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The effects of ambient temperature and wind speed on the performance analysis of a monocrystalline silicon solar photovoltaic module have been analyzed in a particular location called Tripura, India, for the period of 2012-2013. The research work has been carried out by monitoring the variation of module efficiency with ambient temperature and wind speed. A statistical analysis has also been done and the result indicates that the values of correlation coefficient are 96% and 68% for ambient temperature and wind speed, respectively, considering confidence level of 95%.The result shows that there is a strong positive linear relationship between module efficiency and ambient temperature and a moderate positive linear relationship between module efficiency and wind speed. The deviation from the standard test condition (STC) affects the generation of output power while designing green buildings in Tripura.
Photovoltaicpanels are used to generate electric power. The surface temperature of the photovoltaic (PV) panels will affect theirefficiency,where the increment of temperature will decreasetheir efficiency and total power gain. In this study, we will discuss the performance of an 80 W floating photovoltaic (PV) panel in a pond simulator, whereby in a two hour experiment it shows up to 15.5% increment of energy gain compared to a normal photovoltaic (PV) panel. The floating photovoltaic (FPV) panel was designed by replacing the photovoltaic panel frame with a material that has the ability to float on a water surface and is capable of transferring heat at the back of the photovoltaic surface. A heat sink is used to transfer heat at the bottom of the photovoltaic panel, which will decrease the surface temperature when placed on the water surface. The best performance of the photovoltaic panel is 1000 W/m2fora surface temperature of 25°C; however,the efficiency will drop by 0.485% per1°C temperature increment.The system can be used on lakes, ponds or dams.
The air borne dust deposited on the surface of photovoltaic module influence the transmittance of solar radiations from the photovoltaic module's glazing surface. This experimental work aimed to investigate the effect of dust deposited on the surface of two different types of photovoltaic modules (monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon). Two modules of each type were used and one module from each pair was left exposed to natural atmosphere for three months of winter in Taxila, Pakistan. Systematic series of measurements were conducted for the time period of three months corresponding to the different dust densities. The difference between the output parameters of clean and dirty modules provided the information of percentage loss at different dust densities. The dust density deposited on the modules surface was 0.9867mg/cm² at the end of the study. The results showed that dust deposition has strong impact on the performance of photovoltaic modules. The monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules showed about 20% and 16% decrease of average output power respectively compared to the clean modules of same type. It was found that the reduction of module efficiency (ηclean-ηdirty) in case of monocrystalline and polycrystalline module was 3.55% and 3.01% respectively. Moreover the loss of output power and module efficiency in monocrystalline module was more compared to the polycrystalline module.
A precise single-diode analytical model of Photovoltaic (PV) modules is generally nonlinear analytical equations with high computation complexity. This paper proposes a simple computational method for the PV model. Its exponential diode behaviour is simplified via Least Squares Approximation (LSA), which permits designers or engineers to predict the electrical characteristics of a PV module without using iterative numerical calculations. Based on experimental data, the methodology is validated by covering a wide range of operation conditions. Simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.
Pakistan is suffering from acute shortage of electricity and fuel that has adversely affected its industrial and agricultural
progress in-spite of having ~2.9 million MW power potential can be harnessed from solar radiations. This paper aims
on the study of technical and economic feasibility of stand-alone PV system in major cities of Pakistan. Current study is
based on the results obtained by virtual modeling of a 5kW stand-alone PV System in RETScreen software developed
by Canadian Energy Centre. The role of solar irradiance value, load correlation and ambient conditions are closely compared. A built in database in RETScreen uses climate information for simulation of PV system reported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Modeled system viability is examined on financial parameters like net present value, internal rate of return and payback period. The simulation results indicate that stand-alone PV system application can save millions being spent on conventional fuel purchasing to deliver base case power. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PV system in a realistic manner thus enlightening its benefits.
The operating cell temperatures of photovoltaic (PV) modules directly affect the performance of the PV system. In this study, an effective new approach for estimating the operating temperature of a photovoltaic module is presented. The developed model is simple and does not need any complicated calculations. The proposed approach uses a simple formula to derive the PV cell temperature from the environmental variables such as ambient temperature, irradiance and wind speed. Effectiveness of the new temperature estimation procedure is investigated through some conducted simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment and its validity is verified by experiment on a UNI-SOLAR US-64 solar photovoltaic modules. It was found that, in general, the model tends to give better results of temperature prediction. From the results, the predicted PV cell temperatures show a good correlation with the measured data. The MBE, NMBE, RMSE, NRMSE and correlation coefficient of predicted and measured PV cell temperatures are -0.3490 oC,-0.7328%, 1.3571 oC, 2.8492% and 0.9763, respectively. The statistical results show that the model can be used to predict the PV cell temperatures with an error of less than 3%.
This paper presents a design for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide the required electricity for a single residential household in rural area in Jordan. The complete design steps for the suggested household loads are carried out. Site radiation data and the electrical load data of a typical household in the considered site are taken into account during the design steps. The reliability of the system is quantified by the loss of load probability. A computer program is developed to simulate the PV system behavior and to numerically find an optimal combination of PV array and bat-tery bank for the design of stand-alone photovoltaic systems in terms of reliability and costs. The program calculates life cycle cost and annualized unit electrical cost. Simulations results showed that a value of loss of load probability LLP can be met by several combinations of PV array and battery storage. The method developed here uniquely deter-mines the optimum configuration that meets the load demand with the minimum cost. The difference between the costs of these combinations is very large. The optimal unit electrical cost of 1 kWh for LLP = 0.049 is $0.293; while for LLP 0.0027 it is $0.402. The results of the study encouraged the use of the PV systems to electrify the remote sites in Jordan.
Accumulation of dirt or particles like dust, water, sand and moss on the surface of solar photovoltaic panel obstruct or distract light energy from reaching the solar cells. This is a major problem since the light obstruction materials pose as external resistances that reduce solar photovoltaic performance. The present work was performed to analyze the effects of accumulation of such dirt or particle son the output performances of solar panel. Experiments using different obstruction materials were conducted under controlled conditions using spotlights to simulate source of solar radiation. It was found that the external resistance could reduce the photovoltaic performance by up to 85%.
Solar photovoltaic and thermal systems are potential solutions for current energy needs. One of the most important difficulties in using photovoltaic systems is the low energy conversion efficiency of PV cells and, furthermore, this efficiency decreases further during the operational period by increasing the cells temperature above a certain limit. In addition, reflection of the sun's irradiance from the panel typically reduces the electrical yield of PV modules by 8-15%. To increase the efficiency of PV systems one way is cooling them during operation period. In this experimental study combination of a PV system cooled by a thin film of water with an additional system to use the heat transferred to the water has been considered. Experimental measurements for both combined system and conventional panel indicate that the temperature of the photovoltaic panel for combined system is lower compared to the conventional panel. The results show that the power and the electrical efficiency of the combined system are higher than the traditional one. Also since the heat removed from the PV panel by water film is not wasted, the overall efficiency of the combined system is higher than the conventional system.
Solar cell performance decreases with increasing temperature, fundamentally owing to increased internal carrier recombination rates, caused by increased carrier concentrations. The operating temperature plays a key role in the photovoltaic conversion process. Both the electrical efficiency and the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) module depend linearly on the operating temperature. The various correlations proposed in the literature represent simplified working equations which can be apply to PV modules or PV arrays mounted on free-standing frames, PV-Thermal collectors, and building integrated photovoltaic arrays, respectively. The electrical performance is primarily influenced by the material of PV used. Numerous correlations for cell temperature which have appeared in the literature involve basic environmental variables and numerical parameters which are material or system dependent. In this paper, a brief discussion is presented regarding the operating temperature of one-sun commercial grade silicon- based solar cells/modules and its effect upon the electrical performance of photovoltaic installations. Generally, the performance ratio decreases with latitude because of temperature. However, regions with high altitude have higher performance ratios due to low temperature, like, southern Andes, Himalaya region, and Antarctica. PV modules with less sensitivity to temperature are preferable for the high temperature regions and more responsive to temperature will be more effective in the low temperature regions. The geographical distribution of photovoltaic energy potential considering the effect of irradiation and ambient temperature on PV system performance is considered.
This paper presents the influence of the solar radiation and ambient temperature variation on the performance of a stand alone photovoltaic pumping system which composed of a PV generator, DC-DC adaptor, DC-AC inverter and an immersed group motor-pump. Those performances such PV efficiency, inverter efficiency and flow rate are improved by a judicious control implanted on the converters. The maximal power point tracking (MPPT) control allows the extraction of the maximum output power delivered by the PV generator. However the inverter insures a pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the asynchronous motor and a sine wave form of output signals. We proceed to modelling the PV pumping system with power electronic converters allowing respectively optimal operating point tracking and power conversion under the appropriate command. From the obtained simulation results, under Matlab/Simulink environment, we will discuss how the ambient temperature and the solar radiation influence the performance of the PV plants. The experimental results of the PV pumping system installed in Tunisia (2.1 kWc) verify the validity of the model and the proposed controller.
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device which generates electricity directly from visible light. However, their efficiency is fairly low. So, the solar cell costs expensive according to other energy resources products. Several factors affect solar cell efficiency. This paper presents the most important factors that affecting efficiency of solar cells. These effects are cell temperature, MPPT (maximum power point tracking) and energy conversion efficiency. The changing of these factors improves solar cell efficiency for more reliable applications.
A PC-based measuring system is presented for outdoor testing of solar cells and modules under real operating conditions. It consists of a sun-tracked sample holder, different electronic loads (including control), digital multimeters, a PC and a laser printer. Insolation is measured and recorded with pyranometers, pyrheliometers and a reference cell. Current-voltage curves are acquired in the range of irradiance from 10 W/m2 to over 1000 W/m2. Small single cells of size down to 3 mm by 3 mm as well as large modules and laminates up to 1 m by 1.5 m can be tested. The measurement time for one test can be varied between 5 to 15 seconds. The maximum power point (mpp) is normally detected on-line. However, it can also be determined in a subsequent mathematical analysis, if more precise mpp data are required. The maximum relative uncertainty in the efficiency (determined from mpp data) has been estimated to be less than ± 1 %, depending on type and size of cell or module and on the constancy of the insolation during the testing time. Using a new dynamic method, the temperature coefficient of the efficiency can be determined within a relative uncertainty of about ± 3 %. The coefficient is used to derive standard test condition data. Results are given for two commercial modules.
A simplified procedure for predicting the long term monthly average electrical output of photovoltaic arrays is presented. It is restricted to passively cooled max-power tracked arrays, but is applicable to both south facing fixed flat arrays and 2-D tracked concentrators.
One of the least analyzed side effects of atmospheric air pollution is the degradation of PV-panels’ performance due to the deposition of solid particles varying in composition, size and type. In the current study, the experimental data concerning the effect of three representative air pollutants (i.e. red soil, limestone and carbonaceous fly-ash particles) on the energy performance of PV installations are analyzed. According to the results obtained, a considerable reduction of PVs’ energy performance is recorded, depending strongly on particles’ composition and source. Subsequently, a theoretical model has been developed in order to be used as an analytical tool for obtaining reliable results concerning the expected effect of regional air pollution on PVs’ performance. Furthermore, experimental results concerning the dust effect on PVs’ energy yield in an aggravated – from air pollution – urban environment are used to validate the proposed theoretical model.
Research and development in photovoltaic (PV) systems has usually been concentrated in studies on
radiation availability,efficient operating strategies ,design ans sizing of these systems. On the other hand, the
influence of dust on the performance of PV systems has not been given much attention. In this work, electrical performances of Photo-voltaic panels are studied experimentally for the effect of deposited dust particles. The experimental data are used for the calculation of the energy efficiency and power output of the PV systems. It was concluded that dust significantly reduces the efficiency of solar photo voltaic panel.
First of all, the thesis elaborates two important breakthroughs which happened In the field of the application of solar energy in the 1950s.The 21st century the development of solar photovoltaic power generation will have the following characteristics: the continued high growth of industrial development, the significantly reducing cost of the solar cell, the large-scale high-tech development of photovoltaic industries, the breakthroughs of the film battery technology, the rapid development of solar PV buildings integration and combined to the grids. The paper makes principles of solar cells the theoretical analysis. On the basis, we study the conversion efficiency of solar cells, find the factors impact on the efficiency of the photovoltaic generation, solve solar cell conversion efficiency of technical problems through the development of new technology, and open up new ways to improve the solar cell conversion efficiency. Finally, the paper connecting with the practice establishes policies and legislation to the use of encourage renewable energy, development strategy, basic applied research etc.
Electric energy consumption in the arid Saharan regions is continuingly increasing due to increasing urbanization. Photovoltaic solar energy may be a suitable form of alternative electric energy production due to the abundance of solar energy in this region. In this paper we are presenting the general outline of a simulation model used to size and assess the performance a PV installation using DELPH5 programming language. This program allows the user to determine at any moment the performance of the PV installation by comparing the PV electric energy produced and the required consumption load and. It also permits the optimization of the system relative to the factor of time.
The peaking of most oil reserves and impending climate change are critically driving the adoption of solar photovoltaic's (PV) as a sustainable renewable and eco-friendly alternative. Ongoing material research has yet to find a breakthrough in significantly raising the conversion efficiency of commercial PV modules. The installation of PV systems for optimum yield is primarily dictated by its geographic location (latitude and available solar insolation) and installation design (tilt, orientation and altitude) to maximize solar exposure. However, once these parameters have been addressed appropriately, there are other depending factors that arise in determining the system performance (efficiency and output). Dust is the lesser acknowledged factor that significantly influences the performance of the PV installations. This paper provides an appraisal on the current status of research in studying the impact of dust on PV system performance and identifies challenges to further pertinent research. A framework to understand the various factors that govern the settling/assimilation of dust and likely mitigation measures have been discussed in this paper.
A numerical model has been created to simulate the performance of a residential-scale building integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) cogeneration system. The investigation examines the combined heat and power system in the context of heat transfer. The PV cogeneration system will be based on existing BiPV roofing technology with the addition of a modular heat recovery unit that can be used in new or renovation construction schemes. The convection of the air behind the panels will serve to cool the PV panels while providing a heat source for the residence. This model was created in the Engineering Equation Solver software package (EES), from a series of highly coupled non-linear partial differential equations that are solved iteratively. The model's ability to utilize climatic data to simulate annual performance of the system will be presented along with a comparison to experimental data. A graphical front-end has been added to the model in order to facilitate its use as a predictive tool for building professionals. It will thus become a decision support tool used in identifying areas for implementation of a PV cogen system.
A brief discussion is presented regarding the operating temperature of one-sun commercial grade silicon-based solar cells/modules and its effect upon the electrical performance of photovoltaic installations. Suitable tabulations are given for most of the known algebraic forms which express the temperature dependence of solar electrical efficiency and, equivalently, solar power. Finally, the thermal aspects of the major power/energy rating methods are briefly discussed.
Photovoltaic (PV) applications, gaining worldwide interest during the last years, comprise a promising renewable energy based solution, able to considerably contribute to the constantly increasing energy demand of our planet. Currently, residential applications possess a considerable share of the global PV market since fiscal and practical incentives have reinforced their promotion. On the other hand, high population concentration, rapid industrialisation and economic development of urban areas all over the world have caused significant degradation of the urban air quality. In this context, the actual performance of five identical pairs of roof-top PV-panels, operating in the aggravated urban environment of Athens (from the atmospheric air pollution point of view), is currently evaluated. For this purpose, a series of systematic experimental measurements is conducted within a certain time period and the influence of different dust deposition densities on the energy yield and the economic performance of the small power station is estimated. According to the results obtained, the presence of dust considerably affects the PV-panels’ performance since even a relatively small dust deposition density (≈1 g/m2) may result in remarkable energy losses corresponding almost to 40 €/kWp on an annual basis.
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