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Closing Global Material Loops: Initial Insights into Firm-Level Challenges

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Abstract

Sharing and exchanging waste materials between industrial actors, a practice known as industrial symbiosis (IS), has been identified as a key strategy for closing material loops. This article adopts a critical view on geographical proximity and external coordinators—two key enablers of IS. By “uncovering” a case where both enablers are absent, this study seeks to explore firm-level challenges of IS. We adopt an exploratory case-study approach at a cement manufacturer who engages in cross-border IS without the support of external coordinators. Our research presents insights into two key areas of IS: (1) setting up the initial IS exchange and (2) improving the performance of existing IS exchanges. Moreover, our research provides initial insights into the underlying nature of the related firm-level challenges and explores how internal coordination between manufacturing and purchasing may or may not act as a substitute for geographical proximity and external coordinators. In doing so, our insights into firm-level challenges of long-distance IS exchanges contribute to closing global material loops by increasing the number of potential circular pathways.
Closing global material loops: Initial insights into rm-level challenges

Summary
                  
! "#$ % "&  $ '  # # ( 
)*#
*  +  #$ ( " # ,!- 
$$$!#*'. (
" *# !#   !(!
  .$ " ! !(*
/!#( "01&.!
" *   2&    ( ( * " *
3!     !# !(
    '.      *      
$!(!!##!$!(
*#*! 
'.(. "*$!$
$#!$(!#
Keywords: !  # !  #$  $  *  '.

Introduction
4!    (        (  #-    
!#$% "&#%
5$266782619& "( (!
    $#.!  (    '    (  (        
!#    (  #  !      
 %4 2666& "!   ( #: " 
 (       
 
    !" #      *#  
*  '   " * %;!
 <.  2612&  )   $  (  !     "  
$  !     (   ( *(#
%(*266=8>!261?84
@A26168$266B8C!266=&>
  . " * %   26118 !( 
  2619&        $ %!(  2619&  <
  (     
;! "*!
!  (  (  #    *   %   ;!
2619&)  '   $# *  "  
,!-*'.!*
Address correspondence to0D$E#
D$4( !!@$1BF226D$
5$%G$!!
)(. "*!!(*
      (  $    !  #    
  @    !#      (      (  #
%"/266?&#('*
(3# .!
  ( %4  26668  <      266?&  "      '-
$. "*!$(
!#(('
%"  /266?& @!  $#    %2611& !
        (  !  !  (  !  
    (        "  
#'!!
 # ( )  #! '-!$# ( "
!# ! %C!  ! 261H& $!    ! (
!   !    "   
  !      D  #    (  *      
!(!*$! "
!(!
      .    !#          !    
*.$! "$
$3    (     
  '. ;! '   " 
! ((!!  *
!(!!#
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Literature Review
!  ! !  " @ * # !
' '  "   ! (    $#.! (   ' 
(    ! ' %4 2666& < 
(,!- ' !! 
8!# "
 H6 #     ,!-%$  #$!
%2612&ID'( "$#(!
( $#$!%2612&(;!
  (  J!J  K        $    #$!
%2612&     *   ( ,!- D ! 
   ! ( "   "  * (
%4(2612&D
 "(!!
( !  L#  %$ 266B&   ! (  (
$!%2612261?&
5M( "!! "$'(
, #$ M $# - %42666
H1?&@!(
  (  " %4  @A 26168 ;! 
<.2612&(!'
$(*#  * "
2
  !  #        #  (!'      (  $
*#*
The role of geographic proximity and external coordinators
"  *   (         $!#-   !-  
 "((M!%
3266F8C!!261H&)!$
 % 2669& > !  *# ( " + ! (
;!    # (  %3 266?8  C!  !
261H&+'#$'(*#%2669&
"  *#  $      (    $  (
  +  (      *  +        !
(*%E::1FF=&4*#(
  '-  $  #    (#      !    
%  2669&  D    (    *#  #    !  (
%#&  !  $        ! %$  
1FF9&
  *#    *    #        
 " %3 266?8 "  / 266?&  ! J %2669&
'(*#,$$
$!-%BH&!(M
(    (  *  $    E"D    )  K    "
  *#  (          .!    %(
*E"!N%2612& N
D! %        266=& &    '  *      
   (  " $  '  . *  ( *
!K !"#$%K "&
ENN!$ !5
    *#    *        
*#@*#
%*#& $' %"  / 266?8 C!  26198;!
<.2612&3*#(..
   +   '  (#  
$' "*    ! ( " !
%*#&%"/266?8C!2619&@*
!#(  (;!#  N!$#$# (
M'! "*%(
    1FF=&  "  *    (!'        $#
 !#%*#&%"
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*  # ! "  $# *
      $        #  
 "%4(2612&
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# " !!(  !
! $  "  !# ! ( 
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(  # (  %3 2612&    ! # $
!'
A critical perspective on geographic proximity and external
coordinators
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!$O%&!
$'  (    *# %#  266=&  K  #  "
*$(*
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*#!$!#!
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    *    !    !  (  *
%!#&+(
*3*#%2669&/%261H&/
#-((
 # $! 3     
*#$!M$#
  !      (    *#    *  
%2669&
K   $ ( !   $ "  
$*#* 
! ( $(  (  
 #(!'$( *#
*
The role of internal coordination
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#(!'*#
* . "*!
($( "*#(;!$ 
!%;!&
 $ !#      !    "
%4(26128P!266B&)!-
#    *  #  %!#      '#  &
($!!(!#
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 " * %NQRQ#R   2619&   $
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      !  .(!    (
O"
    *#  (          (    "  *
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  !*        $  !  
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*#*#
'-$#.! "* "*
#
Figure 1 4!
Methods
9
) !(    !# $!  '.
( "*D!#!
(    *#! (
!#%1F7F&D!#!1&$
 ,- ,#- ;! 2& ! ! $ *
H&.!('.
%1F7F8>261H&
Case selection and case introduction
!.  !#  " *$
$!#M!!#)!#
    $!  (          !    %  /  
 266H&   # ( " * % /  
2662&  ( *   (N!$ 5 %$ 266B&
    N  D!  %       266=&   E  "!
N %   2612& ,-4--  $!# !    !
!(!)' "*4(=6-$!
!266F$#
( !$     !#    .$ "
*!   ( (!  (! %5@&+  
'(#'D(!!!
      #  '          .#$
!)#(.#$!M$#
!((!!($!!
)  " *  !   5@     (  (! 
 @ ! " ! #  # #!
$!%(*%2612&3
%2669&&" !!#!!#5@#
$!$'*#!
    5@    #  !*      !
*    5@  *  )(        M
# "*+*
$!(M!%42666&
)  4  !  5@  (  !  !  "!#  !  "
*    !      M  !#    $!  
$!( "%1F7F&@!
5@  !  (    !$    (    (!  !  5@    
(!   ! !  !  # 
;!#        (  ;!  !  $
!(!!D!5@4M(!
'.()$1
( "*
Table 1"!
"

&'()
"
(*
"
('
#+"
,

B
D 719 =96 "2612
 7B6 B66 "2619
4 7H6 H=9 "2612
4      "  *        #  )  !
 ' " !       3
!#..#((!
  !    ($  )  !    !  
#(S5$$!
 ! ( )$ 2    
$
Data collection and data analysis
)!!  !'.
( "*/!$;!;!
!%1F=F83:$1F=F8
>261H&
)((.!!
(( 4 #  
 " * %!  !& ! (!.  + 
)$2)(( "*!
!(#!
(  !            !$;!      #
( % $2& !$ "  
(%1F7F&$
      #  (  $  (  (!  #  D
##'!'
    #      %  1F7F&    '  !
  $#      ;!    !  (  
 ;!$#!#..
# 3  !   !
!      !  !    !
!  #    !   %  1F=F&  )    
!    ! # ( !  !# %  
26628>261H&
)          !  (      '      
(!3!
##:#.
!  (      "  !  $      ;!    (  
 %  1F7F&     !      .!  
;!%$&$#(
!$;!#(M$
  !(  !#+!#
$(! 0 ,- '"-,"-
,    -   ,    "  '(  "  
"-  @  *      ,    T!  (    U!V  
!!U;!#5@V!U!V-,(
=
!  $  !    !-        ,
!;!#U(5@V#
  $        (  -    ,  (  -  )  (  $#  
#!K!!#;!
  #   %  (           (  
&!"""*(;!%>261H&
!'$
Table 2/(
. /" 0 /
11
2"'

(
3
"

(
(

1 @#

/5@

48
T
1 2! K2619
2 4#

<5@
%&
48
T
2 9! K2619
H !
!
<5@
%&
48
T
2 2! K2619
? "!#

((5@
!%
&
48
T
9 16! "2619+
261B
9 !W ((5@
!%
&
48
T
= 9! "2619+
261B
B "
!
W
"!5@
!

48<
T
H 16! K2619+
261B
=  (5@ 48$ 9 1! K2619
7 

(5@ 48
T
1 69! /2619
F 

(5@ 48
T
1 2! /2619
16 $ 3!5@;!# 48
T
1 1! K2619
11 !
DW
!
%&
48
@#
2 ?! 52619
12 !
W
!
%&
48
@#
7 26! /2619+
261B
1H.
1=
/%9
&
!
%&
48
@#
1 9! /+
2619
17 O
!
"(5@ 48
@#
2 H! K+5
2619
1F /
W
/5@
((
!D
"!D 1 1! 52619
WN#(
WW)T(#$!##((#T)$
*(#)TH66#((#
Results
!!!!%'!1&'
($! "
*(( "!
'.
The role of internal coordination
7
/!!(
"  ! (   4  ! 
'        !          !
  3        !  
4
@  4-  !    !T        
(  D    $#  4-  !0  ,  -      
 -  , "  
!"4 0&/5      '    - "
 6 )   ( ! '  $# 0
,("((7""8
"-
<  !    !    !      !
      !  (      (  5@    !  D
!  D *0 94"5
 ):4 5  7   !"  
'-D!#!+!(!#
;!#!!#+!
!@*#:
5@!'!'
! !  $! $#  (     5@
@!! ;!#!5@4/
4/2  !   #    $! 
!            *  #$  )  !
      !  (    (!          !  
%!& "!
 "!!D*(09
;"4"5""
4    !"  0&/5      "<   (  "  (  
"=7("''-"!
!!(
(!# "!+(
*  .(!      O      +  $!  
          !    (    
((*$#$'!!
 %&(5@
$!    !      $#      
  +        #  (    '  $      $!#-  
;!
"$!!
$#!(-$!@!
    5@          (        
!(.!!"!#
!    $  (          #     4-
!  #          !#     
F
!!!!D
$!$4!!
($ )!!*'
!$4$!(4-!.
!    4    !  (    '        5@  4
!!-$!$!
D ! D *0 9 ( (    ( 
-7"""
4    (    *  5<      "  4"5
"( ' (- " !  O
$        $    +        !
#          +  !  !      
!(
K    (  '.
  !    !  )  *      $    
'.
Firm-level challenges in the context of long-distance IS exchanges
without external coordinators
/!  !  $ (  *#  *
(5@!4-
$#(#!!
    (       D  4-  !  
*  ,(  -  (      "  4   " 5 (  (
'<  (     (  ("
 (- ( !   !   # ( 
!%$!$O
  &      !$#  (      @  *  ,43
+    !" 0&/5 (  4   5  '"
""(((<
(                    '    "
'"(-%!&K4
  $        ;!  (      (#  !$  5@
$#(!#0,4+5;"7
"+'"-%!&<(
#  $!      ;!#      $  (  !
!(($(5@;!#0,"-(
(' "  < >" 7 ( 
 (  - %! & 4 (
($($!#!$
(!(
!$(!(.( "!
(##(!!(
  !      !      !      
$!(
16
@!    #  $        .
*0,'40&/5'
      "      - %! & 
$ "!#;!!#
.0 9(?888
(('<3(
"'- %! &)
5@ 5@ $ !- 4-
(#!D!
!#09(7'"(4'"
)5<('-%!
&  K    $  4      !  $  
*    .  5@        !  
097"7'""(
 "   - %!  D&3  
*            ;!    
!     #   4  ! !
   !    # 
      $#  (  5@      #        

!(!  (  . "
*!  ! ( *  K 
'.@!2!:!'
!!
Figure 2 "!#(!%.!$#X#
!M$#Y$#&
Discussion
    *#  !  (    !#      !    
('.
11
!    *#    *        (
!!!
The role of internal coordination
!!*
*#!$!# "!%"/266?83
    2669& /!  !  !        #  
!''
!!!$!
(;!#@!
        $!#-  !    $  $#  
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   T# ( !    "
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!(!#D!$#%2669&
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(-$!/!'! "
#*#!0
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2 !(!-M
;!#
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!-!($!#-
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(%4S(2612&
(
K          (      !  
'.!
*
12
Firm-level challenges in the absence of both geographic proximity and
external coordinators
@!$!!'(3%266?&"/
%266?& $#             (     (
#  !      $  (  O  !    *
/!!(#
'   (#    (  .  " *  $!
   (  !$# ( ! !  
  *#      #  (  !  $
!      ;!  (  %&    !      *#
% 2669&  * # !$ "
  %    "  26128  ;!    <.  2612&
    (      $  %&    
#$!!$!!
D!!!!#
  *#    (    *#    *
# (!# $'  *#
3!'$!'(%2611&(!
  #  ( !  $        "      
!  (    $!  !#8    *#    (
*#*%!$#
%2611&&##
"!!!*('.
 ;! (. "* D 4
(.$ "*!$O;!
M   # ( .    
 $  $!#-  !- 3 
    <    !  %266=&    (!      
;!$!!#
M#;!#($+('!
!  . " * @! !
!       '.   .$ "
*# $ M $#  + $   (
;!        %M    $#  (  !$
&K!!'$'(
* ! "*0' !  *
      !              
  !  #  !#  ;!    "  !  '
!*$!$#'
"  *      !$O     ;!  !#
(3*#'
            !$    /!  '    !
$!    (!  '      (  *    %;!  
<.2612&
Conclusion
1H
/!*((. "*!
!( * M  '. 
  (    ( (# ( ( "
!  !    !        #  
($!#
!  3  !            (  
$$!#! "*
($!$#D!
  #        !$!  (    *#    *

K!!#!(!#
!$!    *#    *    /!  
!(#(!-$!!(
$  (    *#    *      
 ( " ! $ 3   (!  .
 " *  !M ( # (  $ 
*$M!
) !  # (    ,!-    
$(*#*+#$
( "   * '.  ( 
. "*!*
  $ ($   !    $ ' 
!$!
($
) !  ) ! 
###("(!#
$#          #  (    *    (  
 (!  !!  ;!# $ # 
!(5@$*<
 5@!$#4$ # "
*  )(        *  !  $    ! '
3      #  (!      *  (    !# 
(!!#$!!(
" %   (  ! &   !
@!!'$!(!'
:  $  $!#   !   ' ( 
*    (  $    $!#      !        
!"!( # M  $!#- $#(!
        @#    .  !#      !
!  (      (        *#  $
M (   %
$ 2&  ! ( (!!   '# 
M    *    M  !    M  :
*        :$#    #  (  !  '
K$'$#*
1?
'.   ( . "   $ ( *

Acknowledgments
)  !      3!(!  D#  (  5  %3D5&  (
'  ! 
@!        (  (! 
!($
References
D " 2667 E  : ( ! #
@""$12%1&0H?+91
3266F(!$
#0  D#:    !$#  (  !  #$ @"  
")A?9%?&02B+H=
  5  4 D      266= !
#$  D! !#0)  ( N 
@""$11%1&099+=2
  @      "  2612    (  !  #    
*  $!  !  #$0    (    5!
!1FFF.266?@""$1B%1&0B1+BF
 2669 *#  0 D   0
"HF%1&0B1.=?
4  3      (  2612  /:  (.:  #
@""$1B%1&01H+2=
4  3 2666  !  #0  !    *# 6"
0($$29%1&0H1H+HH=
4 3 " D  4  2667 ! #$ 
! 0 #    0
"?2%16&012FF+1H12
4 @A2616D!#(!#$
!.!@") "17%16.11&0F7?+
FF2
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3@"A91%2&011.2=
(   K  1FF= ! #   @"  
"$1%1&0B=+=F
N31F7F!(!#6
A0(1?%?&09H2+996
> 5$ 2667 5  !#  40
4    !  (    (  
 @" "' &B  $ 19%H&0
H=+?1
44"E2619D!#0)
*$#(
#@") "11?%2&011+H2
$$5  5!:266= L ! #
19
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19%1=&01B7H+1BF9
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(!(!#@""$1F%1&0
1?1+19H
   34 2666 ! !Z0 4*
[IC'"H=%H&091H+9H2
  )  1FFB  /      ( !  # 6" 0( 
$$21%1&0BF+F7
<  5      !  266=  4.  !#    
;!$!  !   $"  @"    D  0
17H%2&7F9.F67
<      !    @      266?  .!  
E"DK0@ @")
"12%7.16&0F79+FF9
<!" 261? D ( (!  L 
@"D "AH?%H&0H?=+HBH
$K 266B  ! #$ N!$5 @" 
"$16%1&02HF+299
  5        <  3  #    3    2611
P!(#  \  *#]0  *  (    E
N- K ! "#$  0"7
)099%=&0=6H+=12
 )5 1F=F 3* ;! ;! 0 )! 
E"A2?%?&0B62+B11
NQRQ#R5N<:2619 
!(!$#'04(K
)!#EN@") " 161%?&0H7+
?7
N!4<K443!2661)$!#
 ;!#  : ( 
@"E"0'A17%7&07B?.7=2
$5#$!2612'!#$04
. $! @" "$ 1B%1&027+
H=
#  5   266=  D    #  (        #
!(!')*@""
$11%1&0?H+9?
3  2612 5 ( *#   $0 
$      .  ( 0  " ?B%7&0  1679.
16FF
3* 3  #2669$!#  0D!
    ;! 3 0  $% , 
30(?1%B&09H1+996
3:$ <1F=F D  # (    6
E"2?%?&0972+97F
3  3  266?  *  (  #    (      !
1B
#$EN0
@") "12%7&0FB=+F7H
3  3    )   2669  ! #$      
$!       @"  ) "
1H%16&0FFH+1662
K 2661 )  (!  
!(!  ( @"    D  A 1F%9&0
9FH+B6F
/D5 O#261H"0
)    (             
!#@"")A?F%?&0?H+97
  /  <    D4    2662  4  !(!    
    0  #    # @"    "
$B%1&07F+169
  /  <    D4    266H  4  !(!    
.  0 ! @"
"$=%1&0FH+12B
#! " )#4)$ N 4! 261H
5  (  .!      )0      
!#.$.! @")
"91%=&0=1+=F
;!        <.  2612  )  !  (  (
!#$@""$1B%1&07H+FH
  >    <"    261?  "!        !
!#$)(
E@""$17%9&0B==.B7H
 N <'  :2669"!  
!04!!#
@"DA2H%H.?&0H=1+H77
 D 2616 ! #     ( $
!$#.  I @"    "  $ 1?%2&0
2?2+29=
P!!3#266B$!0"(
         @"  "  "
A12%?&01=6+171
$   K  1FF9    
0 2?%?&09?H+9B2
"  5      "  .<    5  <!  2611  4  !  
((.!0$#*
@") "1F%11&01197+11BF
"<34  >" 2616 5 !# *
.!  0  D    !#  (    )O  .)
5D4@") "17%H&01F1+1FF
") ) /266? ) !    ! ( .
!  ^L    *  
$  (    !    !  !  #
@") "12%7&0F?=+FB9
1=
" 3 K  4 266= 3 $# (#
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About the Authors
Ernst Johannes Prosman 5!!$!#
4( !!D$E#D$5
Brian Vejrum Wæhrens (4( !!
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(      4  (  !  !    D$  E#
45
17
1F
... If actors feel that their business might be adversely affected, they will likely be reluctant to participate. As highlighted by Prosman et al. [41], it is important that actors in the network gain an appropriate understanding of what their partners seek through the collaboration. ...
... That is, an isolated cluster of industries may become more dependent on each other and instead solve resource exchanges within the isolated area. Prosman et al. [41] investigated whether geographic proximity is necessary for IS collaborations and found that geographic proximity can sometimes be replaced by other mechanisms in the collaboration, such as internal coordination and social proximity between partners. However, the importance of geographic proximity is, of course, very dependent on the resource to be exchanged and whether its transportation can be executed in a reasonably efficient manner. ...
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Factors that affect and influence industrial symbiosis (IS) collaborations have been researched extensively in the literature, where they are mostly reported at a network level or for IS in general, and lack the individual actor’s perspective. This review article contributes to and expands knowledge of influencing factors and their effect on the individual actor. In a systematic review, guided by the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study reviews 53 scientific papers examining planned or existing IS networks. It examines literature from 1 January 2000 to 28 March 2022, and it identifies drivers, barriers, and enablers influencing actors to participate in IS. It explores whether and how the perception and impact of these factors differs depending on the characteristics of individual actors and their specific context. The main findings of this study reveal that an actor’s specific characteristics and the network’s context have a significant impact on decision making and how actors both perceive and are affected by factors influencing collaboration. Furthermore, an additional novel contribution to this field of research is that the study identifies three underlying and recurring considerations that actors appear to find critical, namely, perceived business opportunities/risks, regulatory and political setting, and potential inequalities in the network. The results show that an actor’s take on these critical considerations determines whether the actor is willing to engage in IS.
... In this way, for example, knowledge transfer between the organs of an eco-industrial parks will be much easier. Additionally, the social proximity will enable this organic body to fully integrate itself into its socio-economic ecosystem, and this means easy diffusion of knowledge and experiences into its surrounding socioeconomic structure (see also : Boschma, 2005;Prosman et al., 2017;Velenturf, 2016;Velenturf & Jensen, 2016). ...
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This study analyses the transformation of industrial parks to eco-industrial parks from a new institutionalist theoretical perspective. The worsening climate crisis has made the existing Linear Economic (LE) system dysfunctional; thus, a need for systemic change has emerged across the globe. As a result of this need, the idea of Circular Economy (CE) has gained popularity. The CE particularly aims to replace the linearity in economic actions originating from the LE’s “take-make-use-dispose” logic with the circularity of economic actions constructed through a “recycle-reuse-reduce” logic. At this point, the transformation of industrial parks to eco-industrial parks in line with the CE principles constitutes a useful case to see how the idea of the CE can be institutionalized. The study argues that the market actors cannot effectively initiate this transformation due to their short-run interest calculations and path-dependence on the existing LE system. On the other hand, the state with its strong institutional power could play a catalyst role accelerating this transformation process. In particular, the state could provide regulative, financial, technological, and societal network support to the market actors to deal with their dependence on the LE system. However, the state should become entrepreneurial, but not interventionist in this process. It should have a horizontal governance approach and put infrastructural help, communication, networks and learning at the centre. This means that the state should become a path-opener but not the dominator of the mentioned transformation process. Therefore, rather than obsessive ideological debates over the state versus the market, the focal point should be the proper functionality of the state and market in the establishment of a sustainable circular system to cope with the worsening climate crisis.
... With increasing awareness of environmental protection and sustainable development, firms tend to attach significant attention to their environmental responsibility and try their best to reduce the environmental impacts of products [11]. To achieve a high level of eco-efficiency, various actions have been taken by firms not only from the perspective of the production process but also from the perspective of the design process [12,13]. Feature-fit products usually consume fewer production resources than feature-rich ones. ...
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Feature creep captures the phenomenon that additional features result in product complexity and even decrease the usability of products. According to consumers’ heterogeneous tastes for products’ sophisticated features, we divide them into the low-end segment and the high-end segment. The proportions of the two segments are uninformed as to the manufacturer, but known to the platform. We take into account feature creep, and consider a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a platform. The manufacturer decides whether to adopt customization strategy, and the platform decides whether to share its private information. By formulating several sequential game models, we explore both firms’ optimal strategies and then examine the impacts of customization production and information sharing on environmental performance. Our findings reveal that adopting customization strategy can drive the manufacturer to improve its innovation efforts and raise the wholesale price. Additionally, if the low-end consumers’ proportion exceeds the manufacturer’s expectations, this improvement can be enhanced when the platform shares its private information, and vice versa. Furthermore, if the cost that the manufacturer takes to embed various functions in the product is quite small, it is environmentally friendly for the manufacturer to adopt customization strategy. While, if the cost is relatively large, taking customization strategy causes even greater negative effects on the environment. In addition to generating higher profits for both parties, the platform sharing its private information also contributes to lowering the environmental performance in certain conditions.
... Fang et al. 2007;Jackson et al. 2014;Sakr et al. 2011): changes in social and economic dynamics at a macro level; implementation of circular processes such as product design and consumption at the micro level; and industrial symbiosis between firms at a meso level (Merli et al. 2018). Adapting the meso level, this chapter explores a key strategy for CE, namely, the industrial symbiosis between actors in an industrial park, where the aim is to create physical links between actors through the exchange of energy, materials, water and by-products (Hardy and Graedel 2002;Prosman et al. 2017). Industrial symbiosis is found to be more sustainable than most other manufacturing concepts because it comprises more innovation targets and mechanisms (Geissdoerfer et al. 2017;OECD 2009). ...
... The example of Newlight technologies fits into industrial symbiosis, in particular so-called long-distance industrial symbiosis exchanges (e.g., Jensen et al. 2011;Prosman et al. 2017), which do not necessarily call for geographical proximity. Industry symbiosis is based on the SBM pattern "create value from waste" and value from by-products in general (Chertow 2000;Bocken et al. 2014). ...
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... Remanufacturing is considered environmentally and economically beneficial because remanufactured products can save raw materials, cost, and energy compared with new production or recycling (Atasu et al., 2008;Lieder and Rashid, 2016;Aziz et al., 2016). The sharing and exchanging of waste materials and resources between industrial actors is known as IS (Prosman et al., 2017). A higher level of circularity can also be attained through IS, arguably the most circular part of industrial ecology. ...
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... Mulrow et al. [70] proposed a framework for facility-scale industrial symbiosis (Facility-IS). Prosman et al. [85] outlined firm-level challenges of IS and potential circular pathways. Ceglia et al. [14] explore social barriers to waste exchange opportunities among companies in Brazil. ...
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Preprint
Industrial symbiosis (IS) has been identified as a strategy for promoting industrial sustainability. IS has been defined as the development of close working agreements between industrial and other organizations that, through the innovative reuse, recycling, or sharing of resources, leads to resource efficiency. Key to IS are innovation and social network development. This article critically reviews IS literature and concludes that, to inform proactive strategies for promoting IS, the understanding of the social processes leading to resource innovation needs to be improved. Industrial ecologists generally believe that close geographical proximity and trust are essential to the development of IS. This article argues, however, that there is a need to learn more about the meaning of, need for, and specific role of geographical proximity and trust in IS and, additionally, that other potentially important social factors have remained underexplored. To move IS research forward, this article suggests to engage with research in economic geography on the concept of ‘proximity,’ which draws attention to the ways in which geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and organizational distances between actors might affect innovation. Arguably, the analytically distinct, but flexible, dimensions of proximity can be useful to explore how and why IS develops. The resulting qualitative knowledge would form a basis for researching whether general patterns for IS development exist and, more important, could inform public and private strategies that indicate which actions could be taken, as well as when and in what way to promote resource synergies and sustainable industrial development.
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