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Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
1
P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy: Implications for Treatment
*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1 and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
*Corresponding authour: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science,
Kampala International University, Uganda, emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-
4538-0161
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a heightened risk of coagulopathy, encompassing thrombosis,
hemorrhage, and endothelial dysfunction, which significantly impact disease progression and
clinical outcomes. P-Selectin, a critical cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated platelets and
endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in mediating leukocyte-endothelial interactions and platelet
activation, thus contributing to hemostasis and inflammation. Dysregulation of P-Selectin
expression and function in HIV has emerged as a key contributor to coagulopathy, highlighting its
potential as a therapeutic target. This review explores the mechanisms underlying P-Selectin
dysregulation in HIV-associated coagulopathy, its clinical implications, and potential therapeutic
interventions. We discuss the multifactorial nature of P-Selectin dysregulation in HIV, involving
viral-induced endothelial activation, immune dysregulation, and antiretroviral therapy-related
effects. Overall, understanding the role of P-Selectin in HIV-associated coagulopathy and its
potential as a therapeutic target is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and improving clinical
outcomes in this population.
Keywords: P-Selectin, HIV, coagulopathy, hemostasis, inflammation, treatment, antiretroviral
therapy, platelets, endothelial dysfunction.
Introduction
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
2
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a global health challenge, characterized
by a myriad of complications that extend beyond its primary immunosuppressive effects. Among
these complications, coagulopathy emerges as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality
in HIV-infected individuals. Coagulopathy in HIV encompasses a complex interplay of thrombotic
and hemorrhagic phenomena, often resulting from dysregulation of the coagulation cascade and
endothelial dysfunction. P-Selectin, a cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated platelets and
endothelial cells, has garnered increasing attention for its role in mediating leukocyte-endothelial
interactions and platelet activation, key processes involved in hemostasis and inflammation.
Dysregulation of P-Selectin expression and function has been implicated in various inflammatory
and thrombotic conditions, including cardiovascular disease and sepsis. In the context of HIV
infection, dysregulation of P-Selectin represents a potential mechanism contributing to
coagulopathy and associated complications.1-23
The mechanisms underlying P-Selectin dysregulation in HIV are multifactorial and complex,
involving viral-induced endothelial activation, immune dysregulation, and effects of antiretroviral
therapy. HIV-mediated immune activation stimulates endothelial cells to express P-Selectin,
facilitating leukocyte adhesion and platelet activation. Additionally, certain antiretroviral agents,
such as protease inhibitors, have been implicated in exacerbating P-Selectin dysregulation, further
perpetuating coagulopathy in HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, chronic inflammation and viral
replication contribute to endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, and hemorrhage, underscoring the
intricate relationship between HIV and P-Selectin in coagulopathy. The clinical implications of P-
Selectin dysregulation in HIV-associated coagulopathy are significant, encompassing thrombotic
and hemorrhagic complications, as well as cardiovascular risk. Elevated levels of soluble P-
Selectin serve as biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic risk in HIV-infected
individuals, providing insights into disease severity and prognosis. Thrombotic events, such as
venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis, are prevalent in HIV and contribute to
morbidity and mortality in this population. Conversely, hemorrhagic complications, including
mucocutaneous bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage, pose significant challenges in managing
HIV-associated coagulopathy. Understanding the role of P-Selectin dysregulation in these clinical
manifestations is crucial for risk stratification and guiding treatment decisions in HIV-infected
individuals.24-46
Mechanisms of P-Selectin Dysregulation in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy
The dysregulation of P-Selectin in HIV-associated coagulopathy arises from intricate interplays
between viral factors, immune dysregulation, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related effects.
HIV infection triggers a cascade of immune responses that stimulate endothelial cells to express
P-Selectin. The presence of viral particles induces endothelial activation, leading to upregulation
of adhesion molecules, including P-Selectin, which facilitates the adhesion of leukocytes and
platelets to the endothelium. Additionally, HIV-associated inflammation and immune activation
contribute to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, further promoting P-
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
3
Selectin expression on endothelial cells and platelets. Immune dysregulation in HIV infection
exacerbates P-Selectin dysregulation through various mechanisms. HIV-induced CD4+ T cell
depletion and dysfunction impair immune regulation, leading to sustained inflammation and
endothelial activation. Moreover, chronic immune activation upregulates P-Selectin expression via
activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, perpetuating the inflammatory
milieu characteristic of HIV-associated coagulopathy. Dysfunctional immune responses,
characterized by imbalances in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, further
contribute to endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic risk in HIV-infected individuals.46-67
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) plays a dual role in modulating P-Selectin expression in HIV-
associated coagulopathy. While ART effectively suppresses viral replication and reduces immune
activation, certain antiretroviral agents may exert direct effects on endothelial cells and platelets,
leading to P-Selectin dysregulation. Protease inhibitors, for instance, have been implicated in
promoting endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation, thereby exacerbating coagulopathy in
HIV-infected individuals. Additionally, ART-related metabolic disturbances, such as dyslipidemia
and insulin resistance, may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic risk, further
exacerbating P-Selectin dysregulation. Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark feature of HIV-
associated coagulopathy, plays a central role in mediating P-Selectin dysregulation. HIV-induced
endothelial activation and damage impair endothelial integrity and function, leading to increased
expression of adhesion molecules, including P-Selectin. Endothelial dysfunction not only
promotes P-Selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion and platelet activation but also disrupts the
balance between pro-coagulant and anticoagulant factors, contributing to a pro-thrombotic state in
HIV-infected individuals.68-87
Clinical Implications of P-Selectin Dysregulation in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy
The clinical implications of P-Selectin dysregulation in HIV-associated coagulopathy are
multifaceted and encompass thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, as well as cardiovascular
risk. Elevated levels of soluble P-Selectin serve as biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and
thrombotic risk in HIV-infected individuals, providing valuable insights into disease severity and
prognosis. Thrombotic events, including venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis, are
prevalent in HIV and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in this population. P-
Selectin-mediated platelet activation and leukocyte recruitment to the endothelium promote
thrombus formation and exacerbate the risk of thrombotic events in HIV-infected individuals.
Conversely, hemorrhagic complications, such as mucocutaneous bleeding and intracranial
hemorrhage, pose significant challenges in the management of HIV-associated coagulopathy. P-
Selectin dysregulation may disrupt the delicate balance between hemostasis and fibrinolysis,
leading to increased bleeding tendencies in HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, HIV-related
immune dysfunction and endothelial damage further exacerbate hemorrhagic complications,
complicating clinical management and increasing the risk of adverse outcomes.88-108
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
4
In addition to thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, P-Selectin dysregulation in HIV-
associated coagulopathy has implications for cardiovascular risk. Endothelial dysfunction,
mediated in part by P-Selectin dysregulation, contributes to the development of atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. Elevated levels of soluble P-Selectin are
associated with increased cardiovascular risk and adverse cardiovascular events, highlighting the
importance of P-Selectin as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target in HIV-associated
coagulopathy. Furthermore, P-Selectin dysregulation may impact disease progression and immune
dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. P-Selectin-mediated interactions between activated
endothelial cells and leukocytes promote immune cell trafficking and inflammation, contributing
to chronic immune activation and HIV pathogenesis. Dysfunctional immune responses,
characterized by imbalances in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, further
exacerbate endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic risk in HIV-associated coagulopathy.109-128
Therapeutic Interventions Targeting P-Selectin in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy
Therapeutic interventions targeting P-Selectin in HIV-associated coagulopathy offer promising
avenues for mitigating thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, improving hemostasis, and
reducing cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected individuals. These interventions aim to modulate P-
Selectin expression and function, thereby attenuating endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation,
and leukocyte adhesion, which contribute to the pathogenesis of coagulopathy in HIV. One
potential therapeutic approach targeting P-Selectin is the use of P-Selectin inhibitors. These agents
interfere with the binding of P-Selectin to its ligands, inhibiting leukocyte adhesion and platelet
activation. By blocking P-Selectin-mediated interactions between activated endothelial cells and
leukocytes, P-Selectin inhibitors may mitigate inflammation and thrombosis in HIV-infected
individuals, thus improving hemostasis and reducing the risk of thrombotic events.129-140
Antiplatelet agents represent another therapeutic intervention targeting P-Selectin in HIV-
associated coagulopathy. Agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel inhibit platelet activation and
aggregation, partly through modulation of P-Selectin expression and function. By inhibiting P-
Selectin-mediated platelet activation and thrombus formation, antiplatelet agents may reduce the
risk of thrombotic events in HIV-infected individuals, particularly those at increased
cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, lifestyle modifications may modulate P-Selectin expression and
function, offering complementary therapeutic benefits in HIV-associated coagulopathy. Smoking
cessation, regular exercise, and adherence to a healthy diet have been shown to reduce levels of
soluble P-Selectin and improve endothelial function in HIV-infected individuals. Lifestyle
modifications can also address modifiable risk factors, such as obesity and hypertension, which
contribute to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in HIV. Optimizing antiretroviral
therapy (ART) regimens represents another strategy for mitigating P-Selectin dysregulation and
coagulopathy in HIV-infected individuals. Certain antiretroviral agents, such as protease
inhibitors, have been implicated in promoting endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation,
potentially exacerbating coagulopathy in HIV. Selecting ART regimens with favorable
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
5
cardiovascular profiles and minimal effects on endothelial function may help mitigate P-Selectin
dysregulation and reduce the risk of thrombotic events in HIV-infected individuals.141-145
Conclusion
P-Selectin dysregulation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated coagulopathy,
contributing to thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in this population. Understanding the
mechanisms underlying P-Selectin dysregulation and its clinical implications is crucial for guiding
treatment strategies and optimizing outcomes in HIV-infected individuals. Targeted therapeutic
interventions aimed at modulating P-Selectin expression and function offer promising avenues for
mitigating coagulopathy and improving hemostasis in HIV. Further research is needed to validate
the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic interventions and to develop personalized treatment
approaches for HIV-associated coagulopathy.
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https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
7
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Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
8
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Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
9
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52. Obeagu EI, Adepoju OJ, Okafor CJ, Obeagu GU, Ibekwe AM, Okpala PU, Agu CC.
Assessment of Haematological Changes in Pregnant Women of Ido, Ondo State, Nigeria.
J Res Med Dent Sci. 2021;9(4):145-148.
53. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
54. Okorie HM, Obeagu EI, Eze EN, Jeremiah ZA. Assessment of coagulation parameters in
malaria infected pregnant women in Imo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current
Research in Medical Sciences. 2018;4(9):41-9.
55. Obeagu EI, Babar Q, Vincent CC, Okafor CJ, Eze R, Chijioke UO, Ibekwe AM, Uduchi
IO. Pulmonary Embolism in Covid-19 Pandemic: A Threat to Recovery of the Infected
Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021 Aug 26;33(42A):90-8.
56. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU, Ijeoma FO, Chioma UI. The values of activated partial
thromboplastin time (APTT) among HIV positive patients in FMC Owerri. Int J Curr Res
Aca Rev. 2015;3:139-44.
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
10
57. Edward Henry SI, Obeagu EI. Assessment of the Serum Iron Status of Preeclampsia
Subjects in Aba, Abia State. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):10-8.
58. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Ochei KC, Osuala EO, Obeagu EI, Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of
prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on positivity rate in
Kafanchan, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(2): 28-34.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.02.005
59. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases in
Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Science Reports.
2023;6(8):e1450.
60. Obeagu EI, Amekpor F, Scott GY. An update of human immunodeficiency virus infection:
Bleeding disorders. J Pub Health Nutri. 2023; 6 (1). 2023;139.
links/645b4a6c2edb8e5f094d9bd9/An-update-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-
infection-Bleeding.pdf.
61. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Ofodile AC, Edoho SH, Ahamefula C. Prevention of
New Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pragmatic Approaches of Saving Life in
Developing Countries. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.
2022;2(3):128-134.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/86.
62. Walter O, Anaebo QB, Obeagu EI, Okoroiwu IL. Evaluation of Activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time in HIV and TB Patients in Owerri
Metropolis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022:29-34.
63. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Barinaadaa A, Eteng EU, Ikpeme M, Bassey JO, Paul AO.
Cascade variabilities in TB case finding among people living with HIV and the use of IPT:
assessment in three levels of care in cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research International. 2020;32(24):9-18.
64. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus based on
demographic and risk factors among pregnant women attending clinics in Zaria Metropolis,
Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (8). 2022;137.
links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268/Seroprevalence-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-
based-on-demographic-and-risk-factors-among-pregnant-women-attending-clinics-in-
Zaria-Metropolis-Nigeria.pdf.
65. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic factors
associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with
HIV/AIDS. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-142.DOI:
10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.015 links/6516faa61e2386049de5e828/A-Review-of-
knowledge-attitudes-and-socio-demographic-factors-associated-with-non-adherence-to-
antiretroviral-therapy-among-people-living-with-HIV-AIDS.pdf
66. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC. Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A review of Prevalence and
Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):128-134.DOI:
10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014 links/6516f938b0df2f20a2f8b0e0/Tuberculosis-among-
HIV-Patients-A-review-of-Prevalence-and-Associated-Factors.pdf.
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
11
67. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP. Haematological indices of
malaria patients coinfected with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2017;3(5):100-104.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.05.014
https://www.academia.edu/download/54317126/Haematological_indices_of_malaria_pati
ents_coinfected_with_HIV.pdf
68. Oke OT, Eyitayo EF, Obeagu EI. Inhalation effect of insecticides on some Haematological
parameters of rabbits. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2022;9(9):1-9.
69. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO, Emeka-
Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion Strategies
and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS). 2023;3(3).
70. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
71. Offie DC, Ibekwe AM, Agu CC, Esimai BN, Okpala PU, Obeagu EI, Ufelle SA, Ogbonna
LN. Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein Significance in Children Infected by Plasmodium
falciparum Species in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International. 2021;33(15):1-8.
72. Obeagu E, Nwosu D, Obeagu III G. Antithrombin III: A Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol.
Med. 2022;7(2):20-27.
73. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM, Eze GC, Essien UC,
Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S. Distribution Rate of Chlamydial Infection
According to Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Clinics in Zaria
Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology.
2022;13(2):26-31.
74. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI. Factors Hindering Elimination of Mother to
Child Transmission of HIV Service Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni
Hospital Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District. Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences.
2023;3(2):7-14. http://ajdhs.com/index.php/journal/article/view/39.
75. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella N. Comparative study
of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and rapid test screening methods on HIV,
Hbsag, Hcv and Syphilis among voluntary donors in. Owerri, Nigeria. J Clin Commun
Med. 2020;2(3):180-183.DOI: DOI: 10.32474/JCCM.2020.02.000137
links/5f344530458515b7291bd95f/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme-Linked-
Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-
HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf.
76. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, Obeagu EI, Emeje PI,
Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy
Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal,
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.
2021;33(47A):78-84.
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
12
77. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors Influencing Early
Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies
Delivering at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal
of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023 Jul 29;6(1):203-211.
http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/.
78. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven PE. Socio-
Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS Initiated on ART in 2014 at
Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious
Diseases. 2022;10(4):1-7.
79. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. Adherence to
Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(57A):360-368.
80. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AND
PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO HEALTHCARE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH
HIV/AIDS IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE. Madonna
University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):42-57.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/75.
81. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, Tuberculosis and Malaria: A Review. Madonna University
journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15.
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/69
82. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu EP, Ohale B, Obeagu
EI. WEIGHTS OF INFANTS BORN TO HIV INFECTED MOTHERS: A
PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, OWERRI, IMO
STATE. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568
83. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe GC, Oze GO,
Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN ADULT
HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160.
links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-
PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf.
84. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation Parameters among HIV
Positive Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant
Biol. 2015;2(4):45-49.
85. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active
antiretro viral therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2019;6(12):45-8.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004
links/650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV-AIDS-patients-on-
highly-active-antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of-prevalence.pdf.
86. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of CD4/CD8 ratios in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI:
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
13
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-
CD8-ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf.
87. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level of haemoglobin and
erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2016;2(4):29-33. links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-
haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-Umuahia.pdf.
88. Gavins FN, Stokes KY, editors. Vascular responses to pathogens. Academic Press; 2015.
89. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC
Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906-910.
https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeag
u__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf.
90. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin and iron profile
study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res.
Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5.
91. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS Spread: Impact of
Religious Leaders. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
(NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-31.
92. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With HIV. AIDS: A Review.
Newport International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy (NIJPP). 2023;3(2):64-67.
93. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and Cardiovascular
diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical
Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):95-99.
94. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study on Human
Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo
State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental
Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14.
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%
20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%2
0Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching
%20Hospital.pdf.
95. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of some
haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients before receiving treatment in
Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830.
96. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of total white blood
cell and differential count values in HIV positive patients receiving treatment in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science,
Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-189.
97. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS
Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023;
3 (1): 7-12.
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
14
98. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation Profile in HIV
Infection. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-11.
99. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Ezemma
MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins
C and E in HIV infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271.
100. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle
Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-59.
101. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D and insulin
resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2018;4(2):104-108.
102. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood borne viral
infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66.
103. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some Blood
Borne Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal Precautions among Laboratory Staff in
Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord.
2018;1(2).
104. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze
U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-
course centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75.
105. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN.
Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending
Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International. 2021;33(52B):10-19.
106. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Ede MO, Odo EO, Buhari HA. Translation of HIV/AIDS
knowledge into behavior change among secondary school adolescents in Uganda: A
review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(49): e36599. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000036599. PMID: 38065920; PMCID: PMC10713174.
107. Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Irondi EA, Obeagu EI. Distribution of ABO and
rhesus blood grouping with HIV infection among blood donors in Ekiti State Nigeria.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e36342. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036342.
PMID: 38013335; PMCID: PMC10681551.
108. Echefu SN, Udosen JE, Akwiwu EC, Akpotuzor JO, Obeagu EI. Effect of
Dolutegravir regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4
count and viral load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria. Medicine
(Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e35910. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035910. PMID:
38013350; PMCID: PMC10681510.
109. Opeyemi AA, Obeagu EI. Regulations of malaria in children with human
immunodeficiency virus infection: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(46):
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
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Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
15
e36166. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036166. PMID: 37986340; PMCID:
PMC10659731.
110. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OPC, Samson AO, Adepoju AO, Amusa MO.
Inclusion of nutritional counseling and mental health services in HIV/AIDS management:
A paradigm shift. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(41): e35673. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000035673. PMID: 37832059; PMCID: PMC10578718.
111. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases
in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(8):
e1450. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1450. PMID: 37520460; PMCID: PMC10375546.
112. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO,
Emeka-Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV Patients: Blood Transfusion
Strategies and Immunological Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES (NIJBAS).
2023;3(3).
113. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Uzoma G. Storms and Struggles: Managing HIV Amid
Natural Disasters. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2023;10(11):14-25.
114. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and tuberculosis
infection: A review of prevalence of associated factors. Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res.
2023;10(10):56-62.
115. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle
Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-9.
116. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Aja PM, Okon MB, Uti DE. Reducing HIV
Infection Rate in Women: A Catalyst to reducing HIV Infection pervasiveness in Africa.
International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2023;11(10):01-6.
117. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unmasking the Truth: Addressing Stigma in the Fight
Against HIV. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):8-22.
118. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Okwuanaso CB. Optimizing Immune Health in HIV
Patients through Nutrition: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):14-33.
119. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications
for monitoring and therapeutic strategies. Medicine. 2024;103(9):e37354.
120. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. CD8 Dynamics in HIV Infection: A Synoptic Review.
Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):1-3.
121. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Implications of B Lymphocyte Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS.
Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):34-46.
122. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses
to HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):46-58.
123. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding B Lymphocyte Functions in HIV Infection:
Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Medicine. 2024;2(1):35-46.
124. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet-Driven Modulation of HIV: Unraveling
Interactions and Implications. Journal home page: http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41
16
125. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Hematological Complications in
HIV: Erythropoietin Considerations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):65-78.
126. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Hematocrit Variations in HIV
Patients Co-infected with Malaria: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page:
http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
127. ObeaguEI AA, Obeagu GU. Synergistic Effects of Blood Transfusion and HIV in
Children Under 5 Years with Severe Malaria: A Review. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):31-50.
128. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV
Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):1-5.
129. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV Patients Co-infected with
Malaria Parasites: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):25-
36.
130. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits
for Improved Patient Outcomes. Sciences. 2024;4(1):32-7.
131. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster
on HIV Patients. Sciences. 2024;4(1):38-44.
132. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil-Associated Changes in Neonatal Thymic T
Regulatory Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Pregnancies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(1):33-42.
133. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advances in Understanding the Impact of Blood
Transfusion on Anemia Resolution in HIV-Positive Children with Severe Malaria: A
Comprehensive Review. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):26-41.
134. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Interactions between Blood Transfusion and
Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(2):104-15.
135. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive
Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal
Health. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):47-64.
136. Obeagu EI, Anyanwu CN, Obeagu GU. Challenges and Considerations in
Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):1-
7.
137. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Akram M. Early Infant Diagnosis: Key to
Breaking the Chain of HIV Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-61.
138. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV-Malaria
Coinfection for Improved Management. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):22-34.
139. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Erythropoietin on Preeclampsia in HIV-
Positive Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(1):21-
31.
Elite Journal of Haematology. Volume 2 issue 3(2024), Pp. 25-41
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJH
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