PROPAGATION BASED ON DEPLOYMENT PLANNING LORAWAN GATEWAYS OF SMART METER IN URBAN AREA

Abstract

A smart meter is a system that can automatically measure real-time electric power usage in residents or offices. With the advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in these years the implementation of smart meters is progressing. Lo-Ra/LoRaWAN is the preferred connectivity for smart meters since it offers low power, wide area, and low-cost IoT connectivity. In Indonesia, the LoRa network has already been deployed in many cities, especially to serve smart meter systems. This research aims to calculate the optimum number of LoRa gateways needed for smart meter service in Jakarta city with coverage and capacity calculations. From the coverage calculation (ge-ographical approach), only 11 gateways are needed to cover the Jakarta area. Meanwhile, from the capacity calculation, there should be at least 289 gateways to cover Jakarta with 3.6 million smart meter customers as per the market demand.

Full text

ICIC Express Letters
Part B: Applications ICIC International c
2023 ISSN 2185-2766
Volume 14, Number 4, April 2023 pp. 433–441
PROPAGATION BASED ON DEPLOYMENT PLANNING LORAWAN
GATEWAYS OF SMART METER IN URBAN AREA
Andrianingsih Andrianingsih1, Eri Prasetyo Wibowo1,∗
I Ketut Agung Enriko2, Setia Wirawan1and Robby Kurniawan Harahap1
1Doctoral Program in Information Technology
Gunadarma University
Jl. Margonda Raya No. 100, Pondok Cina, Depok, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia
andrianingsih@civitas.unas.ac.id; {setia; robby kurniawan }@staff.gunadarma.ac.id
∗Corresponding author: eri@staff.gunadarma.ac.id
2Unit Research and Innovation Management
Telkom Corporate University
Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir No. 47, Bandung 40152, Indonesia
enrico@telkom.co.id
Received October 2022; accepted December 2022
Abstract. A smart meter is a system that can automatically measure real-time elec-
tric power usage in residents or offices. With the advancements in Internet of Things
(IoT) technology, in these years the implementation of smart meters is progressing. Lo-
Ra/LoRaWAN is the preferred connectivity for smart meters since it offers low power,
wide area, and low-cost IoT connectivity. In Indonesia, the LoRa network has already
been deployed in many cities, especially to serve smart meter systems. This research aims
to calculate the optimum number of LoRa gateways needed for smart meter service in
Jakarta city with coverage and capacity calculations. From the coverage calculation (ge-
ographical approach), only 11 gateways are needed to cover the Jakarta area. Meanwhile,
from the capacity calculation, there should be at least 289 gateways to cover Jakarta with
3.6 million smart meter customers as per the market demand.
Keywords: Internet of Things, LoRaWAN, Smart meter, Smart grid
1. Introduction. Based on previous research such as path loss modeling using the Lee
propagation model at 900 MHz, with two modes, area by area, and point by point, and in
Lagos Nigeria [1], the path model for smart meters in Thailand [2], and path loss model in
Malaysia [3], there have differences in various factors, for example, Malaysia has cleaner
weather, which will affect radio signal propagation to be different in each country even
though using the Okumura-Hata model and LoRa which is part of the Internet of Things
can also be implemented into one of the other fields such as smart farming. Indonesia
will develop smart meter installation infrastructure. The development of smart meter
infrastructure in Indonesia is carried out by a national smart meter supply company
(“PT A”), which in 2019-2028, is planned to build an electrification infrastructure of
35,000 MW and a transmission network along 46,000 km. This research was conducted to
contribute to the planning of the development of smart meter procurement to use LoRa. In
this regard, intelligent technology is needed to measure the consumption and availability
of electrical energy through smart grid technology, where the concept aims to increase
the efficiency and effectiveness of smart meter use. A smart grid is a power grid that
is connected to a data communication network so that it can be monitored parameters
that need to be measured [4]. Implementing the smart grid has been an important role
in improving the quality of service to the customers. The smart grid system is known
DOI: 10.24507/icicelb.14.04.433
433

434 A. ANDRIANINGSIH, E. P. WIBOWO, I K. A. ENRIKO ET AL.
as a smart meter, which is a system that can collect, monitor, and control in real time,
measure and analyze the distribution of electrification energy use, to then implement it
into a measuring tool that can meet the needs of the users effectively [5]. In addition,
smart meters can automate smart meter data recording and detect interference. A smart
meter device needs to connect to the Internet network [6]. Some connectivity technologies
can be used such as Wi-Fi, 3G/4G, and low power and wide area network (LPWAN)
networks such as LoRa. Today, LPWAN connectivity is increasingly used because it offers
several advantages such as energy-saving, wide range, and low cost. In Indonesia, the
LoRa network has been deployed by a national telecommunication company (“PT B”).
They also held research cooperation with PT A to implement LoRa-based smart meters.
PT B will roll out LoRa infrastructure, installing LoRa gateways in areas needed for smart
meter implementation [7]. This research points to calculate the distance to the farthest
point and the placement of LoRaWAN gateways to be more efficient with the demand [29].
The problem statements and preliminaries of this discussion are
- How to use Okumura-Hata model methods for support coverage and capacity plan-
ning on LoRaWAN gateway.
In this paper, Section 1 focuses on the basic problem of LoRaWAN, followed by an
overview of theories in Section 2, with Section 3 presenting achievable formula by Okumu-
ra-Hata model propagation for measurement with another category. Furthermore, this
research provides analysis of the optimal gateway with coverage and capacity planning in
Section 4 as the result. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 5.
2. Related Works.
2.1. Smart grid. Smart grids are devices that utilize digital communication technolo-
gies to improve efficiency, sustainability, and reliability in power grids. One of the most
prominent advantages is that the entities in the smart grid can communicate with each
other in real time [8, 9].
2.2. Smart meter. The smart meter relies on the device to identify and detect household
smart meter use and provide real-time information to be sent to a cloud-based platform.
Some of the advantages that can be obtained with the use of smart meters are identifying
the peak and overall demand, identifying transmission and distribution (T&D) losses and
operational expenses, structuring tariffs based on data, and increased predictive capabil-
ities for demand and supply balance [10, 11]. Previous research conducted by Cheng et
al. in 2018 aimed to explore the implementation of secure and cost-effective smart meter
infrastructure with the performance of LoRa technology [12]. Meanwhile, another study
conducted by Enriko et al. in 2021 evaluated the implementation of smart meters with
LoRaWAN in rural areas discussing the high availability, cost optimization, and large-
scale implementation [13]. The smart meter system was applied to 10,000 households
with gateways covering a radius of up to 1.58 km and it is found that the cost efficiency
is IDR 11.3 million per month. In terms of architecture, Figure 1 shows the overall smart
meter architecture, similar to the value chain system of the Internet of Things (IoT) [14].
At the bottom is the side of the device that is in the customer or is often called the device
domain. Next is communication technology that sends data from the side of the device to
the server or platform. The electric smart meter system platform is known as the meter
data management system (MDMS), whose function is to collect smart meter customer
meter data [7, 15]. Finally, applications are used as user interfaces with techniques such
as system billing, and dashboard.
2.3. LoRa parameter. LoRa used bandwidth such as 500/250/125 kHz. It has spreading
factors of 7-12 symbols. It uses coding rate capacity 4/4-4/8 and transmission power 4-20
dBm with standardization based on LoRa Alliance [16, 17].

ICIC EXPRESS LETTERS, PART B: APPLICATIONS, VOL.14, NO.4, 2023 435
Figure 1. Smart meter architecture
2.4. LoRaWAN architecture. Important components that make up LoRaWAN are
end devices, gateways, and network servers. End devices receive downlink traffic from the
network server or device that generates uplink traffic. Meanwhile, gateways are devices
that allow LoRa devices to transmit data to the network server [18]. The network server
is LoRaWAN’s central back end that collects traffic from all gateways and forwards traffic
to the application server. Data from the device are received by multiple gateways within
the LoRa network based on the star topology. The network server processes and filters
the packets before forwarding them to the application server [19].
3. Methodology. According to the path loss calculation and using coverage of the site,
the number of gateways needed to cover an area can be determined using one of the Forsk
Atoll 3.3.2 tools which provide a module for LoRaWAN, in this case, is an urban area,
which has the characteristics of buildings located close together, and has tall buildings
and a high population density compared to the surrounding cities, therefore using the
Okumura-Hata method to calculate the distance between gateways [20, 21].
3.1. Okumura-Hata. The Okumura-Hata is an ideal method for urban areas in cal-
culating wireless radio communication propagation, where Okumura is built into three
modes, namely for urban, suburban, and rural, which function to predict the behavior
of cellular transmission in built-up areas by combining graphical information from the
Okumura predictive model. This model also has two other variants for transmission in
suburban and open areas. The Hata model predicts total path loss along links from terres-
trial wave propagation or other types of cellular communications. This particular version
of the Hata model is applicable to radio propagation in urban areas. This model is suitable
for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions and is based on extensive empirical
measurements [22, 23].
3.2. LoRaWAN existing coverage and the demand in Jakarta city. In this re-
search, the objective is to calculate the number of gateways needed to cover the demand
for PT A smart meter in Jakarta city [24]. At the time this paper is written, the existing
LoRaWAN coverage in Jakarta is already deployed by PT B. The total number of gate-
ways installed is 44 consisting of 8 in Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat), 8 in West Jakarta
(Jakarta Barat), 10 in East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur), 6 in North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara),
10 in South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan) and 2 in the Thousand Island (Kepulauan Seribu).
Figure 2 depicts the deployments and coverage of LoRaWAN gateways in Jakarta. The
red color represents a strong signal since it is near the gateway, yellow means normal
signal coverage, and green means no signal or uncovered.

436 A. ANDRIANINGSIH, E. P. WIBOWO, I K. A. ENRIKO ET AL.
Figure 2. (color online) LoRaWAN gateways deployment in Jakarta
Jakarta city as the object of this research represents urban areas in Indonesia, and
is an area with population demographics of 8,540,121 million people spread across six
districts and 44 sub-districts. The geographical location is at latitude −6◦12′52.63′′ S, and
longitude 106◦50′42.47′′ E. Based on the demographic location and geographical location
of Jakarta, it is assumed that smart meter users in Jakarta are quite scattered. The
demand for smart meters in Jakarta compared to the existing LoRaWAN gateway in PT
B is shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Categories by coverage status
District Status Existing Demand
Jakarta Pusat
High Covered 0
386,633Covered 202575
Uncovered 187658
Jakarta Utara
High Covered 280407
667,838Covered 212789
Uncovered 112953
Jakarta Barat
High Covered 167249
826,368Covered 533045
Uncovered 127987
Jakarta Timur
High Covered 426842
1,039,954Covered 471337
Uncovered 224033
Jakarta Selatan
High Covered 106018
706,233Covered 555008
Uncovered 0
Kepulauan Seribu Selatan Uncovered 3476 4,653
Kepulauan Seribu Utara Uncovered 4919 3,043
Total 3,634,722
Table 1 explains that there are three categories of coverage status of Jakarta’s popula-
tion by checking the gateway deployments. “High Covered” means that an area (a sub-
district) is covered by a strong signal with more than one LoRaWAN gateway deployed
there. “Covered” means an area is covered by only one gateway. Meanwhile, “Uncovered”
is defined as an area that is not yet covered by LoRaWAN.

ICIC EXPRESS LETTERS, PART B: APPLICATIONS, VOL.14, NO.4, 2023 437
3.3. Implementation of the Okumura-Hata in LoRaWAN coverage and the
demand through Jakarta city. Same as other wireless signals, LoRaWAN signal will
decay as it propagates through the air. Coverage planning is needed to estimate the
area which will be covered by a gateway, regarding the transmit power and losses [25].
From Okumura-Hata model as a reference of path loss, the typical power received at the
intercept point is −85 dBm in the free space [16]. In this paper, the figure will be used
to calculate the maximum distance from the LoRaWAN gateway to the farthest point a
device still can receive the signal. The equation to find the coverage distance is written
in Equation (1) below:
LFS = 32.45 + 20 log(d) + 20 log(f) (1)
where LFS = Free space loss (in dB); d= Coverage distance (in kilometer); f= Frequency
of LoRa (in MHz).
Then the LFS can be obtained by Equation (2) [17]:
LFS =PTX +GTX −LTX −LM+GRX −LRX −PRX (2)
where PRX = Power receives, in dBm; PTX = Power transmits, in dBm; GTX = Gain
transmits, in dB; LFS = Free space loss, in dB; LM= Losses media propagation, in dB;
GRX = Gain receives, in dB; LRX = Losses receive, in dB; LTX = Losses transmission,
in dB.
3.4. LoRaWAN capacity planning. In this section, we will discuss about LoRaWAN
capacity planning. Besides coverage planning, capacity planning should be calculated to
refine the coverage planning, since capacity planning will deal with demand and traffic [20].
In LoRaWAN, some parameters are [26, 27]
1) Channel Bandwith
Bandwidth will impact the capacity. Typically, higher bandwidth used per device
will decrease the overall capacity. 125 kHz bandwidth is used as recommended by
LoRa Alliance.
2) Data Size
Data size impacts the gateway capacity as well. The higher the data size, the longer
a device should be connected to the gateway.
3) Spreading Factor (SF)
In this research, we use SF = 10 since the smart meter data size is about 100 kB.
Table 2 explains the relations of SF, channel frequency (bandwidth), and payload
size.
Table 2. Categories by coverage status
Data rates Configuration Bit rate (bit/s) Max payload
0 SF12/125 KHz 250 51
1 SF11/125 KHz 440 51
2 SF10/125 KHz 980 115
3 SF9/125 KHz 1760 115
4 SF8/125 KHz 3125 242
5 SF7/125 KHz 5470 242
6 SF7/125 KHz 11000 242
4) Duty Cycle
The duty cycle is the percentage of time a LoRa device occupies the network. Ac-
cording to the Indonesian government’s rule, the maximum duty cycle is 1%.
5) Time on Air (ToA)
ToA refers to the time spent sending data from the transmitter to the receiver. Table
3 calculates ToA for known SF, using standard data size.

438 A. ANDRIANINGSIH, E. P. WIBOWO, I K. A. ENRIKO ET AL.
Table 3. Time on air table for LoRaWAN
Spreading
factor
Theoretical ToA
[ms]
Mean ToA
[ms]
Min ToA
[ms]
Max ToA
[ms]
Number of
messages
SF12 1482.80 1483.81 1482.00 1646.00 2544
SF11 823.30 823.00 823.00 823.00 1121
SF10 370.70 372.76 370.00 411.00 1054
SF9 205.80 205.12 205.00 226.00 506
SF8 113.20 113.06 113.00 123.00 362
SF7 61.70 61.01 61.00 66.00 3452
4. Result and Discussion.
4.1. Coverage planning. In this section, using Equations (1) and (2), the LFS and the
distance can be calculated. From Equation (2), we can check the LFS value. Referring
to Indonesian regulation, PTX is 20 dBm, and practical PRX or received signal strength
index (RSSI) is −85 dBm. If we omit other gains and losses (since they are quite small),
the LFS value can be yielded:
LFS = 32.45 + 20 log(d) + 20 log(f)
110.6 = 32.45 + 20 log(d) + 59.3
20 log(d) = 18.85
log(d) = 0.9425
d= 8.76 km
We can depict the LoRaWAN gateways across Jakarta city in Figure 3. From the picture,
the estimated number of gateways in Jakarta will be 11 gateways. This value refers to the
coverage planning without calculating the gateway capacity yet. The capacity calculation
will be discussed in the next section.
This gateway deployment model is a model with a data scale of 1 : 25,000, where the
overlap ratio is 40% of d= 8.76 km, so that 11 gateways in Jakarta and Kepulauan Seribu
islands are located, based on the centroid of the grid of regional boundaries research.
4.2. Capacity planning. After calculating the value of d, the next calculation is to find
out how many gateways are needed for sending data packets from LoRa to smart meters
in intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes, with the following conditions:
- SF = 10
- Bandwidth = 125 kHz
- Duty Cycle = 1%
- Number of Channels = 8 Channel
- ToA = 411 ms
Referring to Table 4, since payload data for the smart meter is about 100 kB, the
maximum SF that can be used is 10. Then the ToA of each message is 411 ms (Table 4).
Based on the maximum allowed 1% duty cycle, Table 4 describes the duty cycle of each
data-sending interval, where the duty cycle (DC) can be calculated as
DC = (60/i)×ToA/3600 (3)
where 60 is the number of minutes in an hour; iis the delivery interval of data sending
(in minutes); ToA is 0.411 seconds; 3600 is the number of seconds in an hour.
If DC is less than or equal to 1%, then that interval is possible to perform (comply with
the regulation).
So, if the data will be sent every 5 minutes, it still complies with the Indonesian
regulation. In this research, we will use 15 minutes for data sending intervals, according

ICIC EXPRESS LETTERS, PART B: APPLICATIONS, VOL.14, NO.4, 2023 439
Figure 3. Gateway deployment in Jakarta based on coverage planning xj
Table 4. Duty cycle for some sending intervals
Delivery interval
(minutes) Duty cycle
5 0.14%
15 0.05%
30 0.02%
60 0.01%
to the information from PT A expert. With 15 minutes intervals, the gateway capacity
can be calculated by determining the occupation of a gateway channel by all devices.
First, we calculate the capacity per channel (CC):
CC= 3600/(60/i ∗ToA) (4)
where 3600 is the number of seconds in an hour; 60 is the number of minutes in an hour;
iis the interval of data sending in minutes, here we choose 15 minutes; ToA is 0.411
seconds or can be rounded up to 0.5 seconds.
The CCvalue is 1800 which is the capacity of a gateway per channel if we take 15
minutes data-sending interval and ToA of 0.5 seconds. Since LoRaWAN has 7 channels
for uplink (and 1 channel for downlink which should be excluded), the overall capacity
(CT) is
CT=c×CC(5)
where cis the number of channels in LoRaWAN; CCis the capacity per channel.
Since we have c= 7 and CCis 1800, the overall capacity is 12,600 devices per gateway.
From this capacity planning calculation, since in Jakarta city, we have 3,634,722 market

440 A. ANDRIANINGSIH, E. P. WIBOWO, I K. A. ENRIKO ET AL.
demand and each gateway can only serve 12,600 customers per smart meter, so the total
number of gateways needed to be installed in Jakarta is 289. This number is far bigger
than the coverage calculation which only requires 11 gateways in Jakarta city.
5. Conclusions. The implementation of smart meters or smart grids requires efficient
connectivity which is found in LoRa/LoRaWAN system. LoRa is the preferred connectiv-
ity mode since it offers a long-range, low-power, and low-cost network. In LoRa there are
some important parameters like power transmission, RSSI, duty cycle, bandwidth, spread-
ing factor, and data size. With these parameters, LoRa deployment can be planned by
calculating coverage and capacity aspects. In this research, the LoRa network deployment
plan is used for smart meters in Jakarta city, Indonesia. The parameters’ values used are
power transmission 20 dBm, RSSI −85 dBm, maximum duty cycle 1% (preferred data
sending interval is 15 minutes), bandwidth 125 kHz, spreading factor 10, and data size
about 100 kB. Using those parameters, from the coverage calculation, the coverage result
is an 8.76 km radius per gateway, or 11 gateways needed to deploy in Jakarta city. Mean-
while, from the capacity calculation, the capacity per gateway is 12,600 devices per smart
meter. Having known the market demand is 3,634,722, there should be 289 gateways
needed to deploy across Jakarta city.
Acknowledgment. The authors gratefully appreciate to the University of Gunadarma
and Telkom Corporate University for their support of this research publication.
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