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Assessing the Temporal Stability of Hunting Participation and the Structure and Intensity of Constraints: A Panel Study

Authors:
Brett A. Wright at Clemson University
Brett A. Wright
Ellen Drogin Rodgers at George Mason University
Ellen Drogin Rodgers
Kenneth F. Backman at Clemson University
Kenneth F. Backman
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Abstract

The intent of this panel study of Virginia hunters/non-hunters (N = 497) was to assess the temporal stability of. hunting participation; perceived constraint factor structure and intensity; and the interrelationship of participation and constraints. Findings suggest that participation/non-participation patterns were stable across time periods for the population, yet dynamic at the individual level. Antihunting Attitude and Preference to participate in other activities, Costs associated N with hunting, Access and Opportunity to hunt, Work and Family Commitments and perceptions about hunting on Public Lands were viewed consistently as constraints by respondents. Although the structure of perceived constraints appeared stable, the intensity varied significantly over time and distinguished among participation groups. Given that most constraint research is psychologically grounded, it appears more appropriate to employ research designs (e.g., panel, repeated measures) that allow individual-level analyses. The Antihunting Attitude and Preference constraint, key to understanding behavioral response, deserves a more in-depth examination.
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Assessing the temporal stability of hunting participation and the structure a...
Brett A Wright; Ellen B Drogin Rodgers; Kenneth F Backman
Journal of Leisure Research; Fourth Quarter 2001; 33, 4; Research Library Core
pg. 450
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... Moving away from familiar areas to attend college was a common issue for active hunters. Other studies report similar results, with active hunters likely to indicate structural constraints (Wright et al. 2001, Barro and Manfredo 1996, Metcalf et al. 2015. Our findings support the assertion that constraints are hierarchical (Crawford et al. 1991, Wright et al. 2001, with new constraints emerging and growing in importance as engagement with an activity increases. ...
... Other studies report similar results, with active hunters likely to indicate structural constraints (Wright et al. 2001, Barro and Manfredo 1996, Metcalf et al. 2015. Our findings support the assertion that constraints are hierarchical (Crawford et al. 1991, Wright et al. 2001, with new constraints emerging and growing in importance as engagement with an activity increases. For example, logistical constraints to hunting may be irrelevant to students who lack interest and motivation and are unable to negotiate moral and comfort barriers. ...
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Article
  • May 2021
  • J WILDLIFE MANAGE
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... Although the CTQ-SF was developed for a balanced assessment of five types of trauma, and several applications studies supported the factor structure, studies provided different results (Gerdner & Allgulander, 2009;Scher et al., 2001;Wright, Rodgers, & Backman, 2001), indicating in a four-factor model an alternative solution presenting good fit with data and accounting for the weakness of Physical Neglect as an isolated factor. Inconsistent findings have emerged; however, considering the general poor reliability of Physical Neglect, these studies highlighted the necessity of testing for more parsimonious solutions when examining the CTQ-SF factor structure. ...
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Italian Validation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form on a College Group
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  • Oct 2017
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Article
  • Aug 2023
Declines in hunter numbers across the United States make hunter recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R3) a high priority for wildlife management. As wildlife management agencies and nongovernmental organizations seek to reach new audiences, college campuses present a unique opportunity to cultivate nontraditional path hunters. Despite recent proliferation of R3 initiatives, little research has evaluated effects of hunting programs on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of new hunters. We designed and implemented Getting Started Outdoors: Hunting 101 workshops specifically targeting college students without previous hunting experience, and we assessed workshop efficacy with a theoretically‐grounded approach to workshop evaluation. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis of surveys conducted before, shortly after, and 12–18 months after workshops, we assessed impacts of R3 efforts at large public universities in 16 different U.S. states. Across all states, 19 workshops attracted 314 total participants, with 255 completing both pre‐ and post‐workshop assessments and 133 completing the follow‐up surveys. Workshops significantly increased participants' confidence in hunting, reduced barriers related to inadequate knowledge and skills, and fostered positive views of hunters and hunting. Immediately after workshops, most participants said they would definitely (50%) or probably (34%) hunt in the future; 82% said they would likely (or very likely) purchase a hunting license. Over one year after the workshops, 34% of workshop participants reported having hunted, and another 45% said they would probably hunt in the future. Overall, workshops attracted a diverse population of potential hunters, increased interest in future hunting, and created hunting advocates. Findings highlight the potentially powerful impact that R3 programs focused on diverse college students can have on the future of hunting across the United States.
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... Constraints are involved in all leisure activities, but participation can be achieved through negotiation strategies (Hubbard and Mannell 2001). Negotiation of constraints include both cognitive and behavioral approaches, which requires an active investment of time and effort by potential participants (Jackson et al. 1993, Jackson 2000, Wright et al. 2001. Although the constraints must be negotiated by the individual, state and federal fish and wildlife agencies (hereafter agencies) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) cannot solely depend on individuals to negotiate them on their own. ...
Constraints to Waterfowl Hunting by Hunters and Anglers in the Central United States
Article
  • Dec 2021
Waterfowl hunting participation has been on the decline since the mid‐1980s. We used a web‐based survey to better understand waterfowl hunting constraints (i.e., factors that limit or prohibit participation and enjoyment in leisure activities) among hunters and anglers that hunted or did not hunt waterfowl in the central United States. Forty‐eight constraint items were condensed into 10 constraint factors: Rules and Regulations, Waterfowl Identification, Cost, Waterfowl Hunting Skills, Land Access and Permissions, Interference by Other Hunters, Travel, Social, Waterfowl Populations, and Views of Others. We observed significant effects of both state of residence and activity type (i.e., frequent waterfowl hunters, sporadic waterfowl hunters, dissociated waterfowl hunters, non‐waterfowl hunters, and anglers) but the effect sizes were mostly small. There were few meaningful differences between constraints based on state of residence, indicating that the perception of constraints was largely consistent among the states included in our study. However, Social, Waterfowl Identification, and Waterfowl Hunting Skills constraints had greater differences, particularly between frequent waterfowl hunters and non‐waterfowl hunters. Our assessment of waterfowl constraints did not indicate a single constraint that was inhibiting (or prohibiting) participation of waterfowl hunting among waterfowl hunters or non‐waterfowl hunters. However, there were numerous constraints that were slightly to moderately limiting across all activity groups similarly, which suggests that constraints may act collectively to create a perception of an insurmountable impediment to participation to the individual.
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... We expected these four constraints to be the most limiting, as elk hunting opportunity in Nebraska is (mostly) limited to privately-owned land, and hunters who acquire a general elk permit typically do not own land where elk herds reside. Our findings are consistent with recent studies that revealed that constraints related to finding places to hunt, obtaining permission to hunt and cost of hunting on private land can be highly limiting (Wright et al. 2001, Miller and Vaske 2003, Duda et al. 2010. Lack of access to elk present on inaccessible land was viewed as a constraint to hunting opportunity as equally limiting as finding, securing, and affording private land access. ...
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Full-text available
  • Feb 2020
While the harvest success rate of bull elk in Nebraska has been relatively high in recent years, antlerless harvest success is substantially lower inhibiting the ability of wildlife managers to effectively manage population numbers. We sought to explore differences in hunter behaviour based on the type of elk being hunted as well as how specific constraints affected each type of hunter's ability to hunt and harvest elk. Decreased antlerless-elk harvest rates were likely a product of the reduced frequency in which an antlerless-elk hunter would pay for the opportunity to hunt on property containing a comparatively higher probability of harvest. Antlerless-elk hunters reported being more constrained by time, and felt more strongly that the quantity of elk on the land that they hunted affected their ability to harvest. Our results reinforce the need for wildlife managers to work closely with private landowners and focus hunting pressure on land currently restricted to elk hunting.
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... Panel surveys can provide stronger inferences than crosssectional surveys (i.e., our random sample surveys) about variables influencing change within individuals (Markus 1979, Wright et al. 2001; however, loss of participants over time (death, loss of interest, movement) is a limitation of panel studies (Fulton and Manfredo 2004). Only respondents who continued to return completed surveys were sent subsequent surveys. ...
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... For this reason the majority of studies on arboreal rainforest mammals focus on diurnal, vocal, and conspicuous primates which results in incomplete studies of arboreal mammal communities [12]. Additionally, using human observers to address questions relating to hunting pressure can introduce unknown biases regarding the differential degree of human avoidance behaviour between hunting and non-hunting areas [21][22][23][24]. Terrestrial camera traps circumvent such issues [20,[25][26][27], particularly when used for the detection and assessment of elusive, nocturnal and hunted rainforest species [28][29][30][31][32][33]. ...
Out on a Limb: Arboreal Camera Traps as an Emerging Methodology for Inventorying Elusive Rainforest Mammals
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  • Jun 2016
Traditionally, arboreal rainforest mammals have been inventoried using ground-based survey techniques. However, given the success of camera traps in detecting secretive terrestrial rainforest mammals, camera trapping could also be a valuable tool for inventorying arboreal species. Here we assess, for the first time, the effectiveness of arboreal camera traps for inventorying arboreal rainforest mammals and compare the results with those from other methodologies. We do so in one of the world's most biodiverse conservation areas, the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. We accumulated 1201 records of 24 arboreal mammal species. Eighteen species were detected by arboreal cameras, seven by diurnal line transects, six by nocturnal transects and eighteen through incidental observations. Six species were only detected using arboreal camera traps. Comparing arboreal camera traps with traditional ground-based techniques suggests camera traps are an effective tool for inventorying arboreal rainforest mammal communities. They also detected more cryptic species compared with other methodologies. Daily detection frequency patterns were found to differ between ground-based techniques and arboreal cameras. A cost-effort analysis indicated that despite greater upfront costs in equipment and training for arboreal camera trapping, when accounting for the additional survey hours required to provide similar numbers of records using ground-based methods, overall costs were similar. Our work demonstrates that arboreal camera trapping is likely to be a powerful technique for inventorying canopy mammals. The method has considerable potential for the study of charismatic and threatened arboreal mammal species that may otherwise remain largely unknown and could quietly disappear from the world's tropical forests.
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... Because state wildlife agencies depend on recreational hunting as a key wildlife management tool as well as the primary source of revenue for wildlife management (Miller & Vaske, 2003;Riley, Decker, Enck, Curtis, & Lauber, 2003;Winkler & Warnke, 2013), understanding the complexities of hunter recruitment and retention are essential to sustained hunting populations over time. Current research suggests that the potential threats to the future of hunting and the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation (Mahoney, 2009) in the United States include urbanization of Americans (Wright, Rodgers, & Backman, 2001), lack of available hunting land (Miller & Vaske, 2003), access to certain types of hunting land (Riley et al., 2003), and familial constraints that limit time available for hunting (Zinn, Manfredo, & Barro, 2002). As population demographics continue to change over time, efforts to recruit and retain young hunters may become more complicated. ...
‘Flow’ and satisfaction of Michigan youth waterfowl hunters: Implications for hunter retention
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2016
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Perceived constraints to participating in wildlife-related recreation
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Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
Wildlife-related recreationists play an important role in conservation. Understanding constraints to wildlife-related activities is critical for maintaining or increasing participation in activities like birdwatching and hunting. A mail-out survey was administered to a generalized sample representative of U.S. residents (i.e., not specific to birdwatching or hunting) in early 2017 to determine what would limit them from participating in birdwatching and hunting (n = 1030). We employed a concurrent nested mixed-methods design: open-ended responses were thematically coded qualitatively in two distinct cycles (i.e., inductive, and then mixed inductive-deductive coding), and then the probability of expressing the second cycle codes was quantitatively modeled using multinomial logit models for the respective activities. Doing so empirically determined various groups' constraints that are important to recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R 3) efforts for birdwatching and hunting. We found that the likelihood of experiencing unique constraints varied based on sociodemographic characteristics, and these relationships differed between birdwatching and hunting. Gender had a limited effect on constraints to birdwatching but was a strong indicator of intrapersonal constraints and limitations to involvement in hunting. The likelihood of expressing structural constraints decreased with age for both activities. Possessing strong social ties to the activities tended to reduce the likelihood of expressing constraints overall but this was especially true for hunting. Our findings inform R 3 efforts for wildlife-related recreation and provide direct results that organizations can apply in seeking to help Americans negotiate constraints and increase and diversify participation in wildlife-related recreation and conservation behavior. Management implications: Our results have implications for recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R 3) efforts to increase participation in birdwatching and hunting. Those seeking to increase participation in birdwatching should prioritize younger segments of the population because they expressed more constraints than older segments except for limited capacity to participate. For hunting, gender was a key variable in determining expressed constraints; identifying as female increased the likelihood of expressing intrapersonal constraints and limitations in involvement. For both activities, possessing strong social ties (i.e., family, and close friends) to both activities were effective in decreasing the likelihood of expressing many constraints. Organizations seeking to recruit new participants to birdwatching or hunting should develop programs that encourage existing participants to involve friends and family with the activities and foster interest in the activities among non-participants.
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Article
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Differences in reported satisfaction ratings by consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists ( USA).
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Alternative Criterion Variables Against Which to Assess the Impacts of Constraints to Leisure
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  • Dec 2000
Results from a Canadian questionnaire survey that investigated constraints to leisure provide empirical evidence of the relative importance of various criterion variables (such as the desire but inability to participate, and ceasing participation) against which to measure the impact of constraints to leisure. The findings show how people themselves believe their leisure to be compromised, as opposed to how researchers and practitioners may assume constraints to affect leisure. The study also provides support for the conceptualization of constrained leisure as a non-homogeneous phenomenon, and generates a new proposition about the sequential experience and negotiation of leisure constraints.
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