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Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in Confronting HIV Stigma
*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1 and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda
3School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda
*Corresponding authour: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science,
Kampala International University, Uganda, emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-
4538-0161
Abstract
HIV stigma remains a significant barrier to effective prevention, treatment, and care efforts
worldwide. Despite advancements in medical science and increased awareness, the persistence of
stigma continues to hinder progress in combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This review explores
the transformative potential of collective efforts in addressing HIV stigma. By fostering unity
among individuals, communities, and organizations, collective action can challenge stigma,
promote acceptance, and improve the lives of those affected by HIV. Through a comprehensive
examination of existing research, interventions, and advocacy initiatives, this article highlights the
importance of solidarity in confronting HIV stigma and advancing public health goals.
Keywords: HIV, Stigma, Collective Efforts, Unity, Awareness, Advocacy, Community Support,
Public Health
Introduction
The global HIV/AIDS epidemic has not only posed significant challenges in terms of public health
but has also exposed deep-rooted social prejudices and stigma. Despite advancements in medical
science, HIV stigma persists as a formidable barrier to effective prevention, treatment, and care
efforts. This enduring stigma is often fueled by misconceptions, fear, and discrimination, creating
a hostile environment for individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. As such, addressing
HIV stigma has become a critical priority in the global fight against the epidemic. The impact of
HIV stigma extends far beyond individual experiences, affecting entire communities and societies.
Stigma not only exacerbates the psychological and emotional burden of living with HIV but also
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
hampers efforts to prevent new infections and provide adequate care and support. It drives
individuals underground, discouraging them from seeking testing, treatment, and support services,
thereby perpetuating the spread of the virus. Moreover, HIV stigma intersects with other forms of
discrimination, including those based on gender, sexuality, race, and socioeconomic status, further
marginalizing vulnerable populations.1-24
Recognizing the complex and multifaceted nature of HIV stigma, there has been a growing
emphasis on the power of collective efforts in confronting this pervasive issue. Collective action
brings together diverse stakeholders, including people living with HIV, healthcare professionals,
policymakers, activists, and community members, to challenge stigma and drive positive change.
By fostering unity and solidarity, collective efforts empower individuals and communities to
advocate for their rights, access resources, and challenge discriminatory practices. Over the years,
grassroots movements, advocacy campaigns, and community-based organizations have played a
crucial role in challenging HIV stigma and promoting social inclusion. These initiatives provide
platforms for education, dialogue, and activism, raising awareness about HIV/AIDS and
challenging stereotypes and misconceptions. By amplifying the voices of those affected by HIV,
these collective efforts have helped break down barriers, promote empathy, and foster a supportive
environment for individuals living with HIV/AIDS.25-39
Understanding HIV Stigma
Understanding HIV stigma requires delving into the complex interplay of societal attitudes,
beliefs, and behaviors towards individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. Stigma arises
from deep-seated fears, misconceptions, and moral judgments surrounding the virus, perpetuating
discrimination and marginalization. At its core, HIV stigma is rooted in the association of
HIV/AIDS with behaviors deemed socially unacceptable or morally reprehensible, such as drug
use, sex work, or homosexuality. These negative stereotypes fuel prejudice and discrimination,
leading to social rejection, ostracism, and even violence against individuals perceived to be living
with HIV. HIV stigma manifests in various forms, both overt and subtle, impacting all aspects of
an individual's life. People living with HIV often face discrimination in healthcare settings,
employment opportunities, and social interactions, leading to profound psychosocial and economic
consequences. Fear of stigma can deter individuals from seeking HIV testing, treatment, and
support services, contributing to delayed diagnosis, poor treatment adherence, and increased risk
of transmission. Moreover, HIV stigma intersects with other forms of discrimination, such as
sexism, homophobia, racism, and classism, exacerbating the vulnerabilities of marginalized
populations.40-61
The consequences of HIV stigma extend beyond individual experiences to affect entire
communities and societies. Stigma creates barriers to effective HIV prevention, care, and support
efforts, hindering progress in controlling the epidemic. It perpetuates silence and secrecy around
HIV/AIDS, impeding open dialogue and education about the virus. Furthermore, stigma
undermines efforts to address underlying social determinants of health, such as poverty, inequality,
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
and lack of access to healthcare, which contribute to the spread of HIV and its impact on vulnerable
populations. Understanding the drivers and consequences of HIV stigma is essential for developing
effective interventions and policies to address this pervasive issue. It requires challenging harmful
stereotypes, promoting accurate information about HIV transmission and prevention, and fostering
empathy and support for individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. Moreover, combating
HIV stigma necessitates addressing broader structural inequalities and social injustices that
perpetuate discrimination and marginalization. By promoting inclusivity, respect, and dignity for
all individuals, regardless of their HIV status, we can work towards a future free from stigma and
discrimination, where everyone has the opportunity to live a healthy and fulfilling life.62-80
The Power of Collective Efforts
The power of collective efforts in confronting HIV stigma lies in the synergy of diverse
stakeholders coming together to challenge discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, promote
understanding, and drive positive change. Collective action brings together individuals,
communities, organizations, and institutions to leverage their collective resources, expertise, and
influence in addressing HIV stigma comprehensively. By fostering unity and solidarity, collective
efforts empower those affected by HIV/AIDS to advocate for their rights, access support services,
and challenge stigma at all levels of society. At the grassroots level, community-based
organizations and peer support networks play a pivotal role in mobilizing individuals and
providing a safe space for dialogue, education, and mutual support. These initiatives empower
people living with HIV to share their experiences, combat isolation and shame, and build
resilience. By fostering a sense of belonging and empowerment, community-based efforts
challenge the social isolation and discrimination often experienced by individuals affected by
HIV/AIDS, promoting self-esteem, well-being, and social inclusion.81-97
In addition to community-level initiatives, collective efforts at the national and international levels
are essential for driving policy change, promoting legal protections, and mobilizing resources to
combat HIV stigma. Advocacy campaigns, social movements, and alliances bring together diverse
stakeholders, including policymakers, healthcare professionals, activists, and civil society
organizations, to raise awareness, challenge discriminatory practices, and promote evidence-based
interventions. By amplifying the voices of those affected by HIV/AIDS, collective advocacy
efforts influence public opinion, shape policy agendas, and drive systemic reforms to address the
root causes of stigma and discrimination. Moreover, partnerships between government agencies,
non-governmental organizations, and private sector entities are instrumental in scaling up effective
interventions and leveraging resources to address HIV stigma comprehensively. Collaborative
initiatives facilitate knowledge sharing, capacity building, and innovation, enabling stakeholders
to learn from each other's experiences, adapt best practices to local contexts, and maximize the
impact of their efforts. By fostering collaboration and coordination across sectors, collective
efforts strengthen the overall response to HIV/AIDS and promote sustainable solutions to address
stigma and discrimination.98-105
Innovative Interventions and Best Practices
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
In the ongoing battle against HIV stigma, innovative interventions and best practices have emerged
to challenge stereotypes, promote empathy, and foster supportive environments for individuals
living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. These interventions leverage diverse approaches, from social
marketing campaigns to peer-led support groups, to address stigma comprehensively and promote
positive social change. By highlighting examples of innovative interventions and best practices,
we can glean insights into effective strategies for confronting HIV stigma and advancing public
health goals. One effective strategy is the use of social marketing campaigns and media advocacy
to challenge stereotypes and promote empathy towards individuals living with HIV/AIDS. These
campaigns utilize multimedia platforms, including television, radio, social media, and community
events, to disseminate accurate information about HIV/AIDS, challenge myths and
misconceptions, and promote messages of inclusion and acceptance. By engaging diverse
audiences and sparking conversations about HIV/AIDS, social marketing campaigns can shift
public attitudes and behaviors, reducing stigma and discrimination.106
Peer-led programs and support groups are another valuable intervention in addressing HIV stigma.
These initiatives provide safe spaces for individuals living with HIV to share their experiences,
receive emotional support, and access practical resources and information.107 Peer support
networks empower individuals to build resilience, develop coping strategies, and challenge stigma
in their communities. Moreover, peer-led interventions leverage the unique insights and
experiences of individuals living with HIV, fostering empathy and understanding among peers and
promoting solidarity within affected communities. Training programs for healthcare providers and
educators are also critical in addressing HIV stigma and promoting culturally competent care.
These programs equip healthcare professionals and educators with the knowledge, skills, and tools
to provide non-judgmental, sensitive care to individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. By
raising awareness about HIV stigma and its impact on health outcomes, training programs
empower providers to challenge discriminatory practices, promote inclusive healthcare
environments, and support individuals in accessing testing, treatment, and support services.
Legal advocacy and policy reform efforts are essential in addressing structural barriers to HIV
prevention, care, and support.108 These initiatives aim to protect the rights of people living with
HIV, eliminate discriminatory laws and policies, and promote legal frameworks that uphold human
rights and dignity. By advocating for policy changes at the local, national, and international levels,
legal advocacy efforts can dismantle systemic barriers to HIV prevention, care, and support,
promoting access to essential services and challenging discrimination based on HIV status.
Innovative interventions and best practices in confronting HIV stigma demonstrate the
transformative potential of collective action in driving positive social change. By leveraging
diverse approaches, from social marketing campaigns to peer-led support groups, these
interventions challenge stereotypes, promote empathy, and foster supportive environments for
individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. Moving forward, it is essential to scale up
successful interventions, adapt best practices to local contexts, and continue innovating new
strategies to address HIV stigma comprehensively and promote inclusive, equitable societies for
all.
Challenges and Opportunities
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
Addressing HIV stigma presents both challenges and opportunities in the global fight against the
epidemic. Understanding and navigating these complexities are essential for developing effective
strategies to confront stigma comprehensively and promote positive social change.
Challenges
HIV stigma is often deeply entrenched in cultural beliefs, norms, and values, making it challenging
to challenge and change.109 Misconceptions, fear, and moral judgments surrounding HIV/AIDS
continue to perpetuate stigma and discrimination in many communities, hindering efforts to
promote acceptance and support for individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. HIV stigma
intersects with other forms of discrimination, including those based on gender, sexuality, race, and
socioeconomic status, exacerbating the vulnerabilities of marginalized populations. Structural
inequalities, such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and social exclusion, further marginalize
individuals living with HIV/AIDS, making it difficult to address stigma comprehensively. Limited
resources, including funding, trained personnel, and infrastructure, pose significant challenges to
addressing HIV stigma effectively. Many communities lack access to HIV education, testing,
treatment, and support services, perpetuating stigma and hindering efforts to promote early
diagnosis and linkage to care. The fear of disclosure and its potential consequences, including
social rejection, discrimination, and violence, can deter individuals from seeking testing,
treatment, and support services for HIV/AIDS. This fear of stigma often leads to delayed diagnosis,
poor treatment adherence, and increased risk of transmission, undermining efforts to control the
epidemic.
Opportunities
Community-based approaches empower individuals and communities to challenge HIV stigma
from within.110 By fostering dialogue, education, and mutual support, community-based initiatives
create safe spaces for individuals living with HIV to share their experiences, access resources, and
advocate for their rights. Advocacy campaigns and policy reform efforts play a crucial role in
challenging discriminatory laws and policies, promoting legal protections, and driving systemic
reforms to address HIV stigma. By amplifying the voices of those affected by HIV/AIDS,
advocacy efforts can influence public opinion, shape policy agendas, and promote inclusive legal
frameworks. Technological innovations, including social media platforms, mobile health apps, and
online support networks, offer new opportunities to reach diverse audiences and amplify advocacy
efforts. By leveraging technology, organizations can disseminate accurate information about
HIV/AIDS, challenge stereotypes, and promote empathy and support for individuals living with
or affected by HIV/AIDS. Education and awareness campaigns are essential for challenging myths
and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, promoting understanding, and fostering empathy and
support for individuals living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. By raising awareness about HIV
stigma and its impact on health outcomes, education initiatives empower communities to challenge
stigma and discrimination and promote inclusive, supportive environments for all.
Conclusion
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
The battle against HIV stigma is multifaceted, requiring concerted efforts to address deep-seated
cultural beliefs, structural inequalities, and resource limitations while leveraging opportunities for
community engagement, advocacy, technological innovation, and education. Despite the
challenges posed by stigma, there are reasons for optimism as communities, organizations, and
individuals around the world continue to mobilize in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Through
collective action, we have seen the transformative power of unity in challenging stereotypes,
promoting empathy, and fostering supportive environments for individuals living with or affected
by HIV/AIDS. Grassroots initiatives, advocacy campaigns, and policy reforms have made
significant strides in raising awareness, challenging discriminatory practices, and promoting
inclusive legal frameworks. Moreover, technological innovations offer new opportunities to reach
diverse audiences and amplify advocacy efforts, while education and awareness campaigns
empower communities to challenge myths and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS and promote
understanding and support.
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Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
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Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
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Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-
HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf.
38. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, Obeagu EI, Emeje PI,
Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy
Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal,
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.
2021;33(47A):78-84.
39. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors Influencing Early
Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
Delivering at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal
of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023 Jul 29;6(1):203-211.
http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/.
40. Gwadz M, Leonard NR, Honig S, Freeman R, Kutnick A, Ritchie AS. Doing battle with
“the monster”: How high-risk heterosexuals experience and successfully manage HIV
stigma as a barrier to HIV testing. International journal for equity in health. 2018; 17:1-8.
41. Ullah AA, Huque AS, Ullah AA, Huque AS. Understanding and Exploring HIV/AIDS and
Discrimination. Asian Immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma,
Vulnerabilities and Human Rights. 2014:25-49.
42. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven PE. Socio-
Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS Initiated on ART in 2014 at
Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious
Diseases. 2022;10(4):1-7.
43. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. Adherence to
Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(57A):360-368.
44. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AND
PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO HEALTHCARE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH
HIV/AIDS IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE. Madonna
University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):42-57.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/75.
45. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, Tuberculosis and Malaria: A Review. Madonna University
journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/69
46. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu EP, Ohale B, Obeagu
EI. WEIGHTS OF INFANTS BORN TO HIV INFECTED MOTHERS: A
PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, OWERRI, IMO
STATE. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568
47. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe GC, Oze GO,
Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN ADULT
HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160.
links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-
PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf.
48. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation Parameters among HIV
Positive Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant
Biol. 2015;2(4):45-49.
49. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active
antiretro viral therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2019;6(12):45-8.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004
links/650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV-AIDS-patients-on-
highly-active-antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of-prevalence.pdf.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
50. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of CD4/CD8 ratios in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-
CD8-ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf.
51. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level of haemoglobin and
erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2016;2(4):29-33. links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-
haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-Umuahia.pdf.
52. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC
Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906-910.
https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeag
u__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf.
53. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin and iron profile
study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res.
Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5.
54. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS Spread: Impact of
Religious Leaders. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
(NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-31.
55. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With HIV. AIDS: A Review.
Newport International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy (NIJPP). 2023;3(2):64-67.
56. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and Cardiovascular
diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical
Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):95-99.
57. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study on Human
Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo
State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental
Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14.
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%
20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%2
0Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching
%20Hospital.pdf.
58. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of some
haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients before receiving treatment in
Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830.
59. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of total white blood
cell and differential count values in HIV positive patients receiving treatment in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science,
Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-189.
60. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS
Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023;
3 (1): 7-12.
61. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation Profile in HIV
Infection. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-11.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
62. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Ezemma
MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins
C and E in HIV infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271.
63. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle Cell
Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-59.
64. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D and insulin
resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2018;4(2):104-108.
65. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood borne viral
infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66.
66. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some Blood Borne
Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal Precautions among Laboratory Staff in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord. 2018;1(2).
67. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze U. HIV
and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-course
centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75.
68. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN. Facilitators
and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending Community
Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.
2021;33(52B):10-19.
69. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Ede MO, Odo EO, Buhari HA. Translation of HIV/AIDS
knowledge into behavior change among secondary school adolescents in Uganda: A
review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(49): e36599. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000036599. PMID: 38065920; PMCID: PMC10713174.
70. Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Irondi EA, Obeagu EI. Distribution of ABO and rhesus
blood grouping with HIV infection among blood donors in Ekiti State Nigeria. Medicine
(Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e36342. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036342. PMID:
38013335; PMCID: PMC10681551.
71. Echefu SN, Udosen JE, Akwiwu EC, Akpotuzor JO, Obeagu EI. Effect of Dolutegravir
regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4 count and viral
load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria. Medicine (Baltimore).
2023;102(47): e35910. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035910. PMID: 38013350; PMCID:
PMC10681510.
72. Opeyemi AA, Obeagu EI. Regulations of malaria in children with human
immunodeficiency virus infection: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(46):
e36166. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036166. PMID: 37986340; PMCID:
PMC10659731.
73. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OPC, Samson AO, Adepoju AO, Amusa MO. Inclusion of
nutritional counseling and mental health services in HIV/AIDS management: A paradigm
shift. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(41): e35673. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035673.
PMID: 37832059; PMCID: PMC10578718.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
74. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases in
Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(8):
e1450. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1450. PMID: 37520460; PMCID: PMC10375546.
75. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO, Emeka-
Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion Strategies
and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS). 2023;3(3).
76. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Uzoma G. Storms and Struggles: Managing HIV Amid Natural
Disasters. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2023;10(11):14-25.
77. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and tuberculosis infection: A
review of prevalence of associated factors. Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res. 2023;10(10):56-
62.
78. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle Cell
Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-9.
79. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Aja PM, Okon MB, Uti DE. Reducing HIV Infection
Rate in Women: A Catalyst to reducing HIV Infection pervasiveness in Africa.
International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2023;11(10):01-6.
80. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unmasking the Truth: Addressing Stigma in the Fight Against
HIV. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):8-22.
81. Chaudoir SR, Fisher JD. Stigma and the “social epidemic” of HIV: understanding
bidirectional mechanisms of risk and resilience. InThe Oxford Handbook of Stigma,
Discrimination, and Health 2018 (p. 457). Oxford University Press.
82. Ferguson L, Gruskin S, Bolshakova M, Yagyu S, Fu N, Cabrera N, Rozelle M, Kasoka K,
Oraro‐Lawrence T, Stackpool‐Moore L, Motala A. Frameworks and measures for HIV‐
related internalized stigma, stigma and discrimination in healthcare and in laws and
policies: a systematic review. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2022: e25915.
83. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Okwuanaso CB. Optimizing Immune Health in HIV Patients
through Nutrition: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):14-33.
84. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications for
monitoring and therapeutic strategies. Medicine. 2024;103(9):e37354.
85. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. CD8 Dynamics in HIV Infection: A Synoptic Review. Elite
Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):1-3.
86. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Implications of B Lymphocyte Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS. Elite
Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):34-46.
87. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses to HIV:
A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):46-58.
88. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding B Lymphocyte Functions in HIV Infection:
Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Medicine. 2024;2(1):35-46.
89. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet-Driven Modulation of HIV: Unraveling Interactions and
Implications. Journal home page: http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
90. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Hematological Complications in HIV:
Erythropoietin Considerations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):65-78.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
91. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Hematocrit Variations in HIV Patients Co-
infected with Malaria: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page: http://www.
journalijiar. com.;12(01).
92. ObeaguEI AA, Obeagu GU. Synergistic Effects of Blood Transfusion and HIV in Children
Under 5 Years with Severe Malaria: A Review. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):31-50.
93. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV
Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):1-5.
94. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV Patients Co-infected with Malaria
Parasites: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):25-36.
95. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits for
Improved Patient Outcomes. Sciences. 2024;4(1):32-7.
96. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster on
HIV Patients. Sciences. 2024;4(1):38-44.
97. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil-Associated Changes in Neonatal Thymic T
Regulatory Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Pregnancies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(1):33-42.
98. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advances in Understanding the Impact of Blood Transfusion on
Anemia Resolution in HIV-Positive Children with Severe Malaria: A Comprehensive
Review. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):26-41.
99. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Interactions between Blood Transfusion and
Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(2):104-15.
100. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive
Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal
Health. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):47-64.
101. Obeagu EI, Anyanwu CN, Obeagu GU. Challenges and Considerations in
Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):1-
7.
102. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Akram M. Early Infant Diagnosis: Key to
Breaking the Chain of HIV Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-61.
103. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV-Malaria
Coinfection for Improved Management. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):22-34.
104. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Erythropoietin on Preeclampsia in HIV-
Positive Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(1):21-
31.
105. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) as a Prognostic Marker
for Anemia Severity in HIV Patients: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page:
http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
106. Andersson GZ, Reinius M, Eriksson LE, Svedhem V, Esfahani FM, Deuba K, Rao
D, Lyatuu GW, Giovenco D, Ekström AM. Stigma reduction interventions in people living
with HIV to improve health-related quality of life. The Lancet HIV. 2020;7(2): e129-140.
107. Reif S, Cooper H, Wilson E, Brown G, Beckwith N, Ward D. HIV stigma reduction
through peer-led advocacy training. AIDS Education and Prevention. 2021;33(4):303-311.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 22-36
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (3): 22-36
108. Amon JJ, Kasambala T. Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV
prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe. InHealth Rights 2017: 371-388. Routledge.
109. Stangl AL, Earnshaw VA, Logie CH, Van Brakel W, C. Simbayi L, Barré I,
Dovidio JF. The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: a global, crosscutting
framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related
stigmas. BMC medicine. 2019; 17:1-3.
110. Kerrigan D, Kennedy CE, Morgan-Thomas R, Reza-Paul S, Mwangi P, Win KT,
McFall A, Fonner VA, Butler J. A community empowerment approach to the HIV response
among sex workers: effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and
scale-up. The Lancet. 2015;385(9963):172-185.
