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Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
1
Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV Coinfection: The Role of L-
selectin Pathways
*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1 and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
*Corresponding authour: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science,
Kampala International University, Uganda, emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-
4538-0161
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection pose significant
challenges to global health, with dysregulated immune cell trafficking contributing to disease
progression and morbidity. L-selectin, a key cell adhesion molecule, plays a pivotal role in
orchestrating immune cell trafficking by mediating leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and
subsequent migration to inflamed tissues. In this review, we explore the impact of L-selectin
pathways on immune cell trafficking dynamics in the context of TB-HIV coinfection. We discuss
the mechanisms underlying L-selectin-mediated immune cell recruitment and its modulation by
TB and HIV, highlighting the implications for disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we examine the
therapeutic potential of targeting L-selectin pathways to restore immune competence and improve
clinical outcomes in TB-HIV coinfection. Understanding the intricate interplay between L-selectin
and immune cell trafficking in TB-HIV coinfection is crucial for elucidating disease mechanisms
and developing effective therapeutic strategies.
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection present a formidable
challenge to global health due to their synergistic impact on immune function and disease
progression. The intricate interplay between these pathogens disrupts immune cell trafficking, a
fundamental process essential for mounting effective immune responses against infection. L-
selectin, a cell surface molecule expressed on leukocytes, plays a central role in regulating immune
cell trafficking by facilitating leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and subsequent migration to
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
2
sites of inflammation. In the context of TB-HIV coinfection, dysregulation of L-selectin pathways
profoundly influences immune cell recruitment dynamics, contributing to immune dysfunction and
disease pathogenesis. The dysregulation of L-selectin-mediated immune cell trafficking in TB-
HIV coinfection arises from multiple factors, including HIV-induced immunosuppression and TB-
associated inflammation. HIV infection leads to depletion of CD4+ T cells and impairment of
immune responses, resulting in compromised leukocyte recruitment and defective immune
surveillance. Concurrently, TB infection triggers robust inflammatory responses, further
exacerbating immune dysregulation and altering L-selectin expression and function. These
complex interactions disrupt the balance of immune cell trafficking, impairing host defense
mechanisms and facilitating disease progression in coinfected individuals.1-30
Understanding the mechanisms underlying L-selectin-mediated immune cell trafficking in TB-
HIV coinfection is critical for elucidating disease pathogenesis and identifying novel therapeutic
targets. Targeting L-selectin pathways represents a promising approach to modulate immune cell
recruitment dynamics and restore immune competence in coinfected individuals. Strategies aimed
at modulating L-selectin expression, blocking L-selectin interactions, or enhancing L-selectin
signaling may enhance host defense mechanisms and mitigate disease progression. Additionally,
combinatorial approaches that integrate L-selectin-targeted therapies with existing treatment
modalities hold potential for synergistic effects and improved clinical outcomes in TB-HIV
coinfection. Despite the therapeutic potential of targeting L-selectin pathways, challenges remain
in translating these strategies into clinical practice. Further research is needed to elucidate the
precise roles of L-selectin in TB-HIV coinfection and to validate the efficacy and safety of L-
selectin-targeted interventions in clinical settings. Moreover, personalized therapeutic approaches
that consider individual patient characteristics and disease profiles may optimize treatment
outcomes and minimize adverse effects. By unraveling the complexities of L-selectin-mediated
immune cell trafficking in TB-HIV coinfection, we can advance our understanding of disease
pathogenesis and develop innovative strategies to combat this dual epidemic.31-51
L-selectin in Immune Cell Trafficking
L-selectin, a cell adhesion molecule predominantly expressed on leukocytes, serves as a crucial
regulator of immune cell trafficking. Its role in facilitating leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells
within the bloodstream and subsequent migration to inflamed tissues is fundamental for mounting
effective immune responses. Upon activation, L-selectin binds to its ligands on endothelial cells,
initiating a cascade of events that mediate leukocyte rolling and adhesion, essential steps in the
extravasation process. This process allows immune cells to infiltrate sites of infection or
inflammation, where they can execute their effector functions and contribute to host defense
mechanisms. L-selectin-mediated immune cell trafficking plays a particularly significant role in
the context of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection. In TB, immune cells must navigate through complex tissue structures to reach the
site of infection within the lungs. L-selectin facilitates this process by promoting the adhesion and
migration of leukocytes across the endothelial barrier, enabling their recruitment to the site of
mycobacterial invasion. Similarly, in HIV infection, L-selectin-mediated immune cell trafficking
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
3
is essential for orchestrating immune responses against the virus and containing viral spread within
the host.51-72
However, dysregulation of L-selectin expression and function can have profound implications for
immune cell trafficking dynamics and contribute to disease pathogenesis. In TB-HIV coinfection,
alterations in L-selectin pathways may disrupt the coordinated recruitment of immune cells to sites
of infection, compromising the host's ability to mount an effective immune response. HIV-induced
immunosuppression and dysregulation of inflammatory responses further exacerbate these effects,
leading to impaired immune surveillance and increased susceptibility to TB reactivation or
progression. Understanding the intricate interplay between L-selectin and immune cell trafficking
dynamics is crucial for elucidating disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
Targeting L-selectin pathways represents a promising approach for modulating immune cell
trafficking and restoring immune function in TB-HIV coinfection. By developing strategies aimed
at modulating L-selectin expression, blocking L-selectin interactions, or enhancing L-selectin
signaling, it may be possible to improve immune cell recruitment to sites of infection and enhance
host defense mechanisms against TB and HIV.73-88
Role of L-selectin in TB-HIV Coinfection
In the intricate interplay between tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
coinfection, L-selectin emerges as a critical mediator governing immune cell trafficking dynamics.
L-selectin, primarily expressed on leukocytes, orchestrates the intricate process of immune cell
recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation. In the context of TB-HIV coinfection, the role of
L-selectin becomes particularly significant, as dysregulation of its pathways can profoundly
impact disease progression and clinical outcomes. L-selectin facilitates the adhesion of leukocytes
to endothelial cells, a crucial step in immune cell extravasation into tissues. In TB-HIV coinfection,
dysregulated L-selectin pathways may disrupt the coordinated recruitment of immune cells to sites
of infection, compromising the host's ability to mount an effective immune response. The unique
immune landscape in TB-HIV coinfection presents challenges that further accentuate the
importance of L-selectin in immune cell trafficking. HIV-induced immunosuppression and
dysregulation of inflammatory responses can impair L-selectin-mediated immune cell trafficking,
leading to ineffective immune surveillance and increased susceptibility to TB reactivation or
progression. Additionally, TB-associated inflammation may exacerbate HIV replication and
immune activation, exacerbating immune dysfunction in coinfected individuals. Thus,
understanding the role of L-selectin in TB-HIV coinfection is essential for elucidating disease
mechanisms and developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, L-selectin's
involvement in immune cell trafficking extends beyond its role in initial leukocyte adhesion. It
also influences subsequent steps in the immune response, such as leukocyte migration and
activation. Dysregulation of L-selectin expression and signaling pathways may impair immune
cell localization to sites of infection or compromise their effector functions, further exacerbating
immune dysfunction in TB-HIV coinfection. Consequently, targeting L-selectin pathways
represents a promising therapeutic strategy for modulating immune cell trafficking and restoring
immune function in TB-HIV coinfection.89-119
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
4
Therapeutic Targeting of L-selectin Pathways
Therapeutic targeting of L-selectin pathways represents a promising strategy for modulating
immune cell trafficking and restoring immune function in tuberculosis (TB) and human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Given the crucial role of L-selectin in facilitating
immune cell recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation, interventions aimed at modulating
L-selectin expression, blocking L-selectin interactions, or enhancing L-selectin signaling hold
significant therapeutic potential. One approach to targeting L-selectin pathways involves
modulating its expression levels on leukocytes. Strategies aimed at upregulating L-selectin
expression could enhance immune cell recruitment to sites of infection, thereby improving host
defense mechanisms against TB and HIV. Conversely, downregulating L-selectin expression may
be beneficial in certain contexts, such as reducing excessive leukocyte infiltration and
inflammation in chronic infections. Pharmacological agents or biological therapies that selectively
modulate L-selectin expression levels could offer precise control over immune cell trafficking
dynamics. Another therapeutic strategy involves blocking L-selectin interactions with its ligands
on endothelial cells. By preventing the initial adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface,
these agents could inhibit immune cell extravasation into inflamed tissues, thereby reducing tissue
damage and inflammation. Monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting L-
selectin-ligand interactions have shown promise in preclinical models of inflammatory diseases
and could be further explored for their therapeutic efficacy in TB-HIV coinfection.120-140
Enhancing L-selectin signaling represents another avenue for therapeutic intervention.
Augmenting L-selectin-mediated signaling pathways could promote immune cell activation and
effector functions, thereby enhancing host defense mechanisms against TB and HIV. This
approach may involve the use of agonistic antibodies or small molecule agonists targeting L-
selectin receptors or downstream signaling molecules. By potentiating L-selectin-mediated
immune responses, these agents could improve immune cell trafficking and function in TB-HIV
coinfection. Combination therapies targeting multiple components of the L-selectin pathway may
offer synergistic effects and improved therapeutic outcomes. For example, combining agents that
modulate L-selectin expression with those targeting its interactions with endothelial ligands could
provide complementary mechanisms of action, resulting in enhanced control over immune cell
trafficking dynamics. Similarly, combining L-selectin-targeted therapies with existing anti-TB or
antiretroviral therapies could potentiate their efficacy and improve clinical outcomes in TB-HIV
coinfection.141-145
Conclusion
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection represents a significant
global health challenge, with dysregulated immune cell trafficking contributing to disease
progression and poor clinical outcomes. L-selectin, a key mediator of immune cell recruitment and
trafficking, plays a central role in orchestrating immune responses in TB-HIV coinfection.
Dysregulation of L-selectin pathways can impair immune cell recruitment to sites of infection,
compromise host defense mechanisms, and exacerbate immune dysfunction. Despite the
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
5
complexities of TB-HIV coinfection, therapeutic targeting of L-selectin pathways offers promising
avenues for intervention. Modulating L-selectin expression, blocking its interactions with
endothelial ligands, or enhancing its signaling pathways represent potential strategies to restore
immune competence and improve clinical outcomes. Additionally, combination therapies
targeting multiple components of the L-selectin pathway may provide synergistic effects and
enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
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Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
6
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Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
7
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
8
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
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2017;5(2):175.
52. Obeagu EI, Adepoju OJ, Okafor CJ, Obeagu GU, Ibekwe AM, Okpala PU, Agu CC.
Assessment of Haematological Changes in Pregnant Women of Ido, Ondo State, Nigeria.
J Res Med Dent Sci. 2021;9(4):145-148.
53. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
54. Okorie HM, Obeagu EI, Eze EN, Jeremiah ZA. Assessment of coagulation parameters in
malaria infected pregnant women in Imo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current
Research in Medical Sciences. 2018;4(9):41-9.
55. Obeagu EI, Babar Q, Vincent CC, Okafor CJ, Eze R, Chijioke UO, Ibekwe AM, Uduchi
IO. Pulmonary Embolism in Covid-19 Pandemic: A Threat to Recovery of the Infected
Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021 Aug 26;33(42A):90-8.
56. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU, Ijeoma FO, Chioma UI. The values of activated partial
thromboplastin time (APTT) among HIV positive patients in FMC Owerri. Int J Curr Res
Aca Rev. 2015;3:139-44.
57. Edward Henry SI, Obeagu EI. Assessment of the Serum Iron Status of Preeclampsia
Subjects in Aba, Abia State. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):10-8.
58. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Ochei KC, Osuala EO, Obeagu EI, Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of
prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on positivity rate in
Kafanchan, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(2): 28-34.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.02.005
59. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases in
Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Science Reports.
2023;6(8):e1450.
60. Obeagu EI, Amekpor F, Scott GY. An update of human immunodeficiency virus infection:
Bleeding disorders. J Pub Health Nutri. 2023; 6 (1). 2023;139.
links/645b4a6c2edb8e5f094d9bd9/An-update-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-
infection-Bleeding.pdf.
61. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Ofodile AC, Edoho SH, Ahamefula C. Prevention of
New Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pragmatic Approaches of Saving Life in
Developing Countries. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.
2022;2(3):128-134.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/86.
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
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62. Walter O, Anaebo QB, Obeagu EI, Okoroiwu IL. Evaluation of Activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time in HIV and TB Patients in Owerri
Metropolis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022:29-34.
63. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Barinaadaa A, Eteng EU, Ikpeme M, Bassey JO, Paul AO.
Cascade variabilities in TB case finding among people living with HIV and the use of IPT:
assessment in three levels of care in cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research International. 2020;32(24):9-18.
64. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus based on
demographic and risk factors among pregnant women attending clinics in Zaria Metropolis,
Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (8). 2022;137.
links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268/Seroprevalence-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-
based-on-demographic-and-risk-factors-among-pregnant-women-attending-clinics-in-
Zaria-Metropolis-Nigeria.pdf.
65. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic factors
associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with
HIV/AIDS. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-142.DOI:
10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.015 links/6516faa61e2386049de5e828/A-Review-of-
knowledge-attitudes-and-socio-demographic-factors-associated-with-non-adherence-to-
antiretroviral-therapy-among-people-living-with-HIV-AIDS.pdf
66. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC. Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A review of Prevalence and
Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):128-134.DOI:
10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014 links/6516f938b0df2f20a2f8b0e0/Tuberculosis-among-
HIV-Patients-A-review-of-Prevalence-and-Associated-Factors.pdf.
67. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP. Haematological indices of
malaria patients coinfected with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2017;3(5):100-104.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.05.014
https://www.academia.edu/download/54317126/Haematological_indices_of_malaria_pati
ents_coinfected_with_HIV.pdf
68. Oke OT, Eyitayo EF, Obeagu EI. Inhalation effect of insecticides on some Haematological
parameters of rabbits. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2022;9(9):1-9.
69. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO, Emeka-
Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion Strategies
and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS). 2023;3(3).
70. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
71. Offie DC, Ibekwe AM, Agu CC, Esimai BN, Okpala PU, Obeagu EI, Ufelle SA, Ogbonna
LN. Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein Significance in Children Infected by Plasmodium
falciparum Species in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International. 2021;33(15):1-8.
72. Obeagu E, Nwosu D, Obeagu III G. Antithrombin III: A Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol.
Med. 2022;7(2):20-27.
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Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
11
73. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM, Eze GC, Essien UC,
Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S. Distribution Rate of Chlamydial Infection
According to Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Clinics in Zaria
Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology.
2022;13(2):26-31.
74. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI. Factors Hindering Elimination of Mother to
Child Transmission of HIV Service Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni
Hospital Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District. Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences.
2023;3(2):7-14. http://ajdhs.com/index.php/journal/article/view/39.
75. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella N. Comparative study
of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and rapid test screening methods on HIV,
Hbsag, Hcv and Syphilis among voluntary donors in. Owerri, Nigeria. J Clin Commun
Med. 2020;2(3):180-183.DOI: DOI: 10.32474/JCCM.2020.02.000137
links/5f344530458515b7291bd95f/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme-Linked-
Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-
HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf.
76. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, Obeagu EI, Emeje PI,
Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy
Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal,
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.
2021;33(47A):78-84.
77. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors Influencing Early
Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies
Delivering at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal
of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023 Jul 29;6(1):203-211.
http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/.
78. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven PE. Socio-
Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS Initiated on ART in 2014 at
Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious
Diseases. 2022;10(4):1-7.
79. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. Adherence to
Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(57A):360-368.
80. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AND
PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO HEALTHCARE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH
HIV/AIDS IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE. Madonna
University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):42-57.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/75.
81. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, Tuberculosis and Malaria: A Review. Madonna University
journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/69
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
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82. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu EP, Ohale B, Obeagu
EI. WEIGHTS OF INFANTS BORN TO HIV INFECTED MOTHERS: A
PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, OWERRI, IMO
STATE. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568
83. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe GC, Oze GO,
Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN ADULT
HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160.
links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-
PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf.
84. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation Parameters among HIV
Positive Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant
Biol. 2015;2(4):45-49.
85. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active
antiretro viral therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2019;6(12):45-8.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004
links/650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV-AIDS-patients-on-
highly-active-antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of-prevalence.pdf.
86. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of CD4/CD8 ratios in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-
CD8-ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf.
87. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level of haemoglobin and
erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2016;2(4):29-33. links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-
haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-Umuahia.pdf.
88. Gavins FN, Stokes KY, editors. Vascular responses to pathogens. Academic Press; 2015.
89. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC
Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906-910.
https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeag
u__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf.
90. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin and iron profile
study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res.
Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5.
91. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS Spread: Impact of
Religious Leaders. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
(NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-31.
92. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With HIV. AIDS: A Review.
Newport International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy (NIJPP). 2023;3(2):64-67.
93. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and Cardiovascular
diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical
Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):95-99.
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
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94. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study on Human
Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo
State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental
Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14.
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%
20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%2
0Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching
%20Hospital.pdf.
95. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of some
haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients before receiving treatment in
Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830.
96. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of total white blood
cell and differential count values in HIV positive patients receiving treatment in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science,
Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-189.
97. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS
Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023;
3 (1): 7-12.
98. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation Profile in HIV
Infection. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-11.
99. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Ezemma
MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins
C and E in HIV infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271.
100. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle
Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-59.
101. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D and insulin
resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2018;4(2):104-108.
102. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood borne viral
infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66.
103. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some Blood
Borne Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal Precautions among Laboratory Staff in
Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord.
2018;1(2).
104. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze
U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-
course centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75.
105. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN.
Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending
Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International. 2021;33(52B):10-19.
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
14
106. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Ede MO, Odo EO, Buhari HA. Translation of HIV/AIDS
knowledge into behavior change among secondary school adolescents in Uganda: A
review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(49): e36599. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000036599. PMID: 38065920; PMCID: PMC10713174.
107. Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Irondi EA, Obeagu EI. Distribution of ABO and
rhesus blood grouping with HIV infection among blood donors in Ekiti State Nigeria.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e36342. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036342.
PMID: 38013335; PMCID: PMC10681551.
108. Echefu SN, Udosen JE, Akwiwu EC, Akpotuzor JO, Obeagu EI. Effect of
Dolutegravir regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4
count and viral load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria. Medicine
(Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e35910. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035910. PMID:
38013350; PMCID: PMC10681510.
109. Opeyemi AA, Obeagu EI. Regulations of malaria in children with human
immunodeficiency virus infection: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(46):
e36166. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036166. PMID: 37986340; PMCID:
PMC10659731.
110. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OPC, Samson AO, Adepoju AO, Amusa MO.
Inclusion of nutritional counseling and mental health services in HIV/AIDS management:
A paradigm shift. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(41): e35673. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000035673. PMID: 37832059; PMCID: PMC10578718.
111. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases
in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(8):
e1450. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1450. PMID: 37520460; PMCID: PMC10375546.
112. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO,
Emeka-Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion
Strategies and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS).
2023;3(3).
113. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Uzoma G. Storms and Struggles: Managing HIV Amid
Natural Disasters. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2023;10(11):14-25.
114. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and tuberculosis
infection: A review of prevalence of associated factors. Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res.
2023;10(10):56-62.
115. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle
Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-9.
116. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Aja PM, Okon MB, Uti DE. Reducing HIV
Infection Rate in Women: A Catalyst to reducing HIV Infection pervasiveness in Africa.
International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2023;11(10):01-6.
117. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unmasking the Truth: Addressing Stigma in the Fight
Against HIV. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):8-22.
118. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Okwuanaso CB. Optimizing Immune Health in HIV
Patients through Nutrition: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):14-33.
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
15
119. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications
for monitoring and therapeutic strategies. Medicine. 2024;103(9):e37354.
120. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. CD8 Dynamics in HIV Infection: A Synoptic Review.
Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):1-3.
121. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Implications of B Lymphocyte Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS.
Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):34-46.
122. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses
to HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):46-58.
123. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding B Lymphocyte Functions in HIV Infection:
Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Medicine. 2024;2(1):35-46.
124. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet-Driven Modulation of HIV: Unraveling
Interactions and Implications. Journal home page: http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
125. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Hematological Complications in
HIV: Erythropoietin Considerations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):65-78.
126. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Hematocrit Variations in HIV
Patients Co-infected with Malaria: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page:
http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
127. ObeaguEI AA, Obeagu GU. Synergistic Effects of Blood Transfusion and HIV in
Children Under 5 Years with Severe Malaria: A Review. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):31-50.
128. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV
Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):1-5.
129. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV Patients Co-infected with
Malaria Parasites: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):25-
36.
130. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits
for Improved Patient Outcomes. Sciences. 2024;4(1):32-7.
131. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster
on HIV Patients. Sciences. 2024;4(1):38-44.
132. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil-Associated Changes in Neonatal Thymic T
Regulatory Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Pregnancies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(1):33-42.
133. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advances in Understanding the Impact of Blood
Transfusion on Anemia Resolution in HIV-Positive Children with Severe Malaria: A
Comprehensive Review. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):26-41.
134. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Interactions between Blood Transfusion and
Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(2):104-15.
135. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive
Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal
Health. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):47-64.
Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 43-59
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-HIV
Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59
16
136. Obeagu EI, Anyanwu CN, Obeagu GU. Challenges and Considerations in
Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):1-
7.
137. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Akram M. Early Infant Diagnosis: Key to
Breaking the Chain of HIV Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-61.
138. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV-Malaria
Coinfection for Improved Management. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):22-34.
139. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Erythropoietin on Preeclampsia in HIV-
Positive Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(1):21-
31.
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