ArticlePDF Available

Panoramic radiographs: Determination of mandibular steepness

Authors:
Elham S Abu Alhaija at Qatar University
Elham S Abu Alhaija
Download full-text PDFDownload full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of panoramic radiographs to measure mandibular inclination and steepness. Standardized panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for 95 subjects (46 females, mean age 12.4 ± 1.2 years; 49 males, mean age 12.1 ± 1.3 years). Mandibular inclination from panoramic radiograph was measured using gonial angle formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle. A correlation test was performed to check for similarity between the measurements. The mean values for the gonial angle were 127.3 ± 6.2 and 125.7 ± 6.5 degrees measured from the panoramic and cephalometric radiographs respectively. A high correlation between the measurements taken from both radiographs was found (r=0.83, P<0.001). Panoramic radiographs are a useful tool for the measurement of gonial angle, which is an indicator of manibular steepness and subsequently mandibular growth direction. The ability to determine growth direction from the orthopantomogram will be useful because majority of dentists request an OPG for patients during routine dental examination. This will enable the dental professional to spot vertical growth problems using a readily available tool. J Clin Pediatr Dent 29(2): 165-166,2005
34- panoramic radiographs- determination of mandibular steepne
ss.pdf
Content uploaded by Elham S Abu Alhaija
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Elham S Abu Alhaija on Apr 16, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
47- Radiographic evaluation of mandibular third molar erupti
on.pdf
Content uploaded by Elham S Abu Alhaija
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Elham S Abu Alhaija on Apr 14, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
... The gonial angle is routinely measured during orthodontic treatment processes. It is correlated with the mandibular plane angle, and therefore, can be used for prediction of the mandibular growth pattern [2]. On lateral cephalograms, the gonial angle is located at the intersection of the line tangent to the inferior border of the mandible and the line tangent to the mandibular ramus and condyle, and indicates the form of the mandible based on the relationship of mandibular body and ramus. ...
Relationship of skeletal class of malocclusion with some radiomorphometric indices of the mandible in short-face patients
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Objectives This study aimed to assess the relationship of skeletal class of malocclusion with some radiomorphometric indices of the mandible in short-face patients. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 179 short-face patients between 17 to 30 years who sought orthodontic treatment during 2013 to 2020. The gonial and antegonial angles, and type and depth of antegonial notch were assessed bilaterally on traced panoramic radiographs. The correlation between radiomorphometric indices and class of malocclusion was analyzed by SPSS version 25 (alpha = 0.05). Results The mean size of gonial angle was significantly different among the three classes of malocclusion (P < 0.001), and the largest gonial angle was recorded in class III, and the smallest in class I patients. The mean size of antegonial angle and antegonial depth were not significantly different among the three classes of malocclusion (P > 0.05). The difference in the mean size of gonial and antegonial angles was not significant between males and females (P > 0.05). However, the mean antegonial depth in males was significantly greater than that in females (P < 0.001). Type I antegonial notch was more common in females than males at both sides. Age had no significant correlation with gonial angle, antegonial angle, or antegonial notch depth (P > 0.05). Conclusion Facial growth pattern in short-face patients can be predicted with antegonial angle.Also there is significant correlation of skeletal class of malocclusion with size of gonial angle. Clinical Relevance The present results emphasized on the role of antegonial angle in prediction of facial growth pattern in short-face patients, and revealed significant correlation of skeletal class of malocclusion with size of gonial angle.
View
... The largest, strongest and the most durable bone in the facial skeleton which reveals sexual dimorphism is Mandible [11] Gonial angle is one of the main landmarks in mandible which is determined by age and gender [12][13][14][15] In forensic inspections, the gonial angle is one of the variable for gender determination and age estimation [16][17][18] Radiographically, OPG is used to calculate the gonial angle as there is no significant difference in the value [19,20] However, using OPG is often chosen over lateral Cephalogram as both right and left gonial angles can be calculated without any anatomic superimpositions [21] In spite of the dispute and indefinite results, plentiful researches have been executed using gonial angle as a variable in age and gender determination. In the current study, we analysedthe gonial angle values to assess the mandibular growth parameters such as mandibular body length, height and gonial angle using OPG's in the study population for estimating the gender and chronologic age of an individual by deriving a regression equation. ...
View
... This routine availability of such radiographs could be an asset of forensic importance. 18 Fatahi and Babouei in 2007 19 in their study on gonial angle measurements obtained using panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalograms and comparing them with measurements done on the dry skull manually, observed a high correlation between the panoramic radiograph and lateral cephalogram concluding that, panoramic radiograph was more reliable in determining the growth direction of mandible. ...
Digital Radiographic Study of Gonial angle in Forensic Odontology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2021
Introduction: Gonial angle measurements serve as an important parameter of the craniofacial complex and are usually studied on lateral cephalograms, but recently panoramic radiographs have also been used. The aim of this study is to measure the gonial angle using orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram based on age, gender, ethnicity, and skeletal malocclusion in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study comprising 350 selected radiographs of apparently healthy individuals collected for a period of one year, from the Department of Oral Radiology of a tertiary care centre of Nepal. Gonial angle measurements were recorded from digital panoramic radiograph (both right and left side) and lateral cephalogram. Data was collected in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, and skeletal malocclusion and then statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: The mean gonial angle for panoramic right, left and lateral cephalogram was 122.490±7.570, 123.620±7.060, and 124.150±6.910, respectively. There was a decrease in the mean values of the gonial angle observed as age advances seen in all the radiographs. The gonial angle measured in Class III malocclusion was higher in all the radiographs, followed by Class II and Class I. Gonial angles obtained in females were higher than the males in all the radiographs. Finally, the Aryan population showed a higher gonial angle compared to the Mongolian population in all the radiographs. Conclusions: Panoramic radiograph (left side), could be considered as a reliable tool to measure the gonial angle.
View
... The results of the present study demonstrate that OPG can be used to make these measurements as often as lateral cephalograms, especially in cases where the outlines of two sides are not clearly visible and in asymmetry cases before PA cephalograms are taken. The present results are substantiated by Larheim and Svanaes (1986) [4] and Akcam et al. [5] Alhaija [6] evaluated the potential of panoramic radiographs to measure mandibular inclination and steepness. A high correlation between the measurements taken from both radiographs was found. ...
Comparison of gonial angle determination from cephalograms and orthopantomogram
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2014
Abstract Introduction: Gonial angle is an important parameter of the craniofacial complex giving an indication about the vertical parameters and symmetry of the facial skeleton. Both orthopantomogram (OPG) and lateral cephalograms can be used for the measurement of gonial angle. Because of the superimpositions seen on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of the gonial angle becomes difficult. The aim of the present study is to check the possible application and reliability of OPG for gonial angle determination by clarifying whether there is any significant difference between the determination of gonial angle from OPG and cephalogram. Materials and methods: Gonial angle measurements were made on lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms of 98 patients - 44 males (mean age 25.9 years) and 54 females (mean age 21.3 years), and compared using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: One-way analysis of variance demonstrated no significant differences between the values of gonial angles determined by lateral cephalogram and panoramic radiography. Pearson correlation showed a high correlation between cephalometric and OPG gonial angle value. Conclusion: Panoramic radiography can be used to determine the gonial angle as accurately as a lateral cephalogram. For determination of the gonial angle, an OPG may be a better choice than a lateral cephalogram as there are no interferences due to superimposed images of anatomical structures as in a lateral cephalogram. Thus, the present study substantiates the possibility of enhancing the clinical versatility of the panoramic radiograph, which is an indispensable tool for dental diagnosis.
View
... The results of the present study demonstrate that OPG can be used to make these measurements as often as lateral cephalograms, especially in cases where the outlines of two sides are not clearly visible and in asymmetry cases before PA cephalograms are taken. The present results are substantiated by Larheim and Svanaes (1986) [4] and Akcam et al. [5] Alhaija [6] evaluated the potential of panoramic radiographs to measure mandibular inclination and steepness. A high correlation between the measurements taken from both radiographs was found. ...
View
... [12,13] However, using OPG is more preferred over lateral cephalogram as both right and left gonial angles can be measured without any anatomic superimpositions. [14] Despite controversial and indistinct results, numerous studies have been performed using gonial angle as a parameter in age and gender determination. In the present study, we compared the gonial angle values obtained from the two radiographic techniques and tried to assess the gender variations and age changes, if any. ...
Association of the gonial angle with age, gender, and dental status: A radiographic study using lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram
Article
  • Nov 2018
Introduction: In the mandible, the gonial angle value is used to ascertain the age and gender differences for the forensic and anthropological purposes. Lots of research is being conducted on this topic, but the result of one contradicts the other. Methods: We tested the hypothesis of a relationship between gonial angle and the age, gender and dental status using lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms from 242 subjects aged between 6 and 80 years. The Paired t-test was used to assess the difference in the gonial angle between the radiographs and independent samples t-test was used to assess the difference between male and female samples. ANOVA test with Post hoc multiple comparisons were used to assess the difference in gonial angle among the age subgroups in both the radiographs. The p-value <0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: There was significant difference in the gonial angle values between lateral cephalograms and OPG. The mean difference was greater on the left side (1.77° ± 3.57) than on the right side of the mandible (1.54° ± 3.00). A significant gender difference in gonial angle was observed in lateral cephalogram. The dentulous group had significantly higher gonial angle values than the edentulous group. Only OPG gonial angles showed significant difference among age groups. Conclusion: The gonial angle values in orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram differ significantly. The gonial angle from orthopantomogram can be used for age estimation and that from lateral cephalogram can be used for gender determination.
View
... 21 Dental Panoramic radiographs are useful tool for measurement of gonial angle, which is an indicator of mandibular steepness and subsequently mandibular growth direction, also its important of measurement of condylar and ramus heights to define asymmetries between left and right side. 22,23 ...
The Effect of dentate and non dentate and partial dentate jaw on mandibular morphology :A radiographic retrospective study
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2018
Background: Mandible undergoes remodeling and morphological alteration occurs in various parts including the gonial angle, condyle and ramus. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tooth loss on morphology of the using digital panoramic radiography. Materials and methods: 175 Indian male subjects aged from 25-75 years attending to the dental OPD of SSIMS medical college and hospital, divided in to 3 groups according to the presence of teeth in the mandible; the first group consists of 60 subjects with complete dentition, second group consists of 63 subjects with partial dentition and third group consists of 52 subjects with edentulous mandible. Using digital panoramic image, the condylar and ramus heights and gonial angle were measured on both right and left sides by inbuilt Diacom tracing elements. Results: The mean values of condylar and ramus heights and gonial angle were significant between complete dentition and edentulous groups (p-value<0.001) and between partial0 dentition and edentulous groups (p-value <0.001). For the effect of tooth loss of the mean values of 3 measuring variable i.e. (condylar and ramus heights and gonial angle) among partial dentate group showed; a statistically significant moderate positive linear correlation of condylar and ramus heights with available teeth (p-value<0.001), while gonial angle showed a statistically significant moderate negative linear correlation with available teeth (p-value<0.001) in the same group. Conclusions: The morphology of the mandible changed as a consequence of tooth loss, which could be expressed as a widening of gonial angle and shortening of both condylar and ramus heights.
View
GONIAL ANGLE DETERMINATION; A COMPARISON BETWEEN LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM AND BOTH HEMISPHERES OF ORTHOPANTOMOGRAM
Article
  • Aug 2021
Objective: To evaluate the mean values of Genial angle measured by Lateral cephalogram and Orthopantomogram. Study Design: comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, from Aug 2018 to Feb 2019. Methodology: Patients irrespective of gender between the ages of 13-20 who reported for the treatment of class I malocclusion with complete anterior dentition were included. Orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram were drawn by the same person. Gonial angle on orthopantomogram was measured by drawing tangents on posterior border of ramus and lower border of mandible on both halves of orthopantomogram. On lateral cephalogram the angle was measured between ramus and mandible. Gonial angle measured from lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram were compared. T-test was applied. Results: Mean age of the individuals was 18.33 ± 3.97 years. The mean gonial angle measured on lateral cephalogram was 122.66 ± 1.64 degrees while the mean gonial angle measured on right and left side of orthopantomogram was 122.41 ± 1.56 degrees and 122.33 ± 1.55 degrees respectively. Conclusion: Orthopantomogram can also be used to measure gonial angle as accurately as a lateral cephalogram with the advantage that there are no superimpositions and both the gonial angles can be measured simultaneously on orthopantomogram.
View
Evaluation of mandibular morphologic measurements and trabecular structure among subgroups of impacted mandibular third molars
Article
  • Apr 2021
Objective To investigate mandibular morphologic measurements and trabecular structures that may cause mandibular third molar (MM3) impaction according to MM3 subgroups.MethodsA total of 150 MM3 of 2175 panoramic radiographs (PRs) were reviewed. MM3s according to Winter (vertical), Pell & Gregory Class 1 and group: A, B, C on PRs were included in the study group. Fractal dimensions (FD) and mandibular morphologic measurements were evaluated. Statistical analysis for parametric values was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis for non-parametric values was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test.ResultsStatistically, a significant difference was found only in terms of angle of impaction among the groups of MM3 (p < 0.05) [Winter (vertical), and Pell & Gregory Class 1 and group A, B, C]. There was no difference among groups A, B, C in mandibular morphology and trabecular structure, but group C showed different characteristics than the other groups only in terms of impaction angle.Conclusion The trabecular structure and morphometric properties except for the angle of impaction do not affect impacted MM3s with adequate retromolar space and vertical angle.
View
Reliability of Panoramic Radiography for Vertical Facial Pattern Assessment Assessment
Article
  • Dec 2020
The orthopantomogram (OPG) is a common dental screening radiograph that has multiple implications. However, lateral cephalogram is the investigation of choice for the assessment of vertical facial pattern. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity of an OPG parameter i.e. panoramic gonial angle (PGoA) for the assessment of the vertical facial pattern. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the pretreatment OPG and lateral cephalograms of 200 orthodontic patients aged 15-40 years. The PGoA was measured on both sides and an average was used for statistical analysis. The Pearson’s correlations of PGoA were measured with cephalometric gonial angle (CGoA), SN-GoGn, MMA, FMA, LAFH/TAFH% and PFH/TAFH%. The diagnostic test statistics were applied for PGoA against gold standard “definitive diagnosis (DD)” derived from SN GoGn and FMA. A p-value ofResults: The mean CGoA was 121.18º ± 5.16º which was significantly different (pConclusion: The current study identifies PGoA as a valid tool for the assessment of vertical facial pattern of orthodontic patients with its normal value 116º±3º in our sample.
View
A Treatise on the Continuum of Growth in the Aging Craniofacial Skeleton. (Volumes I and II) (Adult).
Thesis
  • Jan 1984
From the records of the Bolton-Brush Studies, which comprise extensive longitudinal growth data collected in the 1930's and 1940's, some 113 of the original 6000 participants were recalled for new data collection. One hundred sixty three cases spanning ages 17-83 years (524 lateral cephalograms) were then utilized. The purpose was to determine the nature and extent of any adult craniofacial alterations which occurred. Cephalometric examinations revealed continuing growth of the craniofacial complex throughout all age levels, similar to typical adolescent alterations but of lesser magnitude and rates. Both size and shape changes were noted. Certain facial regions altered differentially with a considerable extent of enlargement. Lesser but consistent changes were noted for many other areas. In young adulthood, directions of growth were specific to an individual's growth pattern and sex. In later adulthood, vertical dimensional changes appeared to be a common alteration. Some soft tissue alterations were dramatic, more so than among most skeletal alterations. These involved primarily elongation of the nose and relative flattening of the lips. Definite differences in the nature and extent of some changes were found between males and females. Typically, females grew less, and their growth was more vertical. Forward rotation of the m and ible in the male and a converse direction in females were common. Sexual dimorphic features were especially prominent in the orbital region. Data suggest that females undergo a generalized growth deceleration in their teens but with re-acceleration in the twenties. Orthodontically treated cases and individuals with multiple tooth loss demonstrated continuous adult changes, but the nature and amount were different. These involved midfacial and m and ibular size and position. Recall studies are continuing as there are many implications for medicine and dentistry involved in a craniofacial complex that undergoes known and predictable adult changes.
View
View
View
View
View
View
Determination of gonial angle from the orthopantomogram
Article
  • May 1977
This study demonstrates that the size of the gonial angle can be determined from the orthopantomogram with the same degree of accuracy as from the generally used lateral cephalogram, the gonial angle being formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle on each side. It also shows that the right and left gonial angles can be quite easily determined individually from orthopantomograms, thus avoiding the disturbing influence of the superimposed images found on lateral cephalograms. It proves conclusively that the orthopantomogram is the more obvious choice for determination of the gonial angles.
View
The etiology and prediction of mandibular third molar impaction
Article
  • Aug 1977
1. Skeletal Class II dental base relationship with a shorter, narrower, more acute angled madible was found in association with impacted third molars, compared with erupted teeth. 2. These differences were found at age 18+ years but were less obvious at age 10 to 11 years. 3. There was a reduced amount of mandibular growth in impacted third molar cases. 4. There was a slight tendency for impacted third molars to be larger than those which erupted. 5. The presence of a space between second and third molars in the early stages of development is not an indication that the third molar will erupt. 6. The developmental angulation of the third molar to the mandibular plane was higher in the impacted third molar group. 7. Accurate prediction of third molar impaction from radiographic measurements is not possible at age 10 to 11 years.
View
View
Positional changes in mesio-angular impacted mandibular third molars during a year
Article
  • Oct 1979
  • J AM DENT ASSOC
The results of this study show that positional changes occur in the mandibular third molar at least until 20 years of age. A significant number of mandibular third molars in young adults in positions of mesio-angular impaction attain an upright position in a year. A significant relationship exists between the initial age of the patient and the amount of change in the inclination of the third molar. Initial inclination is closely related to the change in inclination in mandibular third molars.
View