Einar Ringoe

UiT The Arctic University of Norway · Norwegian College of Fishery Science

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the inclusion of β-glucan in aquaculture animal diet and its impact on their health outcomes. Relevant studies were identified from Scopus and Web of Science databases. A total of 82 primary studies published between 1996 and 2024 were reviewed, of which 70 were included i...

Seaweed liquid extracts are an attractive source of phytochemicals with high potential applicability in the aqua feed-additive industry. A commercial seaweed liquid extract (True Algae Max, TAM®), which has a marine seaweed odor, also displays significant levels of polysaccharides, phytochemicals, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds showing antioxida...

Probiotic organisms are commonly present in water, soil, food, human and animal intestine. Probiotics are live microorganisms or friendly microbes, and they provide numerous health-beneficial effects to the host such as inhibition of adherence and colonization of pathogens, enhanced immune system, reduction of toxins, reduction of inflammatory bowe...

The feed legislation allows the use of fish protein hydrolysates in feed for the same species in which it came from, since enzymatic hydrolysis degrades the proteins and eliminates potential prions, which have caused disease in mammals, but not in fish. In this trial, we investigated the effects of partially replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) with sal...

The utilization of algae in aquaculture is environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective and can effectively substitute for fish meal and fish oil in aquatic feeds. Incorporating algae as dietary supplements leads to significant enhancements in aquatic animals’ health and also improves the aquatic ecosystem. Algae are rich sources of nutrients...

Aquatic animals are continually being exposed to stressors under farming conditions, increasing risks to gut health that result in dysbiosis. Since restrictions are imposed on the frequent use of antibiotics in aquaculture, there is emerging demand for economically viable, environmentally safe, and sustainable alternatives for the intensive product...

The aquaculture industry is expanding to meet the daily requirements of humanity from high-quality seafood. In this regard, intensive aquaculture systems are suggested, resulting in high production but being challenged with immunosuppression and disease invaders. Antibiotics were used for a long time to protect and treat aquatic animals; however, c...

Simple Summary In recent decades, trade of ornamental fish has significantly increased. A rise in demand was observed, especially from top importing countries that contributed majorly to the growth of the market. The destructive fishing methods caused a severe impairment of natural and environmental resources. Thus, there is a need to improve ornam...

Probiotics are reported to improve the nutrition, immunity, and health of fish. Nuclease can hydrolyze nucleic acids of probiotics to produce nucleotides. The present study investigated the effect of stabilized fermentation product of nuclease-treated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 (GCC-3 NT) on growth, non-specific immunity, liver health, and gut m...

Lipids are an essential component of living beings and an important group of nutrients. As the gut microbiota plays important roles in the intestinal absorption and extraintestinal metabolism of dietary lipids, the current review addresses the recent progress regarding the interactions between the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in aquatic anim...

Protein deficiency is a major difficulty for human needs in the past few decades, while different types of aquatic species are rich in high quality protein. Therefore, aquaculture is considered as the main developing food production sector globally. Bacterial infections are the main problem for aquaculture, and their outbreaks have a great impact o...

The gut microbiota plays an important role in host health and disease. Our understanding of the fish microbiota lags far behind our knowledge of that of humans and other mammals. Nevertheless, research has highlighted the importance of the microbiota in the health, performance, and various physiological functions of fish. The microbiota has been st...

The present paper presents an overview of the effects of gut microbiota and probiotics on lipid-, carbohydrate-, protein- and amino acid metabolism in fish and shrimp. In probiotic fish studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model is the most frequently used, and probiotic administration reveals the effect on glucose homeostasis, anti-lipidemic effec...

Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development. Despite a wide spread of the disease in aquaculture, few studies have been directed at assessing the in vitro antagonistic activity and in vivo efficacy of medici...

Citation: Van Doan, H.; Soltani, M.; Leitão, A.; Shafiei, S.; Asadi, S.; Lymbery, A.J.; Ringø, E. Streptococcosis a Re-Emerging

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) can cause high mortality of fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 exopolysaccharides (GCC-3 EPS) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected with SVCV and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Zebrafish were fed with a control diet or diet supplemented with 0.5% and 1%...

High-fat diets (HFD) are harmful to fish health. Probiotics are commonly utilized to improve fish nutrition metabolism, immune response, and health. Nucleic acids of the probiotic bacterium can be hydrolyzed by nuclease to generate nucleotides. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of stabilized fermentation product of nuclease-treated Ce...

Growing demands stimulate the intensification of production and create the need for practices that are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. As European Union banned the use of antibiotics in production in 2003, several alternative treatments have been suggested, including probiotics. The first probiotic study in aquaculture was...

Growing demands stimulate the intensification of production and create the need for practices that are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. As European Union banned the use of antibiotics in production in 2003, several alternative treatments have been suggested, including probiotics. The first probiotic study in aquaculture was...

Succinate is widely used in the food and feed industry as an acidulant, flavoring additive, and antimicrobial agent. This study investigated the effects of dietary succinate on growth, energy budget, nutritional metabolism, protein succinylation, and gut microbiota composition of zebrafish. Zebrafish were fed a control-check (0% succinate) or four...

Intensive aquaculture practices compromise the health of fish. Probiotics especially those isolated from aquatic animals play important roles in improving fish health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of stabilized fermentation product of Cetobacterium somerae (XMX-1) on the growth performance, gut and liver health of common carp. A...

Being highly unsaturated, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are prone to lipid peroxidation. In this study, zebrafish were fed with low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or 2% DHA-supplemented HFD (HFDHA2.0). To study the possible negative effects of the high level of dietary DHA, growth rates, blood chemistry, liver histolog...

With the widespread use of high-fat diets (HFDs) in aquaculture, fatty livers are frequently observed in many fish species. The aim of this study was to investigate if docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could be used to reduce the fatty liver in zebrafish generated by a 16% soybean oil-HFD over 2 weeks of feeding. The DHA was added to iso-lipidic HFD at 0....

The shrimp industry has been greatly expanded in the past two decades in several countries throughout the globe to provide humans with nutritious seafood and healthy protein. In this concern, shrimp farmers have tried to increase their production rates by intensifying shrimp in culture facilities, which increases the possibilities of the entrance o...

The effect of four level of Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) supplementation diets, (CD: control diet and three experiment diet (E), EA: 100 mg kg⁻¹ APs; EB: 200 mg kg-1 APs; EC: 300 mg kg⁻¹ APs) on growth, changes in haemato-biochemical parameters and metabolic-digestive enzymes, enhancement of antioxidant activity, innate-adaptive immune response...

After a general overview of lipid biochemistry, this chapter is structured into three main sections. The first one follows the journey of lipids from feed intake, to digestion and absorption, the metabolic fates of lipids, including catabolic and anabolic processes, and interactions with the microbiome. The second section expands on some specific l...

Probiotics are widely used in aquafeeds and exhibited beneficial effects on fish by improving host health and resisting pathogens. However, probiotics applied to aquaculture are mainly from terrestrial sources instead of the host animal. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the effects of stabilized fermentation product of commensal Cetobacteriu...

The current study addressed to investigate the effect of lycopene (LYC) on blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzyme activity, specific-nonspecific immune response, and inflammatory gene transcriptional regulation (cytokines, heat shock proteins, vitellogenins) in spotted snakehead (Channa punctata) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In unchallen...

The study was executed to find out the potential effects spent coffee ground (SCG) on Nile tilapia’s skin mucosal and serum immunities, disease prevention, and growth rate reared in a biofloc system. Nile tilapia fingerlings (average weight 15.25 ± 0.07 g) were disseminated into 15 aquaria (150 liters tank-1) at a density of 20 fish per aquarium an...

24 Growing demands stimulate the intensification of production and create the need for practices 25 that are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. As European Union banned 26 the use of antibiotics in production in 2003, several alternative treatments have been suggested, 27 including probiotics. The first probiotic study in aqu...

The present study addressed the effects of Leucas aspera enriched diet in Nile tilapia. Three hundred Nile tilapia were fed Leucas aspera as follows: 0 g kg-1 L. aspera (C-control), 5 g kg-1 L. aspera (T1), 10 g kg-1 L. aspera (T2) and 15 g kg-1 L. aspera (T3). After 30 days of feeding, significant (P<0.05) increase in growth performance was notice...

The aquaculture industry is still expanding to provide human beings with healthy and nutritious protein sources. Infectious diseases, deteriorated water quality parameters, and other environmental stressors are from the main obstacles that threaten fish farming and reduce its profitability. Vibriosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases tha...

The effect of cinnamaldehyde (CM) enriched diet on immunity and cytokine gene expression in Channa striatus against Aphanomyces invadans is reported. C. striatus was uniformly divided into eight groups (n =25 fish each) and fed with formulated diets with 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg-1 CM enriched diet. In healthy and infected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1die...

Eight weeks feeding experiment was managed to evaluate the impacts of dietary addition of pineapple peel powder (PAPP) and Lactobacillus plantarum CR1T5 (LP) individual or mixed on growth performance, skin mucus and serum immunities, as well as disease resistance of Nile tilapia. Fish (average weight 20.91 ± 0.11 g) were fed four diets: Diet 1 (0 g...

Eight weeks feeding experiment was managed to evaluate the impacts of dietary addition of pineapple peel powder (PAPP) and Lactobacillus plantarum CR1T5 (LP) individual or mixed on growth performance, skin mucus and serum immunities, as well as disease resistance of Nile tilapia. Fish (average weight 20.91 ± 0.11 g) were fed four diets: Diet 1 (0 g...

Propionate and propionyl-CoA accumulation have been associated with the development of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we show that propionate induces intestinal damage in zebrafish when fed a high fat diet (HFD). The intestinal damage was associated with oxidative stress owing to compromised superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) activity. Global...

It is well established that Gram-positive probiotic bacteria are efficacious as a preventive tool for control of disease outbreaks in aquaculture. Secretion of bioactive compounds such as bacteriocins, siderophores, enzymes, and antibiotics by Gram-positive probiotics can adversely affect potential pathogenic of Gram-negative bacteria in the intest...

Contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is considered one of most serious food safety problems in the world, because these fungal metabolites can be teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive, and can cause serious damages to animal and human health. Mycotoxins may modulate the gut microbiota with potential consequences for gut...

The effect of chrysophanic acid (CA) (2, 4, and 8 mg kg-1) on the immunity and immune-related gene profile of Catla catla against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. In both control and treated groups fed with 2 mg kg-1 (2 CA), the phagocytosis, hemolytic, myeloperoxidase content, and superoxide anion production decreased significantly between sixth...

The intestinal mucosal barrier plays a critical role in the maintenance of host health. In farmed teleost fish, the intestinal epithelium is challenged by a number of factors, leading to damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal barrier damage in most farmed teleost fish has been associated with cell death, ma...

Effect of ethanol extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and amla (Phyllanthus emblica Linn) were investigated on quality and melanosis of chilled stored Indian white prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) during 28 days. Extracts were subjected to antioxidant assays viz.1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical reducing power methods (DPPH), total anti...

Propionate is a commonly used preservative in various food and feedstuffs and has been regarded as a food additive without safety concerns. However, we observed that dietary propionate supplementation induced intestinal damage in the context of high fat diet (HFD) in zebrafish. The intestinal damage was attributable to oxidative stress owing to imp...

The intestinal mucosal barrier plays a critical role in the maintenance of host health. In farmed teleost fish, the intestinal epithelium is challenged by a number of factors, leading to damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal barrier damage in most farmed teleost fish has been associated with cell death, ma...

The immune system of vertebrates involves both innate and acquired immune responses. The innate immunity is more generalized with robust response whereas the other has a highly specific response to infectious pathogens. Because of the lack of specialized lymphatic organs, innate immunity is an important mode of defense in fishes. The less specific...

The present study reveals purification and characterization of a C-type lectin from the serum of pearl spot, Etroplus suratensis (Es-Lec). The Es-Lec was purified by affinity chromatography with mannose coupled sepharose CL-4B column and it exhibits single band with a molecular weight of 75 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The surface morphology of purified Es-Lec...

Among immunostimulants used in aquaculture, herbal is promising due to their propensities to improve growth performance, fish immunity, and their antimicrobial properties, as they are good alternatives to chemical treatments and antibiotics. Since medicinal herbs are eco-friendly, cost effective, have minimal side effects, and they have gained atte...

An eight-week experiment was performed to assess the effectiveness of watermelon rind powder (WMRP) on growth efficiency, immunity, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus. Three hundred fish (17.14 ± 0.12 g) were fed five diets; 0 (Diet 1- control), 20 g kg-1 WMRP (Diet 2), 40 g kg-1 WMRP (Diet 3), 80 g kg-1 WMRP (Diet 4), and 160 g k...

The gastrointestinal (GI) micro-biome in fish plays significant roles in health and disease resistance. This investigation was accomplished to enumerate, characterize and identify the potential probiotic bacteria from three Indian Major Carps (IMCs), viz., rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) using culture depende...

Probiotics administration in aquafeed is known to increase feed consumption and absorption due to their capacity to release a wide range of digestive enzymes and nutrients which can participate in digestion process and feed utilization, along with the absorption of diet components led to an increase in host’s health and well-being. Furthermore, pro...

The present study addressed the possible effects of fishwort (Houttuynia cordata) powder (FWP) on Nile tilapia’s skin mucus parameter, serum immune response, and growth performance. Three hundred twenty tilapia fingerlings (average weight of 39.06 ± 0.16 g) were divided into four treatments and fed four levels of FWP; 0, 5, 10, and 20 g kg-1 for 72...

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to elucidate the abundance of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens, which are among the most widespread fish pathogens in ponds. Both pathogens have three different breeding patterns, namely, (a) gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), (b) yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), and (c)...

Oxidative decomposition of carbohydrate is an important source of energy for fish. Since carbohydrates are relatively cheap resources, adding appropriate amounts of carbohydrates to the feed can save protein, reduce feed costs, and reduce ammonia nitrogen excretion. However, a large number of studies have shown that fish have low ability to utilize...

The shellfish aquaculture industry has dramatically developed during the last two decades. However, this development has, in some cases, resulted in environmental degradation, emergence of diseases and low productivity. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, feed efficiency, and safe aquatic production for human consumption...

Salmon aquaculture is in great need of good quality balanced protein and lipid sources, particularly marine omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), to sustain a further development of the industry. One possibility is to harvest mesopelagic marine layers. Therefore, the current project analysed mesopelagic hauls from three cr...

Short-chain fatty acids（SCFAs）refer to organic fatty acids with less than 6 carbon atoms in the carbon chain. They are mainly produced by anaerobic glycolysis of indigestible carbohydrates in food，mainly including acetate，propionate，butyrate，etc. With the deep research of microbial flora in the digestive tract，microbial metabolites，short-chain fatt...

Background: Antimicrobials revolutionized human as well as animal medicine in the 20th century by providing effective treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. However, microorganisms have the ability to develop antimicrobial resistant strains. This occurs when microorganisms mutate or when resistance genes are exchanged between th...

The present study was conducted to assess the possible effects of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) powder (GKP) on skin mucus and serum immune response, as well as growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three hundred twenty Nile tilapia fingerlings (average weight of 17.84 ± 0.08 g) were divided into four treatments and fed four le...

Several investigations have investigated the gut microbiota in shellfish species, but less information is available on the favourable gut bacteria colonising the GI tract, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and these studies have revealed the presence of Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus,...

Several investigations have investigated the gut microbiota in shellfish species, but less information is available on the favourable gut bacteria colonising the GI tract, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and these studies have revealed the presence of Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus,...

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus; n = 320) were received four different diets for 56 days. The experimental diets were: fishmeal (FM) containing 10% fishmeal (without rapeseed meal), and rapeseed meal (RM) containing 50% rapeseed meal (without fishmeal), and two semi-purified diets either without (T0) or with 1.25% (T1) supplemental hydrolysabl...

The present study aimed to assess the possible effects of Assam tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (ATE) on growth performances, immune responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus against Streptococcus agalactiae. Five levels of Assam tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (ATE) were supplemented into the based diet at 0, 1, 2, 4...

The aquaculture industry has dramatically developed during the last two decades. However, this development has, in some cases, resulted in environmental degradation, emergence of diseases and low productivity. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, feed efficiency, and safe aquatic production for human consumption has stimul...

A complex and diverse microbial population inhibits the fish gut forming so-called gut microbiota. There were increasing research attempts regarding identification of the intestinal microbiota of fish. However, those studies were conducted using culture-based methods. To resolve the issues of those conventional methods for accurate taxonomic identi...

A 12-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate possible effects of dietary orange peels derived pectin (OPDP) and Lactobacillus plantarum CR1T5 (LP) singularly or combined on innate immune response, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings under indoor biofloc system. The fingerlings were fed the following diet...

The present study reveals purification and characterization of a C-type lectin from the serum of pearl spot, Etroplus suratensis (Es-Lec). The Es-Lec was purified by affinity chromatography with mannose coupled sepharose CL-4B column and it exhibits single band with a molecular weight of 75 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The surface morphology of purified Es-Lec...

Species of Bacillus are spore-forming bacteria that are resistant to aggressive physical and chemical conditions, with various species showing unusual physiological features enabling them to survive in various environmental conditions including fresh waters, marine sediments, desert sands, hot springs, Arctic soils and the gastrointestinal tract of...

Bighead carps (Aristichthys nobilis) were divided into four groups with different feeding strategies: group A, nature live food only (fertiliser only, 200 g urea + 160 g ethylamine phosphate + 250 g Huangjintai bio-fertiliser); group B, nature live food + 1/2 formulated feed; group C, nature live food + formulated feed; and group D, formulated feed...

The present study addressed to investigate early, 25 days post hatching (dph) and late co-feeding time; 35 dph on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Initially, larvae were reared from the 5thdph in six glass aquaria, and each aquarium contained 200 larvae.The results revealed higher, but no significant (P > 0.05) effect on larval final...

Hi, this is not a reguar paper. It is a published version of a presentation held in Kolkata, Februar 2016. Outline Allochthonous and autochthonous bacteria Gut bacteria; structure and function Dietary effect Important criteria; antagonism and disease resistance Contribution to nutrition? Enzyme-producing bacteria What can we learn from endothermic...

The effect of extrusion process in aquafeeds for juvenile totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) on the microbiome diversity from four different intestinal sections and overall growth performance was evaluated. The extrusion process clearly improved the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) compared to the modified e...

A complex and dynamic community of microorganisms, play important roles within the fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Of the bacteria colonising the GI tract, are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) generally considered as favourable microorganism due to their abilities to stimulating host GI development, digestive function, mucosal tolerance, stimulating im...

A complex and dynamic community of microorganisms, play important roles within the fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Of the bacteria colonizing the GI tract, are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) generally considered as favorable microorganism due to their abilities to stimulating host GI development, digestive function, mucosal tolerance, stimulating imm...

The immune system of vertebrates involves both innate and acquired immune responses. The innate immunity is more generalized with robust response whereas the other has a highly specific response to infectious pathogens. Because of the lack of specialized lymphatic organs, innate immunity is an important mode of defense in fishes. The less specific...

The demand for cultured finfish has increased tremendously during the last decades, but the success of intensive farming is dependent on several factors; namely, management, dietary supplementations and wellfare. During the last decades, increasing demand, high price and limited supply of fishmeal has emphasized the need for alternative protein...

Eggs, gills, skin, and intestinal tracts of fish harbor bacterial communities that are thought to impact fish health through their interaction with the tissues. In particular, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses numerous microbes and is considered an infection route. During the infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, mucosal adhesion is a c...

Autochthonous endosymbiotic gut bacteria antagonistic against pathogenic Aeromonas spp. have been evaluated in rohu, Labeo rohita for characterization of putative probiotics. Four promising pathogen inhibitory bacteria (23 strains out of 225 isolates showed antagonism) were selected by double layer assay, following which inhibition pattern was exam...

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to elucidate the abundance 12 of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens, which are among the most 13 widespread fish pathogens in ponds. Both pathogens have three different breeding 14 patterns, namely, (a) gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), (b) yellow catfish 15 (Pelteobagrus fulvidrac...

This study investigated the effects of Enterococcus faecalis on digestive enzyme activities and short-chain fatty acid production in fish intestine, resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila and humoral immunity response by 3 experiments on Javanes carp (Puntius gonionotus). The experiment 1 revealed that diet supplemented with E.faecalis significant...

Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used vegetable ingredient to replace fish meal in fish diets. However, SBM is limiting in some essential amino acids and contains numerous antinutritional factors and antigens that can affect intestinal microbiota and innate immune system in several finfish species and crustaceans and compromise health...

Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used vegetable ingredient to replace fish meal in fish diets. However, SBM is limiting in some essential amino acids and contains numerous antinutritional factors and antigens that can affect intestinal microbiota and innate immune system in several finfish species and crustaceans and compromise health...