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Migration and labour migration as phenomena of today's world

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Elena Astachova at Prague Business School
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Migration and labour migration in today's world
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Migration and labour migration as phenomena of today’s world
Elena Astachova
North-Caucasus Federal University
Stavropol
Russian Federation
e-mail: astachova123@yandex.ru
Discussion note No. 02/2022
Introduction
Migration and labour migration constitute an important phenomenon in today’s
world [1-4]. With open border and the ease of movement, millions of people move
around the world annually in search of employment opportunities and better lives.
They settle down, make money, save, and send remittances back to their home
countries. Quite often, they stay permanently in the host countries after working and
residing there for some time, acquiring citizenships or permissions to remain [5-8].
Migration is one of the most significant phenomena in the contemporary world,
characterized by the movement of individuals, families, and communities across
borders. While migration can take various forms, such as forced or voluntary,
international or internal, and temporary or permanent, it has increasingly become an
integral aspect of globalization, resulting in diverse social, economic, cultural, and
political implications [9-13]. Labour migration, in particular, has emerged as a crucial
dimension of globalization, fuelled by a range of factors, such as demographic
changes, labour market demands, political instability, and technological advances.
This essay explores the nature and dynamics of migration and labour migration in the
contemporary world, examining their drivers, effects, and policy implications [14-18].
Migration is driven by a complex interplay of factors, including economic, social,
political, and environmental factors. Economic factors, such as poverty,
unemployment, and low wages, are often cited as the primary drivers of migration,
particularly from developing to developed countries [19-22]. Labour market demands,
such as skills shortages, seasonal work, and temporary labour contracts, also play a
crucial role in migration patterns, as employers seek to recruit workers from other
countries to fill job vacancies [23-25].
Social factors, such as family reunification, education, and cultural exchange, also
contribute to migration. For instance, migrants may seek to reunite with family
members who have already migrated, or to access educational opportunities that are
not available in their home countries. Political factors, such as conflict, persecution,
and human rights violations, also drive migration, as people flee from countries where
their safety and security are threatened [26-29].
Finally, environmental factors, such as natural disasters, climate change, and
environmental degradation, are increasingly emerging as drivers of migration, as
people are forced to migrate due to the adverse effects of environmental change on
their livelihoods and wellbeing [30-32].
Migration has diverse effects on migrants, their families, and their host and home
countries. For migrants, migration can be both an opportunity and a challenge, offering
new economic, social, and cultural opportunities, but also exposing them to risks such
as exploitation, discrimination, and social exclusion. Migrants may also experience
social isolation and mental health problems, as they navigate new cultural and social
environments [33-35].
For their families, migration can have positive and negative impacts, such as
increased income, improved education, and enhanced social status, but also family
separation and emotional stress. For host countries, migration can provide a source of
labour, cultural diversity, and economic growth, but also challenges such as
integration, social cohesion, and political backlash. For home countries, migration can
contribute to brain drain, loss of social capital, and political instability, but also
remittances, knowledge transfer, and diaspora engagement [36-39].
Labour migration refers to the movement of people across borders for the purpose
of employment or self-employment. Labour migration is driven by a range of factors,
such as labour market demands, demographic changes, and political and economic
instability. Labour migration can take various forms, such as skilled and unskilled
labour, temporary and permanent migration, and circular and seasonal migration [40-
42]. All in all, Skilled labour migration involves the movement of highly skilled
workers, such as doctors, engineers, and IT professionals, from developing to
developed countries, in search of better employment opportunities, higher wages, and
better working conditions. Skilled labour migration can have positive effects, such as
knowledge transfer, innovation, and economic growth, but also negative effects, such
as brain drain and loss of human capital in the home country.
Unskilled labour migration involves the movement of low-skilled workers, such
as domestic workers, farm labourers, and construction workers, from developing to
developed countries, in response to labour market demands. Unskilled labour
migration can have positive effects, such as filling labour shortages, boosting
economic growth, and reducing poverty in the home countries.
Overall, it can be concluded that migration and labour migration represent very
important phenomena of today’s world and need to be treated accordingly by the
politicians and economists alike.
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