Content uploaded by Elagba Mohamed
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Elagba Mohamed on Aug 29, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Determination of Nutritive Value of the Edible migratory locust Locusta migratoria, Linnaeus, 1758 (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the nutritional composition of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), commonly eaten by people in Sudan, in order to provide basis for using locust as food for humans or feeds for animals. Proximate analyses indicated the presence of (96.19 ± 0.2) dry matter in 100g. Crude protein was (50.42 ± 2 %), crude fat (19.62 ± 0.8 %), carbohydrates (4.78 ± 0.74 %), crude fiber (15.65 ± 1.7 %), ash (6.24 ± 0.5 %) and moisture content was (3.81 ± 0.2 %). Energy content was (490.4 ± 4) calories in 100g of dry product. The ratio of crude fat: crude protein (CF:CP) was 0.39, carbohydrates: crude protein (CH:CP) was 0.09, carbohydrates: crude fat (CH:CF) was 0.24. Minerals content was very low except for phosphorus, which has an average value of (29.6 ± 4.32 ppm), while other minerals have a range of (0.04 to 2.2 ppm). The results indicated high nutritional value of the migratory locust, and could be considered as a good food source for both humans and animals, especially for protein, fat, phosphorus and energy. It is recommended that hygienic practices should be applied in collecting and cooking of these insects and spreading by insecticides should be avoided. More investigation of the nutritive values such amino and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals should be carried out to evaluate the migratory locust.
... From the year 2000, the growth of aquaculture in Africa and Asia has a quest for alternative protein sources so they examined locusts and grasshoppers for catfish and tilapia. Many researchers have documented the nutritional properties of eatable insects such as (Elagba, 2015). Locust is considered to be edible and classified to be high in protein, dry matter, minerals and vitamins (Finke, 2002). ...
... The protein percentage was 76% in S. gregaria, much the same values for S. histrio 77% and somewhat lower for Schistocerca sp 61% were shown by Ramos-Elorduy et al., (1997). Elagba (2015) studied the chemical analyses of Locusta migratoria showed that the dry matter, CP, CF, TC, fiber, ash and moisture content were 96.2%, 50.42%, 19.62%, 4.78%, 15.65%, 6.24% and 3.8% respectively. Calories in the migratory locust were 490.8 Kcal/100g. ...
... In contrary to Finke and Oonincx (2014) which found that grasshoppers are a poor source of calcium, because these insects do not have a mineralized skeleton. Elagba (2015) studied the minerals content in L. migratoria, high levels of phosphorus was 29.6 ppm of dry matter, while other minerals of barium, zinc, iron, copper, aluminum, manganese and boron had a range from 0.04 to 2.2 ppm of dry matter. Nevertheless, many insects had significant levels of macro-minerals. ...
Recently, interest in the benefits of insects for food and feed has increased, while desert locusts are rich in nutrients and can be easily grown sustainably, even though locusts classified as pests that ruin crops. This study aims to investigate the chemical content, nutritional content and amino acid (AA) profile in adults and nymphs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskal (Orthoptera: Acrididae), such as crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), total carbohydrate (TC), crude fiber (CF), ash, gross energy and minerals content. The analysis indicates that the presence of crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate, crude fiber, ash, dry matter and moisture content were (56.79 and 65.92%), (28.82 and 15.15%), (2.98 and 4.59%), (7.9 and 7.92%), (3.51 and 6.42%), (42.34 and 32.46%), and (57.66 and 67.54 %), gross energy content was (498.45 and 418.37 kcal), respectively in adults and nymphs. Generally, the results in both adults and nymphs showed that non-essential AA were the dominant ones of AA, followed by essential then semi-essential AA. Minerals represented by P (87.44 and 91.35), K (6732.78 and 7826.96), Ca (33.8 and 50.7) and Mg (13.56 and 18.24) ppm in adults and nymphs, respectively.
... 2015) and L. migratoria contain 342.79 ± 6.19 kcal/100 g and 0.4803-0.5003 kcal/100 g respectively (Elagba 2015). Acridians are a better source of energy compared to conventional African foods such as vegetables (spinach, eggplant), fruits (orange, banana), tubers (cassava, yam), cereals (rice) and meats (chicken, fish, pork, beef) ( Stadlmayr et al. 2012) (Table 12.2). ...
... Aluminum, a trace element essential for metabolism, can be found in Locusta migratoria with a content of 0.0443 ± 0.001 mg/100 g (Elagba 2015). Until 2008, the tolerable weekly intake of aluminum was 1 mg/kg of body weight per week. ...
... mg. L. migratoria is a source because it contains a content of 0.006 ± 0.001 mg/100 g (Elagba 2015). Cobalt is an essential trace element that enters into the structure of vitamin B12 and indirectly to the production of red blood cells and regulation of the functioning of various enzymes. ...
The current inadequacy between the accelerated growth of the African population and the availability of nutrients has led us to study the nutritional composition of Acridian. This chapter reviews work on edible Acridians in Africa and assesses their nutritional value and potential impact on malnutrition in Africa. The results show that about 74 Acridians are eaten in Africa, amongst which the nutritional value of Zonocerus variegatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss, 1877), Acanthacris ruficornis citrina (Serville, 1839), Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758), Cyrtacanthacris aeruginosus unicolor (Stoll, 1813), Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775) and Anacridium melanorhodon (Walker, 1870) were studied. These Acridians have a high protein content with good levels of essential amino acids. They are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals but poor in carbohydrates. Although their nutrients vary from one species to another, depending on the stages of development and the habitat, edible Acridians can play an important role in the fight against malnutrition in Africa, if they are well exploited.
... Moreover, insects are particularly noted for their high protein content. Orthopteran species can range from 15% to 81% protein [5], with averages around 50% to 65% for Locusta migratoria [6][7][8]. Orthopteran species also contain satisfactory ratios of essential amino acids recommended for human consumption, making them a sustainable protein option for consumers looking for alternatives to traditional meat sources such as beef [5]. Yet, some studies have recognised the potential overestimation of insect protein contents when the nitrogen to protein conversion for meat (6.25) is used [9][10][11]. ...
... The crude protein, fat, and ash content of the present study were similar to results reported by Osimani et al. [8] for whole dried locusts (Locusta migratoria) sourced from The Netherlands. The crude protein content (50.79%) was also similar to reports by Mohamed [6], while other studies reported higher percentages, ranging from 55.5% to 65.9% [7,18,19]. The fat content (34.9%) was much higher than the average (13%) for orthopteran species (locust, crickets, grasshoppers) [5]. ...
... This could alter the fat content identified, compared to literature that sourced insects from the wild [5]. The ash content was lower than reported contents for L. migratoria, ranging from 3.3% to 5.72% [6][7][8]18,19]. The mineral content varies depending on species and other factors such as habitat, diet, and season. ...
Although locusts can be sustainably produced and are nutrient rich, the thought of eating them can be hard to swallow for many consumers. This paper aims to investigate the nutritional composition of Locusta migratoria, including the properties of extracted locust protein, contributing to limited literature and product development opportunities for industry. Locusts sourced from Dunedin, New Zealand, contained a high amount of protein (50.79% dry weight) and fat (34.93%), which contained high amounts of omega-3 (15.64%), creating a desirably low omega-3/omega-6 ratio of 0.57. Three protein fractions including; insoluble locust fraction, soluble locust fraction, and a supernatant fraction were recovered following alkali isoelectric precipitation methodology. Initially, proteins were solubilised at pH 10 then precipitated out at the isoelectric point (pH 4). All fractions had significantly higher protein contents compared with the whole locust. The insoluble protein fraction represented 37.76% of the dry weight of protein recovered and was much lighter in colour and greener compared to other fractions. It also had the highest water and oil holding capacity of 5.17 mL/g and 7.31 mL/g, possibly due to larger particle size. The high supernatant yield (56.60%) and low soluble protein yield (9.83%) was unexpected and could be a result of experimental pH conditions chosen.
... Generally, orthopteran species have reasonably low carbohydrate (CHO) and higher fibre contents. This has been linked to the presence of a hard exoskeleton and life stage of the insect (Mohamed, 2015a). The high amount of indigestible fibre called chitin, can lead to fibre contents of locusts ranging from 15.65% to 27% (Kou rimská and Adámková, 2016; Mohamed, 2015a). ...
... Orthopteran species ash contents range from 0.34% to 9.10%, with an average 3.85% . Some studies have identified high amounts of iron in locust species (Kou rimská and Adámková, 2016;Zieli nska et al., 2015) whereas, one study only identified phosphorous in high amounts (Mohamed, 2015a). However, the bioavailability of these minerals still needs to be investigated further. ...
... (Rumpold and Schlüter, 2013) than locusts 18.90-20.34% (Mohamed, 2015). Higher fat content in cricket flour may have provided enhancement to the extrusion process as it functions as a lubricant in extrusion. ...
... By contrast, locusts have been found to provide higher levels of dietary fibre (14.21-17.09%) (Mohamed, 2015) versus crickets (7.7%, based on the vendor's certificate of analysis from Entomo Farms). The higher fibre content in locust flour may have led to decreased extrusion rate observed in this study. ...
Entomophagy, or the practice of consuming insects, can provide a nutritious relief to many malnourished people. Currently, two billion people from over 113 countries consume some 2,000 recorded edible insects as part of their traditional diets. Many of these insects contain adequate amounts of protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals that are comparable to commonly eaten livestock. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of incorporating edible insect flours in an extruded rice product. Four formulations were developed, including cricket or locust flours at 10 or 15% addition levels, respectively. The extrusion was easier to proceed when making the two cricket formulations than making the two locust formulations. This could be attributed to higher fat content and lower dietary fibre in cricket flour, which may have enhanced the extrusion process to some extent. Nutritional analysis suggested these insect rice formulations are good sources of protein, fat, dietary fibre and iron. Physicochemical properties of the novel insect rice products were assessed against a reference, market brown rice. Overall, the insect rice was found to have darker colour than the reference and to be softer and stickier in texture after cooking. Sensory evaluations involving 120 untrained panellists suggested cricket formulations at 10% and 15% levels were well accepted based on colour, aroma, flavour and mouthfeel. Both cricket formulations warrant continuing optimisation, however, the 15% locust formulation was least preferred by the sensory panel. In conclusion, as a staple food providing 20% of the world's dietary energy and consumed by more than 1 billion people, rice is an ideal vehicle to deliver nutrients carried by edible insects. The incorporation of insect flours in processed foods such as extruded rice products can greatly promote the consumer acceptance by disguising the 'yuck' factor associated with intact insects.
... Despite this, locusts are underutilised, and are seen as a nuisance in their gregarious form since they cause great devastation to crops. Also, their hard exoskeleton which is rich in chitin could limit bioavailability of nutrients (Clarkson et al., 2018) Most studies on migratory locusts have focussed on nutritional composition (Elagba, 2015;Köhler et al., 2019;Zielińska et al., 2015) and protein isolates (Clarkson et al., 2018). To the best to our knowledge, the use of migratory locusts as a protein source in foods to address nutritional deficiencies was only previously reported by Akande et al. (2020). ...
This study aimed at exploring the possibility of substituting powdered milk (PM) with migratory locust powder (MLP) as a cheap and sustainable alternative protein source in peanut-based ready-to-use therapeutic foods used in treatment of malnutrition. The migratory locust is a wide spread and underutilised high protein edible insect. Peanut-based ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) were formulated according to the MSF/UNICEF 2013 nutritional standards. Milk powder was substituted with MLP at 5–30% levels. RUTF containing 30% milk powder was used as the control. Nutritional, antioxidant and antinutrients composition of the insect-enriched RUTFs were compared with RUTF containing milk powder only and a standard. The protein content of the insect-enriched RUTFs ranged from 19.58–26.38% exceeding the MSF/UNICEF minimum standard for protein. RUTF with 10% PM and 20% MLP had the highest (p < 0.05) mineral contents. All formulations had more thiamine (vitamin B1) than the recommended level of 0.5 mg/100 g. Niacin (Vitamin B3) was the most abundant vitamin in the formulations with considerable amounts of vitamin D and E. All MLP-enriched RUTFs met the FAO 2011 standard requirements for amino acids for children aged six months to three years. Therapeutic food with 30% MLP had the highest radical scavenging ability against DPPH, and iron chelating activity. Levels of phytate and tannin were below the tolerable limits. Therefore, MLP can be used as a low-cost substitute for milk powder in producing ready-to-use therapeutic foods.
... First, a query was structured using the terms "orthoptera" AND ("edible") AND ("pest" OR "plague") within the title, abstract, or key words of arti- cles. Then; filters were applied to the resulting pool of 9000 documents to identify those mentioning the genus or species of an Orthoptera species with a wide distribution or a large population size (Toye, 1982;Waloff & Pedgley, 1986;Steedman andOverseas Development Natural Resources Institute (Great Britain), 1988, Steedman, 1990;Waldbauer and Friedman, 1991;Pfadt, 1994;Ramos-Elorduy, 1997;Simpson, Raubenheimer, Behmer, Whitworth, & Wright, 2002;Cerritos & Cano-Santana, 2008;Lokeshwari & Shantibala, 2010;Premalatha, Abbasi, Abbasi, & Abbasi, 2011;Blásquez, Moreno, & Camacho, 2012;Meyer-Rochow & Chakravorty 2013;Van Huis et al., 2013;Rumpold & Schlüter, 2013;Makkar, Tran, Heuzé, & Ankers, 2014;Mohamed, 2015;Zieli´nskaZieli´nska, Baraniak, Kara´sKara´s, Rybczy´nskaRybczy´nska, & Jakubczyk, 2015). Based on these criteria; we identified the following species as potential viable sources of protein: Camnula pellucida; Locusta migatoria; Schistocerca gre- garia; S. cancellata; Melanoplus femurrubrum; Zonocerus variegatus; and Oxya sp. ...
Both the means by which we produce our food and our eating habits influence some of the most important environmental problems of our planet. The most exploited livestock for the past 50 years has been cattle, which are fed primarily on maize to increase production. However, this combination of maize and cattle is inefficient in ecological terms. Producing and consuming proteins from animals with more efficient biomass and energy conversions could help to solve certain environmental problems. For instance, insects that are considered pests in agricultural systems - including, specifically, the Orthoptera species - may be excellent candidates as protein sources. This work analyses the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the three types of livestock that are most widely bred worldwide: cattle, pigs, and poultry. It then compares these results with those of potential minilivestock from the Orthoptera species that are more abundant in agroecosystems. Based on the calculated FCRs (cow:pork:poultry:grasshopper pests and insects grown on farms; 10:6:2:4:1.7), we project that reducing beef production by half could significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions and the maize sowing hectares destined for feed (2.1-2.9×10⁷ ha), while simultaneously releasing maize for human consumption. Additionally, consuming insect-based protein could reduce pollution problems by decreasing insecticide use (by at least 7×10⁷ l). Though a comprehensive solution to current environmental problems (e.g. global warming), will require coordinated global effort (e.g. to replace fossil fuels), there is one way that everyone can contribute: eating grasshopper burgers instead of beef burgers.
A space-dependent mortality assay was performed on thirty-one short-horned adult grasshopper species (Acridoidea: Orthoptera) to estimate the space required for mass culture of acridids in captivity. Our findings show that acridids have a multidimensional mortality mode at different densities. The correlations between density and mortality of acridids in rearing units follow a sigmoidal curve. Acridid mortality significantly increases with individual numbers up to a threshold, after which mortality does not change even if the density increases further. A log-logistic sigmoidal function expresses the dose (density)-response (mortality) relationship in the majority of acridid species. Mortality of acridids at variable densities does not necessarily correspond with the body-mass of the insects, indicating that mortality is a body-mass independent event. As a ready reference, a utility chart has been prepared, providing the necessary conversion factor for estimating space for a given number of acridids. The present information will be helpful for commercial grasshopper farming in captivity.
With an increasing worldwide demand for animal protein, insects are becoming a promising sustainable option for meat protein replacement. However, reported protein contents of insects are often overestimated when calculated as "crude protein" = 6.25 × nitrogen content (N), compared to true protein contents quantified from the sum of amino acid (AA) residues. In this study, the main two types of usual nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors k
p
and k
A
were determined on the basis of true protein/total nitrogen and true protein/protein nitrogen, respectively, with focus on the three insect species legally sold on the Swiss food market. T. molitor (mealworm larvae), A. domesticus (house crickets), and L. migratoria (locusts) from various breeders were analyzed for total and amide nitrogen, chitin, and AA composition. Careful control experiments of insect samples spiked with a protein standard were conducted to establish the recovery of true protein, which was with >95% excellent. Mealworms, crickets, and locusts exhibited similar AA-profiles and true protein contents of 51, 55, and 47 g/100 g (dry weight basis), respectively. Specific conversion factors k
p
showed little variability between the three insect species with 5.41, 5.25, and 5.33 for mealworms, crickets, and locusts, respectively, and confirmed an average ~17% overestimation of protein contents when using 6.25 × N. The determined average k
p
of 5.33 is supported by extracted literature data and is suggested for general use instead of 6.25 × N to calculate more accurate insect protein contents, whereas the average pure protein conversion factor k
A
of 5.6 is proposed for use in the case of insect protein isolates.
The Central American locust, Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (Walker) is a major agricultural pest in Mexico and Central America. Control measures against this pest have generated much environmental damage and substantial financial costs because chemical insecticides are used. Yet various Orthoptera species also appear to be a potential source of nutrients and a source of bioactive metabolites. Here, we studied the presence of secondary metabolites in the adult stage of S. p. piceifrons by applying different colorimetric techniques. Adults were collected from the southern region of Tamaulipas, Mexico, during September-December 2017. These samples were subjected to sequential processes of eviscerating, drying, pulverizing, extracting, and detecting of metabolites. Extractions were carried out in water, 50% ethanol, and absolute ethanol. The presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and quantity of antioxidants against the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis, 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals were determined and reported. Proximate analysis showed that S. p. piceifrons has a high protein content (80.26%), low fat content (6.21%), and fiber content (12.56%) similar to other Orthoptera species. Chitin and chitosan contents of S. p. piceifrons were 11.88 and 9.11%, respectively; the recovery percentage of chitosan from chitin was 76.71%. Among the Orthoptera, the protein content of this pest is among the highest while its contents of chitin and chitosan are similar to those of other insect species (e.g., Bombix mori Linnaeus [Lepidoptera: Bombycidae]). Our results suggest this pest species is a potential source of bioactive compounds of biotechnological interest for use by pharmaceutical and food industries.
The objective of this study was to determine the meat quality of the Nile fishes: Lates niloticus, Bagrus bayad, Oreochromis niloticus, Synodontis schall and Tetraodon lineatus, which represent different grades of preference to the Sudanese consumers. Lipid content was 1.8 to 17.3% and moisture was 73 to 80%. Protein content was 59.8% in S. schall and 77 to 79.1% in the remaining species. The caloric value was 357 to 425 Kj/100 g, which is high in B. bayad and least in T. lineatus. Minerals included potassium (33 to 41%), phosphorous (25 to 36%), selenium (12 to 16%), calcium (4 to 19%), sodium (2 to 10%), and magnesium (2 to 3%); while zinc, iron, aluminum and copper were present in trace amounts. Eight essential amino acids with total amount of 961 to 2279 µg/g were identified, and lysine formed the highest value in all the species, followed by leucine. Essential amino acids (EAA) formed 38 to 46% of the total amino acids, high in L. niloticus and low in S. schall. The data showed that the Nile fishes are of high nutritional value and good source of proteins, minerals as well as essential amino acids. It is recommended to assess the meat quality of other species, especially presently unused ones prior to processing and storage, because the contents of moisture, fats and other components in the tissues could affect the post-harvest processing and storage of the fish.
Four castes of Macrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur): queen, worker, soldier and’ alates were analyzed for nutrients’ and the functional properties of the protein’ determined. Values’ from’ proximate analysis showed significant differences among castes. The workers had the highest protein content (57.87%), followed by the queen (5190%); soldier’ (43.05%) and alates (34.54%). The worker also had the highest moisture arid carbohydrate but the soldier had the highest ash and crude fibre content. The alates had the highest fat content (47.03%), followed by the queen (27.37%), worker (5.55%) and soldier(4.80%). Mineral contents excluding zinc also differed significantly with the worker having the highest proportion in six out of the 10 minerals analyzed. Protein of the alates had the highest emulsion stability on heating while the worker had the highest emulsion capacity after centrifugation. The different termite castes also had different levels of water and oil absorbing capacity, least gelation concentration and foaming capacity.
In this article I examine the use of insects as food by Tukanoan Indians in the Northwest Amazon and discuss both the characteristics of the species exploited and their significance in the diet. Data on insect collection were obtained from harvest records and participant-observation. Dietary intake was determined from weighed food intake records. The insects collected belonged to over 20 species. The most important in the diet were those which formed large, highly predictable aggregations: beetle larvae (genus Rhynchophorus), ants (genus Atta), termites (genus Syntermes), and caterpillars (families Noctuidae and Saturniidae). The composition of insects is similar to that of other animal foods. Their inclusion in the diet was frequent and inversely related to the consumption of fish and game. They provided up to 12% of the crude protein derived from animal foods in men's diets and 26% in women's diets during one season of the year.
This paper provides an overview of the nutritional aspects of insect consumption (entomophagy) among indigenous populations. The nutritional quality of food insects is discussed with special emphasis on the role of food insects as a source of animal protein. Available data on the amino acid composition of the most common food insects are summarized, and the potential of insect protein to complement protein of various staple foods is analyzed. Micronutrient composition of insects is briefly discussed.
Seventy-eight species of edible insects, representing twenty-three families from the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, were analyzed for nutrient composition. They include the orders of Anoplura, Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The dry basis protein content ranged from 15 to 81%. The highest was found in a wasp of the genusPolybia.Fat content ranged from 4.2% (several grasshopper species:Boopedon flaviventris, Sphenarium sp., Melanoplus mexicanus) to 77.2% in the larvae of a butterflyPhasus triangularis.The insect richest in carbohydrates was the antMyrmecosistus melligerwith 77.7%. The amino acid profile of the studied insects compares with the preschooler and adult requirements indicated in 1985 by the F.A.O. and the W.H.O. Their protein chemical score (corresponding to the capacity for fulfilling the requirement of the most limiting essential amino acid) ranged from 46 to 96%; in a few cases there were deficiences of tryptophan and lysine. Protein digestibility varied between 76 and 98% for the species analyzed. The caloric contribution varied from 293 to 762 kcal/100 g, the highest value also being for the butterfly larvae ofPhasus triangularis.Constituting a significant component of the diet of some rural communities in Oaxaca, consumption parameters vary depending on the species, season, habitat, climate, and biotope. Eaten daily in some regions, insects are roasted, fried, or incorporated into a ragout dish, generally in the immature stage. Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) are preferred for consumption.