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The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection: Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management

Authors:
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu at Kampala International University (KIU)
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Getrude Uzoma Obeagu at Kampala International University (KIU)
Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection pose significant challenges for disease diagnosis and management, with immune dysfunction playing a central role in disease progression. L-selectin, a cell adhesion molecule involved in immune cell trafficking, has emerged as a key player in TB-HIV coinfection, influencing disease pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. This review examines the role of L-selectin in TB and HIV coinfection, focusing on its implications for disease diagnosis and management. We discuss the mechanisms underlying L-selectin-mediated immune dysfunction, its impact on disease progression, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting L-selectin pathways.
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Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection: Implications for Disease
Diagnosis and Management
*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1 and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
*Corresponding authour: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science,
Kampala International University, Uganda, emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-
4538-0161
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection pose significant
challenges for disease diagnosis and management, with immune dysfunction playing a central role
in disease progression. L-selectin, a cell adhesion molecule involved in immune cell trafficking,
has emerged as a key player in TB-HIV coinfection, influencing disease pathogenesis and clinical
outcomes. This review examines the role of L-selectin in TB and HIV coinfection, focusing on its
implications for disease diagnosis and management. We discuss the mechanisms underlying L-
selectin-mediated immune dysfunction, its impact on disease progression, and potential diagnostic
and therapeutic strategies targeting L-selectin pathways.
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection presents a formidable
challenge in global healthcare, particularly in regions with high prevalence rates of both diseases.
The convergence of TB and HIV poses unique clinical complexities, as HIV-induced
immunosuppression significantly heightens the risk of TB infection and disease progression.
Coinfected individuals often experience more severe forms of TB and face increased morbidity
and mortality compared to those with TB alone. Managing TB-HIV coinfection requires a
multifaceted approach that addresses both infectious diseases and the underlying immune
dysfunction. Immune dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of TB-HIV coinfection,
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
with dysregulated immune responses contributing to disease progression and clinical outcomes.
L-selectin, a cell adhesion molecule expressed on leukocytes, has emerged as a key mediator of
immune cell trafficking and activation in TB and HIV infection. Its role in orchestrating immune
responses at the cellular level makes it a compelling target for understanding disease mechanisms
and developing targeted interventions. Understanding the role of L-selectin in TB-HIV coinfection
is essential for elucidating disease pathogenesis and identifying potential diagnostic and
therapeutic strategies. By exploring the implications of L-selectin dysregulation in coinfection,
researchers can gain valuable insights into the interplay between TB and HIV and their effects on
the immune system. This knowledge may inform the development of novel biomarkers for disease
diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the design of innovative therapeutic interventions aimed at
restoring immune competence and improving clinical outcomes.1-30
In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine the role of L-selectin in TB and HIV
coinfection, with a focus on its implications for disease diagnosis and management. We will
discuss the mechanisms underlying L-selectin-mediated immune dysfunction, its impact on
disease progression, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting L-selectin
pathways. By synthesizing current research findings and exploring future directions, we hope to
contribute to a better understanding of TB-HIV coinfection and facilitate the development of more
effective strategies for disease management.31-41
L-selectin in Immune Dysfunction
L-selectin, a cell adhesion molecule expressed predominantly on leukocytes, plays a critical role
in orchestrating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. Its primary function lies
in facilitating the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells, thereby mediating their extravasation
from the bloodstream into sites of infection or inflammation. In the context of tuberculosis (TB)
and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, dysregulation of L-selectin pathways
contributes to immune dysfunction and disease progression. One aspect of L-selectin's
involvement in immune dysfunction lies in its role in modulating leukocyte trafficking dynamics.
Dysregulated expression or function of L-selectin can disrupt the coordinated recruitment of
immune cells to sites of infection, impairing the host's ability to mount an effective immune
response against pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. This dysregulation may
manifest as altered leukocyte migration patterns, reduced immune cell infiltration into infected
tissues, or impaired immune surveillance, all of which can compromise host defense mechanisms
and exacerbate disease severity in TB-HIV coinfection.42-60
Furthermore, L-selectin is intricately involved in immune cell activation and effector functions. Its
engagement with endothelial ligands triggers signaling cascades within leukocytes, leading to
cellular activation and the initiation of immune responses. Dysregulated L-selectin signaling
pathways may result in aberrant immune cell activation or polarization, contributing to chronic
inflammation, tissue damage, and immunopathology in TB-HIV coinfection. Moreover, altered L-
selectin signaling may impair immune cell interactions and cross-talk, further exacerbating
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
immune dysfunction and undermining host defense mechanisms against TB and HIV. The
dysregulation of L-selectin in TB-HIV coinfection extends beyond its direct effects on immune
cell trafficking and activation. Emerging evidence suggests that L-selectin may also influence
immune cell differentiation, survival, and function, thereby shaping the overall immune response
to TB and HIV. Dysfunctional L-selectin pathways may skew immune cell phenotypes or impair
their ability to mount effective antipathogen responses, ultimately contributing to immune evasion,
disease progression, and treatment resistance in coinfection.61-78
Implications for Disease Diagnosis
The dysregulation of L-selectin pathways in tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) coinfection carries significant implications for disease diagnosis. Given the central role of
L-selectin in immune cell trafficking and activation, alterations in its expression levels or function
may serve as valuable biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis in TB-HIV coinfection.
Firstly, changes in L-selectin expression levels on circulating leukocytes may reflect the
underlying immune dysfunction in TB-HIV coinfection. Quantitative assessment of L-selectin
expression using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry could provide insights into the severity
of immune dysregulation and disease progression. Elevated or decreased levels of L-selectin
expression may correlate with disease activity, treatment response, or clinical outcomes, serving
as potential indicators of disease severity or prognosis in TB-HIV coinfection. Additionally, L-
selectin may hold diagnostic value as a biomarker for identifying individuals at increased risk of
TB or HIV coinfection. Altered L-selectin expression patterns may precede clinical manifestations
of coinfection, providing an opportunity for early detection and intervention. Screening assays
targeting L-selectin expression levels or function in peripheral blood samples could aid in the
identification of individuals at heightened risk of TB-HIV coinfection, enabling timely diagnostic
testing and initiation of appropriate treatment strategies. Furthermore, L-selectin-targeted imaging
techniques may offer non-invasive approaches for disease diagnosis and monitoring in TB-HIV
coinfection. Molecular imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), could be coupled with L-selectin-specific probes to visualize
immune cell trafficking dynamics in vivo. By tracking the migration of L-selectin-expressing
immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation, these imaging approaches could provide
valuable diagnostic information, allowing for early detection of TB-HIV coinfection and
assessment of treatment response.79-109
Therapeutic Targeting of L-selectin Pathways
Therapeutic targeting of L-selectin pathways represents a promising approach for managing
tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Given the pivotal role
of L-selectin in immune cell trafficking and activation, interventions aimed at modulating its
expression, blocking its interactions with endothelial ligands, or enhancing its signaling pathways
hold significant therapeutic potential. One strategy for therapeutic targeting of L-selectin pathways
involves modulating its expression levels on immune cells. Upregulation of L-selectin expression
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
could enhance immune cell trafficking to sites of infection, thereby improving host defense
mechanisms against TB and HIV. Conversely, downregulation of L-selectin expression may be
beneficial in certain contexts, such as reducing excessive leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
in chronic infections. Pharmacological agents or biological therapies that selectively modulate L-
selectin expression levels could offer precise control over immune cell trafficking dynamics and
contribute to improved clinical outcomes in TB-HIV coinfection.110-126
Therapeutic targeting of L-selectin pathways represents a promising approach for managing
tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Given the pivotal role
of L-selectin in immune cell trafficking and activation, interventions aimed at modulating its
expression, blocking its interactions with endothelial ligands, or enhancing its signaling pathways
hold significant therapeutic potential. One strategy for therapeutic targeting of L-selectin pathways
involves modulating its expression levels on immune cells. Upregulation of L-selectin expression
could enhance immune cell trafficking to sites of infection, thereby improving host defense
mechanisms against TB and HIV. Conversely, downregulation of L-selectin expression may be
beneficial in certain contexts, such as reducing excessive leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
in chronic infections. Another therapeutic approach involves blocking L-selectin interactions with
endothelial ligands, thereby inhibiting immune cell extravasation into inflamed tissues.
Monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting L-selectin-ligand interactions have
shown promise in preclinical models of inflammatory diseases and could be further explored for
their therapeutic efficacy in TB-HIV coinfection. By preventing the initial adhesion of leukocytes
to the endothelial surface, these agents could reduce tissue damage, inflammation, and
immunopathology associated with TB and HIV coinfection.127-139
Enhancing L-selectin signaling represents another avenue for therapeutic intervention.
Augmenting L-selectin-mediated signaling pathways could promote immune cell activation and
effector functions, thereby enhancing host defense mechanisms against TB and HIV. This
approach may involve the use of agonistic antibodies or small molecule agonists targeting L-
selectin receptors or downstream signaling molecules. By potentiating L-selectin-mediated
immune responses, these agents could improve immune cell trafficking and function in TB-HIV
coinfection, ultimately contributing to better clinical outcomes. Combination therapies targeting
multiple components of the L-selectin pathway may offer synergistic effects and improved
therapeutic outcomes. For example, combining agents that modulate L-selectin expression with
those targeting its interactions with endothelial ligands could provide complementary mechanisms
of action, resulting in enhanced control over immune cell trafficking dynamics and immune
responses. Similarly, combining L-selectin-targeted therapies with existing anti-TB or
antiretroviral therapies could potentiate their efficacy and improve clinical outcomes in TB-HIV
coinfection.140-145
Conclusion
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
L-selectin plays a critical role in TB-HIV coinfection, influencing disease pathogenesis and
clinical outcomes. Understanding the implications of L-selectin in disease diagnosis and
management is essential for developing personalized therapeutic approaches and improving
patient outcomes.
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
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Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
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Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
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2017;5(2):175.
52. Obeagu EI, Adepoju OJ, Okafor CJ, Obeagu GU, Ibekwe AM, Okpala PU, Agu CC.
Assessment of Haematological Changes in Pregnant Women of Ido, Ondo State, Nigeria.
J Res Med Dent Sci. 2021;9(4):145-148.
53. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
54. Okorie HM, Obeagu EI, Eze EN, Jeremiah ZA. Assessment of coagulation parameters in
malaria infected pregnant women in Imo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current
Research in Medical Sciences. 2018;4(9):41-9.
55. Obeagu EI, Babar Q, Vincent CC, Okafor CJ, Eze R, Chijioke UO, Ibekwe AM, Uduchi
IO. Pulmonary Embolism in Covid-19 Pandemic: A Threat to Recovery of the Infected
Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021 Aug 26;33(42A):90-8.
56. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU, Ijeoma FO, Chioma UI. The values of activated partial
thromboplastin time (APTT) among HIV positive patients in FMC Owerri. Int J Curr Res
Aca Rev. 2015;3:139-44.
57. Edward Henry SI, Obeagu EI. Assessment of the Serum Iron Status of Preeclampsia
Subjects in Aba, Abia State. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):10-8.
58. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Ochei KC, Osuala EO, Obeagu EI, Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of
prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on positivity rate in
Kafanchan, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(2): 28-34.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.02.005
59. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases in
Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Science Reports.
2023;6(8):e1450.
60. Obeagu EI, Amekpor F, Scott GY. An update of human immunodeficiency virus infection:
Bleeding disorders. J Pub Health Nutri. 2023; 6 (1). 2023;139.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
links/645b4a6c2edb8e5f094d9bd9/An-update-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-
infection-Bleeding.pdf.
61. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Ofodile AC, Edoho SH, Ahamefula C. Prevention of
New Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pragmatic Approaches of Saving Life in
Developing Countries. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.
2022;2(3):128-134.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/86.
62. Walter O, Anaebo QB, Obeagu EI, Okoroiwu IL. Evaluation of Activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time in HIV and TB Patients in Owerri
Metropolis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022:29-34.
63. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Barinaadaa A, Eteng EU, Ikpeme M, Bassey JO, Paul AO.
Cascade variabilities in TB case finding among people living with HIV and the use of IPT:
assessment in three levels of care in cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research International. 2020;32(24):9-18.
64. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus based on
demographic and risk factors among pregnant women attending clinics in Zaria Metropolis,
Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (8). 2022;137.
links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268/Seroprevalence-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-
based-on-demographic-and-risk-factors-among-pregnant-women-attending-clinics-in-
Zaria-Metropolis-Nigeria.pdf.
65. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic factors
associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with
HIV/AIDS. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-142.DOI:
10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.015 links/6516faa61e2386049de5e828/A-Review-of-
knowledge-attitudes-and-socio-demographic-factors-associated-with-non-adherence-to-
antiretroviral-therapy-among-people-living-with-HIV-AIDS.pdf
66. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC. Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A review of Prevalence and
Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):128-134.DOI:
10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014 links/6516f938b0df2f20a2f8b0e0/Tuberculosis-among-
HIV-Patients-A-review-of-Prevalence-and-Associated-Factors.pdf.
67. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP. Haematological indices of
malaria patients coinfected with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2017;3(5):100-104.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.05.014
https://www.academia.edu/download/54317126/Haematological_indices_of_malaria_pati
ents_coinfected_with_HIV.pdf
68. Oke OT, Eyitayo EF, Obeagu EI. Inhalation effect of insecticides on some Haematological
parameters of rabbits. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2022;9(9):1-9.
69. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO, Emeka-
Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion Strategies
and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS). 2023;3(3).
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJPH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
70. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
71. Offie DC, Ibekwe AM, Agu CC, Esimai BN, Okpala PU, Obeagu EI, Ufelle SA, Ogbonna
LN. Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein Significance in Children Infected by Plasmodium
falciparum Species in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International. 2021;33(15):1-8.
72. Obeagu E, Nwosu D, Obeagu III G. Antithrombin III: A Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol.
Med. 2022;7(2):20-27.
73. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM, Eze GC, Essien UC,
Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S. Distribution Rate of Chlamydial Infection
According to Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Clinics in Zaria
Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology.
2022;13(2):26-31.
74. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI. Factors Hindering Elimination of Mother to
Child Transmission of HIV Service Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni
Hospital Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District. Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences.
2023;3(2):7-14. http://ajdhs.com/index.php/journal/article/view/39.
75. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella N. Comparative study
of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and rapid test screening methods on HIV,
Hbsag, Hcv and Syphilis among voluntary donors in. Owerri, Nigeria. J Clin Commun
Med. 2020;2(3):180-183.DOI: DOI: 10.32474/JCCM.2020.02.000137
links/5f344530458515b7291bd95f/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme-Linked-
Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-
HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf.
76. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, Obeagu EI, Emeje PI,
Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy
Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal,
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.
2021;33(47A):78-84.
77. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors Influencing Early
Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies
Delivering at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal
of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023 Jul 29;6(1):203-211.
http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/.
78. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven PE. Socio-
Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS Initiated on ART in 2014 at
Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious
Diseases. 2022;10(4):1-7.
79. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. Adherence to
Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(57A):360-368.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
80. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AND
PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO HEALTHCARE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH
HIV/AIDS IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE. Madonna
University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):42-57.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/75.
81. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, Tuberculosis and Malaria: A Review. Madonna University
journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/69
82. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu EP, Ohale B, Obeagu
EI. WEIGHTS OF INFANTS BORN TO HIV INFECTED MOTHERS: A
PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, OWERRI, IMO
STATE. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568
83. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe GC, Oze GO,
Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN ADULT
HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160.
links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-
PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf.
84. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation Parameters among HIV
Positive Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant
Biol. 2015;2(4):45-49.
85. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active
antiretro viral therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2019;6(12):45-8.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004
links/650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV-AIDS-patients-on-
highly-active-antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of-prevalence.pdf.
86. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of CD4/CD8 ratios in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-
CD8-ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf.
87. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level of haemoglobin and
erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2016;2(4):29-33. links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-
haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-Umuahia.pdf.
88. Gavins FN, Stokes KY, editors. Vascular responses to pathogens. Academic Press; 2015.
89. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC
Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906-910.
https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeag
u__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
90. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin and iron profile
study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res.
Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5.
91. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS Spread: Impact of
Religious Leaders. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
(NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-31.
92. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With HIV. AIDS: A Review.
Newport International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy (NIJPP). 2023;3(2):64-67.
93. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and Cardiovascular
diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical
Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):95-99.
94. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study on Human
Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo
State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental
Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14.
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%
20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%2
0Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching
%20Hospital.pdf.
95. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of some
haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients before receiving treatment in
Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830.
96. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of total white blood
cell and differential count values in HIV positive patients receiving treatment in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science,
Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-189.
97. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS
Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023;
3 (1): 7-12.
98. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation Profile in HIV
Infection. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-11.
99. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Ezemma
MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins
C and E in HIV infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271.
100. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle
Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-59.
101. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D and insulin
resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2018;4(2):104-108.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
102. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood borne viral
infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66.
103. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some Blood
Borne Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal Precautions among Laboratory Staff in
Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord.
2018;1(2).
104. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze
U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-
course centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75.
105. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN.
Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending
Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International. 2021;33(52B):10-19.
106. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Ede MO, Odo EO, Buhari HA. Translation of HIV/AIDS
knowledge into behavior change among secondary school adolescents in Uganda: A
review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(49): e36599. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000036599. PMID: 38065920; PMCID: PMC10713174.
107. Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Irondi EA, Obeagu EI. Distribution of ABO and
rhesus blood grouping with HIV infection among blood donors in Ekiti State Nigeria.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e36342. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036342.
PMID: 38013335; PMCID: PMC10681551.
108. Echefu SN, Udosen JE, Akwiwu EC, Akpotuzor JO, Obeagu EI. Effect of
Dolutegravir regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4
count and viral load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria. Medicine
(Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e35910. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035910. PMID:
38013350; PMCID: PMC10681510.
109. Opeyemi AA, Obeagu EI. Regulations of malaria in children with human
immunodeficiency virus infection: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(46):
e36166. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036166. PMID: 37986340; PMCID:
PMC10659731.
110. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OPC, Samson AO, Adepoju AO, Amusa MO.
Inclusion of nutritional counseling and mental health services in HIV/AIDS management:
A paradigm shift. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(41): e35673. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000035673. PMID: 37832059; PMCID: PMC10578718.
111. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases
in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(8):
e1450. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1450. PMID: 37520460; PMCID: PMC10375546.
112. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO,
Emeka-Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion
Strategies and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS).
2023;3(3).
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
113. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Uzoma G. Storms and Struggles: Managing HIV Amid
Natural Disasters. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2023;10(11):14-25.
114. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and tuberculosis
infection: A review of prevalence of associated factors. Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res.
2023;10(10):56-62.
115. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle
Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-9.
116. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Aja PM, Okon MB, Uti DE. Reducing HIV
Infection Rate in Women: A Catalyst to reducing HIV Infection pervasiveness in Africa.
International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2023;11(10):01-6.
117. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unmasking the Truth: Addressing Stigma in the Fight
Against HIV. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):8-22.
118. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Okwuanaso CB. Optimizing Immune Health in HIV
Patients through Nutrition: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):14-33.
119. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications
for monitoring and therapeutic strategies. Medicine. 2024;103(9):e37354.
120. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. CD8 Dynamics in HIV Infection: A Synoptic Review.
Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):1-3.
121. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Implications of B Lymphocyte Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS.
Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):34-46.
122. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses
to HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):46-58.
123. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding B Lymphocyte Functions in HIV Infection:
Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Medicine. 2024;2(1):35-46.
124. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet-Driven Modulation of HIV: Unraveling
Interactions and Implications. Journal home page: http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
125. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Hematological Complications in
HIV: Erythropoietin Considerations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):65-78.
126. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Hematocrit Variations in HIV
Patients Co-infected with Malaria: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page:
http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
127. ObeaguEI AA, Obeagu GU. Synergistic Effects of Blood Transfusion and HIV in
Children Under 5 Years with Severe Malaria: A Review. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):31-50.
128. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV
Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):1-5.
129. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV Patients Co-infected with
Malaria Parasites: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):25-
36.
Elite Journal of Public Health. Volume 2 issue 2(2024), Pp. 35-51
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection:
Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1):
35-51
130. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits
for Improved Patient Outcomes. Sciences. 2024;4(1):32-7.
131. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster
on HIV Patients. Sciences. 2024;4(1):38-44.
132. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil-Associated Changes in Neonatal Thymic T
Regulatory Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Pregnancies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(1):33-42.
133. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advances in Understanding the Impact of Blood
Transfusion on Anemia Resolution in HIV-Positive Children with Severe Malaria: A
Comprehensive Review. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):26-41.
134. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Interactions between Blood Transfusion and
Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(2):104-15.
135. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive
Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal
Health. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):47-64.
136. Obeagu EI, Anyanwu CN, Obeagu GU. Challenges and Considerations in
Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):1-
7.
137. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Akram M. Early Infant Diagnosis: Key to
Breaking the Chain of HIV Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-61.
138. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV-Malaria
Coinfection for Improved Management. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):22-34.
139. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Erythropoietin on Preeclampsia in HIV-
Positive Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(1):21-
31.
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... By adopting a holistic approach to care that addresses the physical, emotional, and social aspects of living with chronic illness, healthcare providers can optimize treatment outcomes, improve quality of life, and promote resilience among individuals living with hemophilia and HIV. [156][157][158][159][160] ...
HIV and Hemophilia: Addressing Stigma and Discrimination
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Hemophilia and HIV, two chronic conditions with unique challenges, intersect in individuals who are doubly burdened by both their genetic predisposition to bleeding disorders and the acquired immunodeficiency virus. Beyond the physiological complexities of managing these conditions, individuals with hemophilia and HIV often face stigma and discrimination, exacerbating their already challenging circumstances. Misinformation, fear, and lack of awareness about these conditions perpetuate stereotypes and misconceptions, leading to social exclusion and discrimination. Historical experiences, such as the tainted blood scandal and the early stigma associated with HIV/AIDS, continue to shape perceptions and attitudes towards affected individuals, underscoring the enduring impact of past events on present-day stigma and discrimination. Addressing stigma and discrimination requires multifaceted strategies that encompass individual, community, and systemic levels of intervention. Education and awareness-raising initiatives play a crucial role in dispelling myths and misinformation about hemophilia and HIV, promoting empathy, and fostering supportive environments. Moreover, psychosocial support services, advocacy efforts, and policy interventions are essential for addressing structural barriers, challenging discriminatory practices, and promoting social inclusion and equity for individuals living with hemophilia and HIV.
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... Moreover, peer support networks and community-based organizations offer valuable opportunities for individuals to connect with others facing similar challenges, share experiences, and access additional resources and support. [141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160] Additionally, addressing the psychosocial aspects of living with hemophilia and HIV is paramount for promoting holistic patient care and well-being. Stigma, discrimination, and mental health concerns are pervasive issues faced by individuals with hemophilia and HIV, often exacerbating existing challenges and impacting treatment outcomes. ...
HIV Co-infection in Hemophilia: Implications for Treatment
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Hemophilia, a hereditary bleeding disorder, and HIV, a viral infection impacting the immune system, intersect in individuals co-affected by both conditions, posing unique challenges in treatment. HIV co-infection in hemophilia patients presents multifaceted clinical manifestations and complications, ranging from increased bleeding tendencies to immunodeficiency-related complications and psychosocial challenges. The overlap of these conditions requires tailored treatment approaches that address the complex interplay between hematological and infectious complications, potential drug interactions, and psychosocial factors. Holistic patient-centered care models, incorporating hematologists, infectious disease specialists, mental health professionals, and social workers, are essential for addressing the diverse needs of affected individuals and optimizing treatment outcomes. Challenges in treatment arise from the intricate balance between managing bleeding episodes in hemophilia patients and controlling HIV replication through antiretroviral therapy. Potential drug interactions, adverse effects, and therapeutic conflicts necessitate careful consideration to minimize risks and optimize treatment efficacy. Moreover, ensuring access to comprehensive care, addressing health disparities, and promoting adherence to treatment regimens are critical components of managing HIV co-infection in hemophilia patients.
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... Moreover, advancements in telemedicine and digital health technologies enhance access to care, facilitate remote monitoring, and promote adherence to treatment regimens, particularly for individuals residing in remote or underserved areas. [151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160] ...
Impact of HIV on Hemophilia Patients: A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
The coexistence of hemophilia and HIV represents a unique medical challenge, with profound implications for affected individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. This review comprehensively examines the impact of HIV on hemophilia patients, encompassing epidemiological trends, clinical manifestations, therapeutic considerations, and implications for patient care. While advancements in screening and treatment have reduced the risk of HIV transmission through clotting factor concentrates in many high-income countries, challenges persist in resource-limited settings. Moreover, disparities in HIV prevalence among older individuals with hemophilia underscore the enduring legacy of past exposures and the need for ongoing vigilance in surveillance and prevention efforts. Clinically, HIV infection in hemophilia patients is associated with a broad spectrum of complications, ranging from immunological dysfunction to hematological abnormalities and psychosocial challenges. Immunodeficiency resulting from HIV predisposes individuals to opportunistic infections and malignancies, exacerbating existing hemophilia-related complications and complicating clinical management. Furthermore, the psychosocial impact of living with both conditions, including stigma, discrimination, and mental health concerns, underscores the importance of holistic, patient-centered care approaches.
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... Further research is needed to elucidate the efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of these therapeutic approaches in co-infected individuals, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research in optimizing care for individuals with both hemochromatosis and HIV infection. [141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158] ...
Hemochromatosis and HIV: Implications for Immune Senescence
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Hemochromatosis and HIV infection represent distinct yet intersecting conditions with significant implications for immune senescence, the gradual decline in immune function associated with aging. Hemochromatosis, characterized by excessive iron accumulation in tissues, and HIV infection, a chronic viral illness leading to progressive immune dysfunction, both contribute to immune dysregulation and accelerated aging of the immune system. This review explores the complex interplay between hemochromatosis, HIV infection, and immune senescence, highlighting the underlying mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic strategies. Excess iron accumulation in hemochromatosis promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage, accelerating cellular aging and immune dysfunction. Iron overload affects immune cell function at multiple levels, including impairment of T cell and B cell responses, dysregulation of macrophage activity, and disruption of immune signaling pathways. Moreover, iron-mediated inflammation exacerbates immune senescence by promoting chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, contributing to the pathogenesis of age-related diseases and increasing susceptibility to infections in hemochromatosis patients. In HIV infection, chronic viral replication, and immune activation drive immune exhaustion, depletion of CD4+ T cells, and dysfunction of the immune system, leading to accelerated immune senescence. HIV-associated inflammation and viral persistence further exacerbate immune dysfunction and contribute to the premature aging of the immune system. The intersection of hemochromatosis and HIV infection exacerbates immune senescence, as iron overload and chronic inflammation synergistically Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 5(2024), Pp. 55-71 https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH Citation: Obeagu EI. Hemochromatosis and HIV: Implications for Immune Senescence. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(5): 55-71 2 promote immune dysregulation and accelerated aging of the immune system in co-infected individuals.
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... Furthermore, HIV-associated immune dysfunction may impair the clearance of iron-loaded macrophages, exacerbating tissue damage and organ dysfunction in co-infected individuals. [142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155] Further elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of the interaction between hemochromatosis and HIV is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions and preventive strategies. High-throughput omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, can provide comprehensive insights into the molecular pathways involved in coinfection. ...
Hemochromatosis and HIV: Unraveling Genetic Susceptibility
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Hemochromatosis, a disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption leading to systemic iron overload, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a viral infection targeting the immune system, represent significant health challenges worldwide. Concurrently, host genetic factors play a pivotal role in determining susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression. Genetic polymorphisms affecting immune response pathways, viral entry receptors, and cytokine signaling pathways influence individual susceptibility and disease outcomes. Importantly, population-specific genetic variations contribute to differential HIV susceptibility and response to antiretroviral therapy, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches in HIV management. The intersection of hemochromatosis and HIV introduces unique challenges and clinical implications. Individuals with hemochromatosis may exhibit increased susceptibility to HIV infection due to dysregulated iron metabolism compromising immune function. Conversely, HIV infection can exacerbate iron dysregulation, leading to accelerated progression of hepatic and systemic complications in co-infected individuals. Understanding the intricate interplay between iron homeostasis, immune response, and viral pathogenesis is essential for optimizing therapeutic strategies and improving clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population. Unraveling the genetic susceptibility to hemochromatosis and HIV opens avenues for targeted interventions and preventive measures. Mechanistic insights into the complex interactions between iron metabolism and viral infection may inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches, including iron chelation therapy and immunomodulatory interventions, to mitigate the adverse effects of co-infection.
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Reviewing Erythrocyte Morphology Changes in Hemophilia Patients with HIV: Current Insights
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Hemophilia patients with concurrent HIV infection face a unique set of challenges, including hematological complications that extend beyond traditional coagulation abnormalities. This review examines the current understanding of erythrocyte morphology changes in individuals with hemophilia and HIV co-infection, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms, clinical implications, and management considerations. Erythrocyte alterations in this population are increasingly recognized, contributing to the complexity of their clinical presentation and treatment. Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and direct viral effects are among the key drivers of erythrocyte alterations observed in individuals with both hemophilia and HIV. Moreover, the dysregulation of coagulation pathways inherent in hemophilia may further exacerbate erythrocyte abnormalities, highlighting the intricate interplay between these two conditions. By elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of erythrocyte morphology changes, clinicians can develop targeted interventions to mitigate hematological complications and improve patient outcomes. The clinical implications of erythrocyte morphology changes in hemophilia patients with HIV extend beyond traditional hematological parameters and underscore the need for tailored management strategies. Comprehensive assessment of erythrocyte parameters alongside routine hematological markers can enhance disease monitoring and treatment optimization in this complex patient population.
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Erythrocyte Morphology in Hemophilia Patients Co-infected with HIV: A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Hemophilia, a rare bleeding disorder, frequently coexists with HIV infection due to shared risk factors such as blood product transfusions. Erythrocyte morphology alterations in hemophilia patients co-infected with HIV have garnered recent attention due to potential implications for disease management and prognosis. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), play a crucial role in oxygen transport and tissue perfusion. In hemophilia, deficient or defective clotting factors can lead to spontaneous or prolonged bleeding episodes, contributing to anemia and subsequent changes in erythrocyte morphology. Moreover, the presence of HIV infection introduces additional complexities to the erythrocyte morphology profile, with HIV-associated hematological abnormalities exacerbating pre-existing erythrocyte abnormalities in hemophilia patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms driving erythrocyte morphology alterations in hemophilia patients co-infected with HIV are multifactorial. Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and bone marrow suppression associated with HIV infection disrupt erythropoiesis and promote the development of morphological abnormalities in RBCs. Clinical implications of erythrocyte morphology alterations include the need for monitoring erythrocyte parameters and optimizing ART regimens and supportive measures to mitigate the impact on patient outcomes. Continued research efforts are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and guide therapeutic strategies in hemophilia patients with HIV co-infection.
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Aplastic Anemia and HIV: Clinical Features and Risk Factors
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Aplastic anemia, a rare but serious hematological disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, has emerged as a recognized complication in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical features and risk factors associated with the development of aplastic anemia in the context of HIV infection. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying aplastic anemia in individuals living with HIV remain incompletely understood but are believed to involve HIV-induced immunosuppression and dysregulation of the immune system. Direct viral toxicity, immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. Clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia in individuals with HIV infection can vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic pancytopenia to severe cytopenias with life-threatening complications. Fatigue, weakness, pallor, mucosal bleeding, petechiae, and recurrent infections are common clinical features. Prompt recognition and intervention are essential to prevent further morbidity and mortality in severe cases of aplastic anemia, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and vigilance among healthcare providers caring for HIV-infected individuals. Several risk factors have been identified for the development of aplastic anemia in individuals living with HIV, including advanced HIV disease, low CD4 cell counts, high viral load, concomitant opportunistic infections, and exposure to myelosuppressive medications. Genetic predisposition and host immune factors may also influence susceptibility to aplastic anemia.
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Adapting HIV Prevention Strategies to Changing Climates: A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Climate change poses significant challenges to global health, including the prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission. This paper explores the intersection of climate change and HIV prevention strategies, examining the implications of changing climates on the effectiveness of existing prevention interventions and identifying adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental changes on HIV transmission. By synthesizing existing research and best practices, this review aims to inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities about the importance of adapting HIV prevention strategies to changing climates and promoting resilience within vulnerable populations.
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Climate Variability and HIV: Implications for Control Measures
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Climate variability presents a complex and evolving challenge to global health, with implications for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS. This review examines the intersection of climate variability and HIV/AIDS, exploring the ways in which environmental changes influenced by climate variability impact the spread of the virus. Additionally, we investigate the implications of climate variability for HIV/AIDS control measures, including prevention, treatment, and healthcare delivery. By understanding the complex interplay between climate variability and HIV/AIDS, policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities can develop targeted interventions and adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental changes on HIV transmission and improve public health outcomes.
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Challenges and Considerations in Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
This review addresses the complex landscape of managing blood transfusions for individuals with HIV, uncovering challenges and considerations that influence patient care. As HIV has evolved into a manageable chronic condition with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the coexistence of transfusion requirements introduces a nuanced dynamic. Key challenges explored in this review encompass transfusion-related immunomodulation, the risk of alloimmunization, disparities in access to safe blood products, maintaining optimal adherence to ART, potential transfusion-related complications, pediatric considerations, and the ethical and psychosocial dimensions inherent in the intersection of blood transfusion and HIV management. Transfusion-related immunomodulation stands as a significant challenge, requiring careful monitoring due to its potential impact on the immune response of individuals with HIV. Alloimmunization, particularly in the context of multiple transfusions or prolonged exposure, poses a risk that necessitates strategic measures to minimize its occurrence. Disparities in access to safe blood products, especially in resource-limited settings, underscore the importance of establishing robust blood supply systems and advocating for equitable healthcare access for individuals with HIV. Maintaining optimal adherence to ART, a cornerstone in managing HIV, becomes challenging in the presence of potential drug interactions and alterations in absorption related to blood transfusions. The risk of transfusion-related complications, including infections and reactions, accentuates the need for stringent screening and monitoring protocols to ensure the safety of blood products. Pediatric considerations add an additional layer of complexity, demanding tailored approaches that account for developmental factors and the unique needs of younger populations with HIV.
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Interactions between Blood Transfusion and Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
This review examines the intricate interplay between blood transfusion and antiretroviral medications, shedding light on the implications for patient care in individuals living with HIV. The coexistence of these two critical interventions introduces complexities that extend beyond routine considerations in both transfusion medicine and HIV management. Potential interactions between transfused blood components and antiretroviral drugs can impact drug efficacy, absorption, and metabolism, influencing treatment outcomes and posing challenges to healthcare providers. Immune system modulation, a phenomenon associated with blood transfusions, is explored in the context of its influence on the immunological effects of antiretroviral medications. Considerations extend to the pediatric population, where unique challenges arise concerning developmental aspects of drug metabolism and transfusion effects. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) emerges as a valuable tool in managing the complex interactions between blood transfusion and antiretroviral medications. Regular monitoring of drug levels in the bloodstream allows for personalized adjustments to medication regimens, ensuring optimal therapeutic efficacy while minimizing the risk of toxicity. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between blood transfusion and antiretroviral medications, offering insights into the challenges faced by healthcare providers and the considerations necessary for optimizing patient care. By enhancing our understanding of these interactions, healthcare professionals can tailor interventions, monitor treatment responses effectively, and provide individualized care for individuals living with HIV requiring blood transfusions.
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Implications of B Lymphocyte Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
The ongoing battle against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between various components of the immune system. While the role of T lymphocytes has been extensively explored, recent research has illuminated the critical involvement of B lymphocytes and their dysfunction in the context of HIV/AIDS. This review delves into the implications of B lymphocyte dysfunction, dissecting its impact on humoral immunity, immunopathogenesis, vaccine development, and potential therapeutic interventions. In the realm of therapeutic interventions, this review evaluates current and potential strategies to rectify B lymphocyte dysfunction, ranging from immune modulatory therapies to targeted treatments aimed at restoring humoral immunity. The narrative concludes by outlining future perspectives, emphasizing the identification of biomarkers, advancements in vaccine design, and interdisciplinary collaboration as key areas of focus for further research.
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Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal Health
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection during pregnancy introduces a complex interplay between the maternal immune system and the imperative need for fetal development. This review delves into the nuanced relationship between maternal eosinophilic responses and HIV infection during pregnancy, offering insights into the immunological dynamics that influence both maternal and fetal outcomes. Eosinophils, traditionally associated with allergic responses, emerge as pivotal players in the adaptive immune responses of HIV-positive pregnant women. This abstract provides a succinct overview of the key themes explored in the review, emphasizing the implications of eosinophilic responses, potential roles in immune modulation, and the influence on vertical transmission risk. Further, it highlights the impact of antiretroviral therapy on maternal eosinophil dynamics, the delicate balance between immune tolerance and antiviral defenses, and the future perspectives and therapeutic implications that may optimize maternal-fetal health in the context of HIV.
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Platelet Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
Platelet dysfunction in diabetes mellitus is a multifaceted issue with significant implications for vascular health. The interplay of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid profiles, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and medications can collectively disrupt platelet function. This dysfunction not only raises the risk of thrombosis and cardiovascular complications but also underscores the importance of comprehensive diabetes management. By controlling blood sugar levels, addressing associated risk factors, and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals with diabetes can mitigate the adverse effects of platelet dysfunction and reduce the likelihood of cardiovascular events.
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Optimizing Immune Health in HIV Patients through Nutrition: A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection poses a continual challenge to global health, affecting the immune system and rendering individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections. With the advancements in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), increasing attention is being directed towards holistic approaches, including nutritional interventions, to optimize immune health in people living with HIV. This review explores the intricate interplay between nutrition and immune health in the context of HIV. We examine the nutritional challenges faced by HIV patients, ranging from malabsorption to altered metabolism, and their implications for immune function. The review investigates the impact of micronutrients on immune parameters, evaluating the potential of supplementation to support immune health. Dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean and DASH diets, are scrutinized for their immunomodulatory effects in HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore, the review delves into the role of probiotics in maintaining gut health and supporting immune function in the HIV population. In conclusion, this review underscores the pivotal role of nutrition in enhancing immune health for individuals living with HIV, offering valuable insights for healthcare providers, researchers, and those navigating the complexities of HIV management.
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CD8 Dynamics in HIV Infection: A Synoptic Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
The complex interplay between CD8 T cells and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a pivotal determinant of disease progression and immune responses. This synoptic review provides an in-depth analysis of CD8 dynamics during HIV infection, elucidating key mechanisms, implications for disease progression, and potential therapeutic interventions. CD8 T cells play a central role in recognizing and eliminating HIV-infected cells, but sustained immune activation may lead to exhaustion, impacting their efficacy. This review synthesizes current knowledge on CD8 functionality, explores the delicate balance between immune activation and exhaustion, and assesses the dynamic changes in CD8 populations across different stages of HIV infection. Furthermore, it delves into the implications of CD8 dynamics for therapeutic interventions, evaluating existing strategies and highlighting emerging approaches. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in understanding the intricate nuances of CD8 responses to HIV. The review concludes by identifying gaps in knowledge and proposing future research directions. This comprehensive synthesis of CD8 dynamics in HIV infection serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers striving to enhance our understanding of the immune responses crucial for combating HIV and developing effective therapeutic interventions.
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Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV Implications for monitoring and therapeutic strategies
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
  • MEDICINE
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant global health concern, necessitating ongoing research and innovation in the quest for improved disease management. Traditional markers for monitoring HIV progression and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy have limitations in capturing the intricate immune responses and inflammatory dynamics in people with HIV. In recent years, the concept of inflammation ratios has gained prominence as a valuable tool for assessing and understanding the complex interplay between inflammation, immune function, and HIV. In this abstract, we provide an overview of the emerging field of utilizing inflammation ratios in the context of HIV and its implications for disease monitoring and therapeutic strategies. These ratios, such as the CD4/CD8 ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, offer a more comprehensive assessment of an individual's immune status and inflammatory state. By exploring the clinical implications of inflammation ratios, including their potential to predict disease complications and guide personalized treatment approaches, this publication sheds light on the potential benefits of incorporating inflammation ratios into routine HIV care. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field to further refine our understanding of the utility and significance of inflammation ratios in improving the lives of people with HIV. Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ART = antiretroviral therapy, CD4 = clusters of differentiation 4, CD8 = clusters of differentiation 8, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, INRs = immunological non-responders, MLR = monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, NLR = neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, PWH = people with HIV.
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Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses to HIV: A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
This paper critically examines the complex interplay between maternal factors and infant immunological responses to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The transmission of HIV from mother to child presents unique challenges that span the prenatal period, labor and delivery, and the postnatal phase, particularly during breastfeeding. Maternal influences, including the transfer of antibodies and immune factors through various avenues, significantly impact the early-life immune development of infants exposed to or infected with HIV. This paper explores the dynamics of vertical transmission, the delicate balance between breastfeeding benefits and HIV transmission risks, and the role of maternal antibodies in shaping infant immune resilience. The review also addresses the broader context of maternal health, encompassing nutritional status, co-infections, and antiretroviral therapy, as pivotal contributors to infant outcomes. Strategies to enhance infant immune resilience, such as antiretroviral therapy, maternal vaccination, and nutritional support, are discussed. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and identifying gaps in knowledge, underlining the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to unravel the complexities of maternal influence on infant immunological responses to HIV. This synthesis of current knowledge aims to inform research endeavors and guide the development of targeted interventions, ultimately improving outcomes for mother-infant pairs affected by HIV.
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Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating a deeper comprehension of the immune responses engaged in infection. B cell mediated immunity emerges as a pivotal aspect in the battle against HIV, with this review aiming to elucidate the intricacies of antibody responses, viral escape mechanisms, and their implications for vaccine development. Recent breakthroughs and therapeutic avenues are explored, alongside the persisting challenges that underscore the complexity of HIV immunology. This review consolidates current knowledge to provide a holistic understanding of B cell mediated immunity in HIV infection, offering insights that may shape future research endeavors and therapeutic strategies.
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