest to the future of cities.
They conclude that the technological leap will influence the both
architecture and infrastructure, which will give birth to the
smart cities vision. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the movement towards smartness by providing
a study on divers smart city definitions which depend on
geographical, environmental, economical and social constraints
of each city, next to presenting dimensions that let smart city a
3D concept and highlighting some smart city Models. It gives an
overview of smart city characteristics : Smart Economy, Smart
Environment, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Living
and Smart Human Level and shows some big pictures of the
components of each paradigm and how they been illustrated.
People usually moves to cities in order to fulfil their needs in
job, relationships tpand enjoy the modern life, the urbanization
phenomenon, climate change and resources depletion took place
and addressed a significant number of Smart cities challenges
were appeared in urban areas. However, thanks to ICT, Smart
City provides opportunities for people to create, invent, test and
experience new things in order to optimize their quality of life.
Index Terms—Smart City, ICT, Smart City Paradigm, Smart
City Models, Smartness, Traffic Management System, IoT
I. INTRODUCTION
Urbanization process is related to economic development,
social development and environmental protection.
Consequently, the urban population percentage is increasingly
important. This last took the speed character to overcome the
rural one since 2007 [1]. Consequently, cities all over the
world are at the height of seeking for optimal solutions to
face new challenges that grow variably over space and time
[1]. The quick transition to a highly urbanized population
has made from societies a process of presenting solutions
regarding many key themes such as: Sustainable development,
Education, Energy, Environment, Safety and Public services.
Those challenges has led urban areas to be compound social
ecosystems in which sustainability and good quality of life
are important to be ensured.
In order to improve the management of urban processes
and inhabitants requirements, divers administrations all over
the world have presented significant number of future city’s
models in which technology, connectivity, sustainability,
This work has been conducted within the framework of the Mobicity
Project funded by The Moroccan Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research, and the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research.
comfort, safety and attractiveness shape the crucial objectives
to achieve on the one hand, and let cities aware of the concept
of “Smart Cities” on the other hand.
In this regard, and for the large part of the 20th century,
the city’s smartness was a media’s science fiction. but thanks
to telematics development and the devices’ intelligence, the
Smart City “is fast becoming a reality” [2]. Furthermore, the
use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is
important to cause a higher systems’ automation with enabling
individuals to monitor, understand, analyse and plan the city
[2]. Thus, Smart City is rooted in intelligent infrastructures’
creation and ICTs-Human connection, where the city growth
must respect these three axes [3] : sustainability ; by
improving the city/environment relationship and using
green economy. Smartness ; context aware economy and
governance. Inclusiveness ; by fostering a high-employment,
economy delivering social and territorial cohesion.
The rest of this paper exhibits an overview on smart cities.
The second section presents some definitions of a smart city
and its paradigms. We provide some common descriptions of a
smart city as well as some hot topics in Section III and Section
IV respectively. Section V summarizes some open problems
highlights the smart mobility paradigm. Finally, we draw some
concluding remarks in Section VI.
II. SM ART CITY PARADIGM
Because of the urbanization phenomenon, a significant
number of risks, concerns and problems have been appeared.
Consequently, these last let concerned administrations seek
optimal solutions, which can only be found, according to
researchers, in “Smartness”. What’s more, smart can be sus-
tainable, livable, secure, it can be green or connected. Indeed,
Smart City can be defined as the aim to reach all of those
objectives using ICT.
Furthermore, when we talk about using ICT to smartify an
object, it means that we add two features to its normal
functioning: the Sensing and the Automation. Devices like
wireless sensor, camera, road sensor and GPS are components
able to sense and gather informations like temperature, loca-
tion and pollution. Arduino, Raspberry and other embedded
systems are the automation components which had proved
effectiveness on improving the functioning of an object. This
is the process of smartification of a single object and we can978-1-5090-3837-4/16/$31.00 c
2016 IEEE

name it as the local smartification.
But when it comes to a system, which is a set of objects in
interaction, two more features need to be taken into account
which are: The identity: using Radio Frequency IDentification
(RFID) tag that enable now to identify object in an open net-
work and connectivity: multiple communication technology
which enable sending and receiving data.
The appearance of the “Smart City” collocation was an op-
portunity for individuals to ask the following questions: “What
actually is a Smart City? What is the vision of a Smart City?”
in order to find a concept’s definition. In addition, regarding
to not only the technological [4] and industrial revolutions
[5], but sociological [6] development as well, all cities have
looked for a unique definition of this concept, which was
almost impossible because of the various interpretations. As a
result, they finally end up in front of a considerable number of
definitions. In this part, The existence of analogous terms to
Smart city let the confusion of the concept’s meaning is not
excluded. For clarification, lots researches proved that these
terms are the components that make from Smart City a 3D
concept. Substantial initiatives have been conceptualized in
order to find concept’s characteristics (Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Smart City Concept
The answer of this following question will be presented
and discussed: Why is it complicated to obtain a unified
Smart city definition?
A. Smart City Definition
We gathered some definitions from different sources to
highlight the non unified character of the concept (Table I).
Barbara McCann claims that focusing on the quality of
life is one of essential Smart City mainstays to guarantee the
orientation towards the better lifestyle [9]. The smartness
meaning precision varies from one author to another. Giffinger
et als [10] considers “Smart” as a mean of a prospective
performing taking into account the development aware,
flexible, transformable, synergistic, individual, self-decisive
and strategic aspects for smartness achieving.
To make things easier to understand, we can consider that
the city is just a system that gathers many systems. Thus,
Source Smart City Definition
[8] “A city can be defined as ”smart” when investments in human
and social capital and modern transport and communication
infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high
quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources,
through participatory governance.”
[9] “Smart Growth is so many different things. It’s not just
transportation. it’s a mindset toward creating a more holistic
community. We’ve talked about quality of life. And what has
been more fundamental to quality of life than physical health?”
[10] “A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy,
people, governance, mobility, environment, and living, built on
the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-
decisive, independent and aware citizens.”
TABLE I
WORKING DEFI NIT ION S OF SM ART CITY CON CE PT
we can define the city as a “System of Systems”. So to
get to Smart City, we just bring the intelligence to systems.
The significance of the Smart City is the city that receives
many contribution technologies from lots of companies by
giving innovated products for the city markets to realize
this intelligence, without forgetting innovations developing
history evoked from traffic flows to the wireless technologies
in order to precise and control parameters and, consequently,
the individual choices to build smartness in various sectors.
B. Smart City Dimensions
In the city development context, the term smart has multiple
dimensions (Figure 2): technology, people, and community.
Fig. 2. Smart City Repository axis
According to [18], the term of “Smart Cities” has been
defined and explained in divers paths including four city
technological brands which are: “Digital City, Intelligent
City, Ubiquitous City and Information City ” [18] .
Moreover, the first type depends proportionally on the
quality of information systems that particularly combine
telecommunication, computing and innovative infrastructure
to gather governmental, private and public needs [19]. The
city that aims at the out-performance through the innovation
in 3D by using ICTs can only be Intelligent City [20]
.The networks operates the Ubiquitous city that presents

fixed and mobile infrastructures which consist of high-end
technologies [21], [22]. Information City is the city that
gathers information by sensors and transmits it to inhabitants
through using online services.
The city is really smart when we highlight is not just the
technology, but also the people and the communities. What’s
more, the dense presence of ICT gives an opportunity to the
city to have creative, divers and educated both: people and
governance by ensuring a connection between the two other
dimensions to power sustainable expansion and to promote
the life quality. People dimensions includes: Creative City,
Learning City, Human City and Knowledge City. Human and
Social infrastructures are essential points for city development
[23]. Since Smart People benefit from social capitals, their
hybrid mix is about education/training, culture/arts, and
business/commerce to have a coherent smart city [24]. The
role of the learning city aims to upgrade competitivity of
urban contexts on the global knowledge economy [25] by
developing an information economy workforce [26].Campbell
has classified cities that are working on the smartification
process as: “individually proactive city, city cluster, one-to-one
link between cities, and city network” [27].The human city
has multiple opportunities to operate human capacities and
lead a new life founded on high education, better-educated
and individuals skilled workforces, which depend on smart
places’ development ranking. The nurturing of knowledge
encouragement is the knowledge city’s function. Knowledge
City is interchangeable like these progressing concepts which
are: Intelligent, Educating or Smart [28], [29] and the
innovation is its distinction key [30].
For the third dimension, Smart Community is a strategy that
aims at involving the most significant number of users in IT
[31], ranging from a small to a wide community, to improve
their quality of life [32].
In addition, each type of these cities has its own per-
spectives, but the majority of researchers has focused on
some points in order to obtain an city that assembly three
factors which are : Technology, People and Institutions. These
scholars’ initiatives have been highlighted in significant papers
that extract the real Smart City’s characteristics.
C. Smart City Models
To make smart city real, leading business companies, Smart
City professionals and academic researchers have been work-
ing last years on developing frameworks. for now the most
developed cities around the world had made a significant
progress. However small and emerging cities still face chal-
lenges in implementing this new concept. The following table
shows some Smart Cities Models that are applicable to cities
with various dimension, social, economy and demographic
structure. The examination of those existing models illustrate
some similar features. (Table II).
The process of structuring the Smart City Model must
be based on a comprehensive and comparative study of the
current success stories.
Source Smart City Model
Giffingers et al. [11] Smart cities indicators
Cohen [12] Smart Cities Wheel Model
IBM [13] Smart Cities Nine Pillar Models
TABLE II
SMA RT CITY MO DE LIN G APPROAC HE S
According to [11], Smart City is used to establish the smart-
ness in industrial, educational, governmental sectors without
forgetting the use of modern technologies in daily life, which
means that there are significant activity’s realms to the Smart
City term, the thing that brought R. Giffinger to identify 6
characteristics which are: “Smart Economy,Smart Environ-
ment,Smart Governance,Smart Living,Smart Mobility,
and Smart People”. The first model structure is presented
as an hierarchical triangle (Figure 3) in order to express the
aspects of the Smart City. Furthermore, each characteristic is
defined by some factors as it is highlighted in figure 3 [11].
Fig. 3. Model Structure
Boyd Cohen determines six keys, in his Wheel model,
as those evoked in [11]. Each of the characteristics, each
component has its own factors [12]. What’s more, Cohen
proposes a number of that should be followed to adjust the
above framework. At first sight, a city’s vision have to be
formed with the participation of inhabitants. So, cities should
first improve a starting point before establishing forward
looking. Then, indicators putting will be possible. A city own
benchmark is a primordial thing to define a private vision since
own needs are different from one city to another, such as the
needs and challenges, which consider the population density,
topography and infrastructure as basics. The cities should
follow lean start up principles. Remaining in the same context,
International Business Machines (IBM) highlights their 3D
vision against Smart City concept. The three pillars are: Peo-
ple,infrastructure and operations. According to this, three
services have been determined, which are: human services
that comports education, health-care and social programs of
inhabitants, infrastructure services which consist of energy,
water and transportation and planning and management that
group all of city governance, public safety, urban planning and
managing natural resources [13].
Even if The models’ list highlights the Smart City concept’s
heterogeneity, the majority of models have some overlapping
characteristics; We can deduce that there are 6 dimensions that
are part of most models: Smart HL, Smart Governance, Smart

Economy, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment and Smart
Living.
D. Smart City Paradigms
We can seek for lots of aware, flexible, transformative,
synergistic, individual, self-decisive and strategic aspects for
smartness achieving. Since city is a group of systems, several
researches identified some characteristics that ensure the
real city smartness and thus, made from Smart City a more
specific term. The EU project [11] rested on an hierarchic
structure in intention to present the relation between analyse
levels. Thus, each characteristic is defined by some factors as
it is highlighted in figure 4 (Figure 4).
Fig. 4. Smart city characteristics
Smart Economy is described by innovative, entrepreneurial,
productive, flexible economy, trademarks and the integration
in all markets types. For Smart People, we find the
development of HL regarding their education and quality
of social interaction. Smart Governance includes all
political, administrative and public services aspects. We
can also describe Smart Mobility by the wide accessibility,
ICTS availability and new systems sustainability, Smart
Environment that can be obtained thanks to acting on
attractive natural conditions and environmental protections
plans, as well as Smart Living that includes all quality of life
aspects.
1) Smart Economy: Considerable researches have revealed
the absence of the universal definition of the Smart Economy
and described the concept in different ways. What’s more,
it includes smart companies that produce innovative ideas
and improve the price-quality ratio based on the resource
optimisation concept. However, this definition did not show
all the specific sides of the Smart Economy. For this reason,
researchers continue in developing more definitions [14],
[15], [16], [17]. According to the researchers, here are
common characteristics of the Smart Economy : Innovative;
ideas that increase the productivity and reduce cost. Digital;
widespread use of ICTs in the economy. Competitive; be
open, employ knowledge and innovation to obtain good
quality of higher profits, productive resources and efficient
costs. Green; focus on sustainable fundamentals, use
natural energy resources and recover clean areas. Socially
responsible; seek to promote the welfare of individuals.
2) Smart Environment: In order to increase sustainability,
the city must act on environmental infrastructures which are:
waterways, sewers and green spaces. it should also be based
on using natural and green energy resources [27].
3) Smart Governance: The set of Smart City projects
involve the participation of multiple stakeholders. To
better manage those projects and initiatives, cities must
improve the governance quality. In general, traditional
governance is “as regimes of laws, administrative rules,
judicial rulings, and practices that constrain, prescribe, and
enable government activity, where such activity is broadly
defined as the production and delivery of publicly supported
goods and services.” [32]. Thanks to the emergence of
ICTs, cities attempt to promote their government, so, all
governance activities which are based on technology are
Smart Governance. It represents “a collection of technologies,
people, policies, practices, resources, social norms and
information that interact to support city governing activities”
[20]. It improves information systems and communication
networks and use of innovative policies, technology and
business models. On a [33] study, the e-governance projects
success depends on stakeholders relations where “Stakeholder
relations refers to four main issues : the ability to cooperate
among stakeholders, support of leadership, structure of
alliances and working under different jurisdictions ” [33].
4) Smart Living: In the correlation of all axe that has
been presented, citizen develop intelligent ways of living
through technology. Everything is in connected devices so
a lot of tasks become easier, safer and cheaper. last years,
innovative solutions under development tended to make life
of individuals more productive, sustainable and efficient.
For example, the working of smart building gained interest
and Connecting Building Systems a part of modern building
equipped of components and technological devices aims at
create together a collective intelligence and bring a set of
features to improve the productivity, safety and comfort of
residents. A building manager as a suite of layers a standard
automation to gather data, analyze, monitor and manage the
building respect the IoT paradigm [7].
5) Smart Mobility: The history of urban transport knew
lots of changes caused by divers people travel choices that
gave birth to three types of cities [34]. First, Walking Cities
was an idea proposed by british architect Ron Herron in
1964. He characterized this kind, on the one hand, by tight
streets, which attach a significant population density with a
mixed land use and, on the other hand, half an hour on foot
destinations’ achievement.
Furthermore, Transit Cities was a plan for developing public
transport in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was first proposed
and announced by David Miller in 2007 to integrate trains’
railways and trams’ routes in order to make cities more

spreader with a density population reduction.
Automobile City is a city type in which the transport modes
has seen an important changeover after the second world
war. The existence of this kind was due to technological
development transport modes in order to move quickly on
any direction and to any destination with dividing the city
into divers functional parts, reducing the population density
next to transport flexibility.
The evolution of metropolitan areas around the world results
in a transformation of lifestyles and mobility practices:
the individuals move by using lots of modes of transport
increasingly for reasons more and more diversified. To
account both the complexity of practices mobility and
the strong connection between urban transformations and
movements, scientists and technicians use a new term: “Urban
Mobility”. Traffic problems such as congestions, long queues
and delays, are not new to urban areas and are not exclusive
to larger cities. Urban Traffic Control (UTC) and Traffic
Management Systems (TMS) have experienced enormous
evolution throughout the years, since the first traffic lights
were implemented in the second half of the 19th century. By
the increasing of population growth and automobiles, traffic
control systems in city infrastructure must plan strategies to
meet mobility future requirements. While preserving their
original purpose of optimising throughput and guaranteeing
quality of service, key ingredients of urban smartification,
such as ICTs and the Internet of Things (IoT) are now
explored to leverage the new-generation UTC and TMS.
6) Smart HL: Cities can’t achieve smartness without cre-
ativity, education, knowledge and learning. Thus, when we
talk about Smart City, people dimension is hardly present and
consequently the four keys of people axis must be highlighted
(sectionII-B).
III. SMA RT CI TY CHALLENGES
Cities’ exposure to impacts from some climatic events such
as: a rise of sea level, flooding from changes in river flows
and increased risks of heat islands because of greenhouse
phenomenon. Thus, this last can be considered one of many
areas challenges’ factors. However, when we talk about urban
areas, demographic changes, technological, economic, social
and environmental development problems must be mainly
highlighted as factors that create considerable constraints for
the city.
A. Urban transport congestion
The development of the citiess scales and patterns used in
transportation caused problems that affect on the well being of
citizens in urban areas. Most of research in this area conclude
that the use of private cars still the transportation mode
dominated in cities. Yet, the automobile city is the solution
that fills citizens needs of privacy, independence, freedom,
flexibility, etc. On the other hand, this mode of transportation
has big effect on a citys future, the large energy consumed by
cars which produce noise and air pollution producing climate
change and damaging the environment, also it increased ac-
cidents and congestion. The road transport is overloaded and
100 billion euro per year was the cost estimated of congestion
in EU [36]. In the Knowledge Research Agenda of European
Metropolitan network Institute define this state by introducing
the term of New Urban Reality conclude that this reality is
no more sustainable. And the main issues is the heavily use
of privates car instead of other mobility mode such as public
transport, cycling and walking. The big challenge now of a
Smart Mobility is to develop a transport able to fulfill citizen
needs in a green, environment and sustainable way.
B. Healthcare obstacles
It’s considered one the most important factor in order to
improve the wellbeing of citizen. Citizen in the most developed
cities still suffer from high cost and hospital crowding. E-
health is the solution, which aim to use technology in health
sector. it contains several solutions for hospital challenges,
from the point of view of healthcare professionals, doctors
and politicians e-health will be an indispensable way to
promoting healthcare industry particularly for those living
with chronic conditions. [37]. Many solutions and projects
is under development in healthcare in several axes like: tele-
medecine, telecare: it is a set of service carried out off-
location. Services typically include tele-consultation and tele-
diagnosis, which lets experts perform diagnostics with medical
instruments without the physical presence of the patient [38].
This solution has proved a special efficiency on patient with
chronic illnesses. Technology trend has proved its efficiency in
storing, researching and analysing data in healthcare context
like complete history of diagnoses and records of a patient
(Electronic Health Record) [39] communicated by specialiste.
Health or m-Health is another form of e-health that improve
the communication, the sensing, the monitoring part of health
data, in order to provide real time information and results to
patients, researchers and doctors through mobile.
IV. SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES
A. Sustainable transportation
The smartification of the traffic system in the existing
road infrastructure have been considered as a solution to
overcome some barriers in a way to get a sustainable mobility
as it says: “A TMS offers capabilities that can potentially
be used to reduce road traffic congestion, improve response
time to incidents, and ensure a better travel experience for
commuters” [40]. A typical TMS consists of a set of features
that can perform the 4 general tasks of a smart system (if
we can call it IoT system) with specifications of the traffic
context(Figure 5). Sensing is gathering heterogeneous traffic
data, via for example: road sensors, cameras, social media,
that will be employed, processed and aggregated , it uses
algorithms to fusions and extract useful road information.
Routing and statistics information is optimally computed in
the exploitation phase to transfer, finally, knowledge to the
end user.

Fig. 5. Smart System Tasks
In parallel of this process, concepts like real-time condition
and the short-term traffic prediction need to be considered
in TMS. Also the future system rely on M2M and other
communication technologies and paradigm of IoT must be
respected to have a complete efficient smartness to the system
in cooperation with other systems.
B. Green environment
The increase awareness of bad effects of nuclear energy on
environment and on health, increase the interest in changing
energy behavior; In the first hand, to generate renewable
energy based on system like solar power generation and wind
power generation. In the other hand, by connected things
and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, other possibili-
ties shown up like making the energy generation, storage,
consumption more smarter. To create an intelligent energy
management, it affords creating a smart grid capable by
routing energy to end user in an efficient way using existing
model of communication. “The Smart Grid is expected to
be the implementation of a kind of Internet in which the
energy packet is managed similarly to the data packet across
routers and gateways which autonomously can decide the best
pathway for the packet to reach its destination with the best
integrity levels”. It been recently presented by Steve Collier in
a IEEE webinar the future of energy by presenting the concept
of ENERNET (Energy of Things) as a marriage between
Smart Grid and IoT. Emerging ENERNET open more other
possibilities in order to have an affordable, reliable, secure and
sustainable supply of electric power and energy.
V. DISCUSSION AND OPEN PROB LE MS
The vision of IoT is to build a smart world. It uses smart
objects, data and technology to connect the physical world to
the virtual one in the interest of smartifying all city sectors.
According to CISCO 25 billion device is now connected
and that will double by 2020 [35]. It is a revolution that
will change the world by enabling more connectivity. In
the ICTs part, the topic which considered by futurists and
researchers the key enabler of this transaction is the IoT
trend. Based on infrastructures includes smartphones, wireless
sensors, camera and other sensors to collect data and send it
using communication technologies to be analyzed, stored and
transferred by web services. As result, many IoT application
scenarios has been conceived and developed to make Smart
City concept a reality.
However, the enabling of such paradigm involves other
topics and rises big challenges that we must face; Big amount
of data for example, data analysis, to provide the homogeneous
web semantic models and to improve the storage process. The
Security and the privacy issues also are become increasingly
challenging despite the huge efforts that have been done to
contend cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism. Many more laws
need to be standardised and published to make the IoT gate
more trustful. It is necessary to build an Internet of energy
more reliable, secure and sustainable in order to enable the
IoT connectivity and exchange interoperability between things,
which is the most major problem in IoT.
VI. CONCLUSION
From definitions to future perceptions and challenges, this
work aims to provide a short description of Smart City concept
by giving an overview from nearly all sides. A promising
future vision that it will refine urbane areas, and improve the
wellbeing of both citizens and companies by giving a secure,
affordable and sustainable spaces. Nonetheless, on the first
hand, the success of those initiatives imply the contribution
between all parts of the city. Policy, stakeholders, company,
community and citizen must all work together with more
transparency. On the other hand, “many Smart City initiatives
are intensively using technology” [20]. Thus, the academic
and professional researchers still have to do a big work on
technical and technological challenges. Several ICTs fields like
IoT, AI, big data analysis, nano-technology are involved to
create more Smart City scenarios.
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