Recent advances in properties and applications of Nanoporous Materials and Porous carbons

Abstract

Nonporous materials have nano-sized pores. High specific surface area and size and shape selectivity (Size and Shape Selectivity) are the most important features of these materials that have led to their widespread use in various industries such as catalysts, water treatment and separation of pollutants. The development of properties and applications of these materials depends on the fabrication of nanoporous materials with optimal and controlled structures. In this paper, porous nanostructures and supermolecular chemistry are introduced in detail. Then, a number of common nanoporous materials such as activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks and zeolites, then various types of mineral and organic nanoporous materials as well as methods of synthesis, characterization and applications of these materials will be studied in detail.

Full text

Vol.:(0123456789)
1 3
Carbon Letters
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-022-00395-x
REVIEW
Recent advances inproperties andapplications ofnanoporous
materials andporous carbons
Ehsankianfar1,2· HamidrezaSayadi3
Received: 18 May 2022 / Revised: 19 July 2022 / Accepted: 24 July 2022
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Korean Carbon Society 2022
Abstract
Nonporous materials have nano-sized pores. High specific surface area and size and shape selectivity (size and shape Selec-
tivity) are the most important features of these materials that have led to their widespread use in various industries, such as
catalysts, water treatment and separation of pollutants. The development of properties and applications of these materials
depends on the fabrication of nanoporous materials with optimal and controlled structures. In this paper, porous nanostruc-
tures and supermolecular chemistry are introduced in detail. Then, a number of common nanoporous materials, such as
activated carbon, metal–organic frameworks and zeolites, then various types of mineral and organic nanoporous materials
as well as methods of synthesis, characterization and applications of these materials will be studied in detail.
Keywords Nonporous materials· High specific surface area· Shape selectivity· Zeolites· Metal–organic frameworks·
Size
1 Introduction
Nanoporous materials have nano-sized pores; so, a large
volume of their structure is empty space [1–5]. Important
features of these materials are very high surface-to-volume
ratio, high permeability, good selectivity, and good heat and
sound resistance [6–8]. Due to have such desirable proper-
ties, these materials are used in sensitive and diverse appli-
cations, such as ion exchangers, separation and removal of
contaminants, catalysts, sensors (in biological applications),
membranes, and insulating materials [9–12]. The most popu-
lar and common nanoporous materials are zeolite, carbon,
and nanoporous silica. When arrays of molecules are placed
in a confined space, stresses are applied to each molecule
by neighboring molecules and walls, which distort the sta-
ble kinetic and thermodynamic structure of the molecule
and ultimately change the energy of its chemical reactions
[13–16]. Therefore, when an external molecule (guest mol-
ecule) enters the finite spaces between arrays of molecules,
the molecule collides with the existing molecules and
causes significant changes in their orientation, interaction,
and assembly [17–21]. Therefore, they possibly control the
behavior of guest molecules by changes and modifications in
the shape of the materials used in the nanostructured walls
spaces [22–30]. The spaces created by the existing atoms
and molecules can create suitable properties depending on
their shape [31–36]. At the end of the last century, the main
focus of researchers was on supermolecular frameworks, but
in the 21st century, with the creation of diverse spaces, they
introduced a new part of nanoscale chemistry [37–43]. Fig-
ure1 shows an overview of the types of nano-spaces.
2 Classication ofnanoporous materials
Nanoporous materials can be classified according to the size
of the pores, the constituents, and the order of the crystal
structure [44–50].
Online ISSN 2233-4998
Print ISSN 1976-4251
* Ehsan kianfar
ehsan_kianfar2010@yahoo.com
1 Department ofChemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Arak, Iran
2 Young Researchers andElite Club, Gachsaran Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
3 Department ofChemical Engineering, Faculty
ofEngineering andTechnology, Islamic Azad University,
Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Iran

Carbon Letters
1 3
2.1 Size holes
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) classifies porous materials into three categories
according to their pore size: microporous, mesoporous, and
macroscopic [51–56]:
Microporous: These materials have pores less than 2nm
in diameter.
Mesoporous: These materials have pores 2 to 50nm in
diameter.
Macroporous: These materials have pores larger than
50nm in diameter.
In nanoscience, the term nanoporous is commonly used
for porous materials with pores less than 100nm in diam-
eter [57–61]. Figure2 shows electron microscope images of
macro-, meso-, and microporous materials.
2.2 Materials constituent
Another type of classification of nanoporous materials is
their classification based on their chemical composition.
From this point of view, nanoporous materials are classified
into two categories: organic and inorganic [62–67].
2.2.1 Organic nanoporous materials
Organic nanoporous materials fall into two categories of
carbon and polymer (polymer):
• Carbon nanoporous materials
Activated carbon has many cavities and can be considered
as the most important microporous material. It has also been
Fig. 1 Scheme of different types of nano-spaces [1]
Fig. 2 Electron microscope
images of A macroporous, B
mesoporous, and C micropo-
rous [4]

Carbon Letters
1 3
defined as a group of high internal surface carbon materi-
als that are massively employed in separating odors, colors,
and tastes from water because of their substantial internal
area, highly porous structure, high adsorption capacity, and
surface reactivation capability [68–73]. They are used for
industrial and domestic purposes as well as purification of
air [74–79]. The lower cost of this mineral nanoporous mate-
rial compared to organic nanoporous materials such as zeo-
lite has made it possible to be extensively utilized [80–84].
Figure3 depicts an image of nanoporous activated carbon.
• Polymeric nanoporous materials
Polymeric nanoporous materials do not have stable pores
due to their flexible structure and only a few limited com-
binations of this type of nanoporous materials are used in
industry [85–87]. Porous materials with pore sizes in the
nanometer range (i.e., less than 200nm), treated as bulk
or film materials, and made from a variety of polymers,
are known as nanoporous polymeric materials [88–91].
Research and development on these novel materials have
advanced greatly in recent years, as they thought that reduc-
ing pore size to the nanometer range could have a major
impact on some of the properties of porous polymers, giving
unforeseen and enhanced properties when compared to tra-
ditional porous and microporous polymers, as well as non-
porous solids [92–96]. The fabrication of nanoporous poly-
meric materials requires the use of specific procedures that
overcome the difficulties associated with the production of
separated phases at the nanoscale. Several approaches have
been developed over the past years to achieve polymeric
structures with pores on the nanoscale [97–102], molecular
imprinting, microemulsion templating, phase separation
techniques, selective removal of one of the blocks in nano-
structured block neat copolymers, foaming, etc. [103–107].
A scheme of the different fabrication processes that exist
nowadays is shown in Fig.4, together with some transmis-
sion electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) images of nanoporous polymeric mate-
rials obtained with some of these techniques.
3 Inorganic porous materials
3.1 Microporous materials
3.1.1 Zeolite
Zeolites are the most important and common microporous
compounds that have a regular crystal structure and their
structure contains cavities with negative intrinsic charge
[108–111]. The zeolite structure usually consists of a tet-
rahedral crystal lattice with four oxygen atoms in the cor-
ners and a central atom, such as aluminum, silicon, gallium,
or phosphorus [112–117]. Zeolites are divided into two
main categories: aluminophosphates and aluminosilicates
[118–121]. Distinctive features of these microporous mate-
rials include high acidity, good selectivity, high specific
surface area, and high thermal stability [122–125]. These
microporous materials are used in catalysts, ion exchangers,
and molecular sieves [126–129]. Figure5 shows a diagram
of the structure of the microporous zeolite.
3.1.2 Metal–organic framework; MOF
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of com-
pounds consisting of metal ions or clusters coordinated to
organic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional
structures. They are a subclass of coordination polymers,
with the special feature that they are often porous. The
organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as
“struts” or “linkers”, one example being 1,4-benzenedicar-
boxylic acid (BDC) [109–115, 130–132].
Metal–organic frameworks are formed by the accumu-
lation of metal ions and clusters as coordination centers
and organic ligands as binders of these centers [133–138].
Metal–organic frameworks are low-density crystalline com-
pounds consisting of two units of metal ions or clusters as
nodes and organic ligands as binders [139–143]. Synthesis
of metal–organic frames is usually performed in the tem-
perature range of 25–220 °C, pressures between zero and
20 atmospheres, and pH in the range of 1–10 [144–148].
The cavities formed in this group of nanoporous materials
have a certain size and shape distribution and, in this respect,
they are different from other porous materials [149–153].
Fig. 3 Image of nanoporous activated carbon [5]

Carbon Letters
1 3
Therefore, it is possible to classify metal–organic frame-
works according to the size of the cavities [154–158].
• Macroporous materials with a diameter of more than
50nm,
• Mesoporous material with a diameter of 2–50nm,
• Microporous material with a diameter of less than 2nm.
Most metal–organic frameworks have nanometer cavities
and fall into the category of macro and mesoporous mate-
rials [159, 160]. Figure6 shows the size scale of macro-,
meso-, and microporous materials. If the pore size of these
frames is in the range indicated by the letter X, they are
also referred to as nanoporous [161–165]. In recent years,
the use of organic–metal frameworks for gas storage and
separation has expanded significantly. The reason for this is
the low density and high specific surface area of these mate-
rials [166–170]. Also, nanoporous metal–organic frame-
works have good electrical and catalytic properties and can
Fig. 4 Various fabrication meth-
ods for producing nanoporous
polymeric materials, as well as
some TEM and SEM images of
nanoporous polymers obtained
using various methods [6]
Fig. 5 Schematic of the structure of microporous zeolite in which
red atoms represent oxygen and blue atoms of aluminum or silicon
[105–108]

Carbon Letters
1 3
be used as biological carriers in drug delivery applications
[171–175]. In general, metal–organic frameworks have spe-
cific physical and chemical properties and are structurally
controllable.
3.1.3 Design andsynthesis ofmetal–organic frameworks
The final structure and properties of metal–organic frame-
works are highly dependent on both the raw material param-
eters and the synthesis process [176–178]. The raw materials
influencing the properties of these frameworks are ions or
metal clusters and organic binders (also called secondary
building blocks) [179–183]. Figure7 shows an overview of
inorganic and organic building blocks.
Common methods of synthesis of metal–organic frame-
works are solvothermal methods, ball milling method,
microwave method, and an ultrasonic method [183–186].
There is a class of metal–organic frameworks is called retic-
ular Metal–Organic Framework (IRMOF) that has the same
grid topology. In these frameworks, secondary constituent
units of the acetate are used [187–190]. The metal–organic
lattice frames themselves have a separate classification and
are divided into sixteen categories; the frameworks 1–7
differ in terms of functional groups on aromatic rings and
the frames 8–16 differ in terms of organic binders (ligands)
Fig. 6 Macro-, meso-, and
microporous material-size scale.
The range indicated by X indi-
cates the range of nanoporous
materials [6–8]
Fig. 7 Scheme of inorganic and organic secondary constituent units [166–168]

Carbon Letters
1 3
[191–195]. Although increasing the length of organic con-
nectors increases the volume of cavities formed, in some
cases this increase in length improves the penetration pro-
cess of the networks [196–201]. Figure8 shows an over-
view of the different classifications of metal–organic lattice
frames.
3.1.4 The need touse metal–organic frameworks
In recent years, activities and research have been conducted
to use hydrogen instead of conventional fuels [202–206].
The first attempts to replace hydrogen with conventional
fuels took place in 1970 when oil prices rose sharply. But
today there are several reasons for the need for this alter-
native: increasing fossil fuel damage to the environment,
the sharp rise in oil prices, the need to provide security for
fuel exports and imports, and the increasing reduction of oil
reserves in different parts of the world [207–211]. So far,
various methods for hydrogen storage have been studied,
the most famous of which are: compression of hydrogen
at high pressures, use of liquid hydrogen, and adsorption
of hydrogen on porous materials using the interaction of
hydrogen with metals [212–215]. The use of hydrogen
adsorption on porous materials is one of the most widely
used and safe methods for storing hydrogen at temperatures
close to ambient temperature and appropriate pressures (in
terms of safety) [199, 216–218]. In general, four main cat-
egories of porous materials have been identified so far: (1)
activated carbon and zeolites, (2) mineral aluminosilicates
and aluminophosphates, (3) microporous polymers, and
(4) porous metal–organic frameworks. Among the known
porous materials, porous metal–organic frameworks are
considered a very suitable and promising option for surface
adsorption of hydrogen gas and consequently its storage due
to having a large number of micropores with uniform dimen-
sions [200–203].
3.1.5 Use ofporous metal–organic frameworks forgas
storage andseparation
The unique physical and chemical properties of porous
metal–organic frameworks have led to their use for gas stor-
age and separation. Today, it is possible to synthesize some
porous metal–organic frameworks on an industrial scale (kil-
ograms) [194, 195]. For five reasons, porous metal–organic
frameworks are suitable materials for gas storage and separa-
tion. These reasons include [196–199]:
(1) High specific surface area (about 6000g per square
meter); High specific surface area increases the absorp-
tion of guest molecules.
(2) The crystal structure of these frameworks; this feature
of porous metal–organic frameworks makes it possible
to predict the binding sites of guest molecules.
(3) The possibility of optimizing physical and chemical
properties by changing the type of organic ligands and
synthesis methods.
Fig. 8 Scheme of different
classifications of metal–organic
lattice frames: These frames
have the same grid topology
and differ only in the shape of
the organic bonding ligand, its
length, and aromatics [9, 10]

Carbon Letters
1 3
(4) The effect of extraordinary compaction of cavities in
porous metal–organic frameworks on hydrogen gas.
(5) Kinetics of adsorption and desorption of metal–organic
frameworks, causes high efficiency in adsorption and
separation of gasses by these frameworks.
Six important factors in the process of separation of guest
molecules in metal–organic frameworks are (1) Adsorption
temperature (2) Adsorption pressure (3) Size, shape, and
flexibility of cavities in the frame (4) van der Waals forces
and dimensions of guest molecules (5) Energy Potential
of walls of cavities or channels (7) Poor bonding between
guest molecules and host framework such as hydrogen bonds
[219–223]. Examining the enthalpy of adsorption of materi-
als capable of storing gas molecules, it can be concluded that
porous coordination polymers are the best option for adsorp-
tion and release of gas molecules at normal temperature and
pressure. This is because the inner surface of these polymers
is rich in hydrocarbons and aromatic groups [197–199]. Aro-
matic groups are one of the best attractions of guest mol-
ecules. Of course, to absorb different gasses, such as hydro-
gen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethylene, and oxygen, there is
a need for the presence of different cavities in terms of size,
shape, and chemical composition [200–203].
3.1.5.1 Hydrogen gas storage Efforts to store hydrogen
gas show much better performance of porous metal–organic
frameworks than other porous materials, such as activated
carbon and zeolite [224–234]. Figure9 shows the amount of
adsorption of pure hydrogen gas by metal–organic frames in
terms of pressure at 298 °K.
According to Fig. 10, as the amount of pressure
increases, the adsorption of hydrogen gas by porous
metal–organic frameworks increases. The predominant
mechanism in the adsorption of hydrogen at high pres-
sures is the specific surface area. In general, the enthalpy
value of the adsorption indicates the bond energy between
the guest molecules and the host framework [207, 208].
Metal–organic frameworks can be used as a suitable
hydrogen storage medium if the bonding power (inter-
action) of these frameworks with hydrogen molecules
is the bond between van der Waals and hydrogen bonds
(stronger than vanderWaals). In general, the interaction
of metal–organic frameworks with hydrogen molecules is
weak and the maximum adsorption enthalpy reported for
it is about 10.5kJ/mol. Of course, it is possible to increase
the amount of enthalpy of adsorption by strengthening the
inner walls of the channels in the frames by active sites
[235–244]. In this case, the interaction between hydro-
gen gas molecules and porous metal–organic frameworks
increases [209–211]. Figure10 shows a schematic of a
porous Metallo-organic framework with active sites, which
cause large interactions with hydrogen molecules. The
smaller the pore size of the metal–organic framework (in
the range of 4–5.4 angstroms), the higher the adsorption
of hydrogen gas molecules [245–247]. The main challenge
in future of the hydrogen adsorption industry with porous
metal–organic frameworks is the synthesis of new frame-
works that, while having a network of micro-cavities avail-
able, also have a large specific surface area.
Fig. 9 Hydrogen gas sorption isotherm for MOF-5 at A 78 °K and B
298 °K [11]
Fig. 10 Scheme of a metal–organic framework with active sites,
which causes large interactions with hydrogen molecules [11]

Carbon Letters
1 3
3.1.5.2 Storage andseparation of methane gas Methane
is known as the lightest hydrocarbon, the largest and most
accessible source of non-petroleum fuels. Absorption and
storage of methane gas depend on four factors: specific
surface area, free volume capacity, pore size distribution,
and strength of energy interactions [170, 248–251]. Fig-
ure11 shows the dependence of the amount of methane gas
adsorbed on the temperature and pressure of the adsorption
process with porous metal–organic frameworks. The results
show an increase in the amount of methane gas adsorbed
with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature.
3.1.5.3 Storage andseparation of ethylene gas It is not
possible to store ethylene at ambient temperature and high
pressures in steel containers. The reason for this is the high
explosiveness of ethylene even in the absence of oxygen gas.
Unlike hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide, ethylene
has a linear structure with terminally active hydrogens that
allow ethylene to act as an electron acceptor and easily bond
to electron donors in the absorption channel walls of metal–
organic frames [244, 252–260]. Also, metal–organic frame-
works are used to purify and separate ethylene. Polyhedron-
based metal–organic frameworks are one of the frameworks
used to store ethylene gas. This framework includes linear
CO3 as the cluster and 5-Bromo-isophthalic acid (BipaH2)
as the organic ligand. Studies show that the amount of eth-
ylene gas adsorption increases with decreasing temperature
and increasing pressure [199–201, 216–218].
3.1.5.4 Storage and separation of carbon dioxide
gas Porous metal–organic frameworks have a high capac-
ity to store carbon dioxide at normal temperatures and pres-
sures. However, to improve and expand the carbon dioxide
adsorption capacity with porous metal–organic frameworks,
functional groups, such as -OH or -NH2, can be installed
on organic binders [202, 203, 219, 220, 261, 262]. Another
way to improve and expand the carbon sequestration capac-
ity of carbon dioxide using these frameworks is to use
central metal coordination sites to adsorb carbon dioxide
molecules. MOF-5 and MOF-17 are suitable adsorbents for
carbon dioxide storage. Figure 12 shows the relationship
between adsorption temperature and the amount of carbon
dioxide stored by MOF-5.
3.1.5.5 Drug release systems Drug-controlled release sys-
tems are the most important application of porous metal–
organic frameworks in medicine. The four main reasons for
using porous metal–organic frameworks for drug transport
and release are: (1) the existence of a network of regular
cavities of uniform size that cause controlled drug loading
and reduce its kinetic effects; (2) the large volume of cavi-
ties that cause the drugs in question to collapse; (3) high
specific surface area, which creates a high potential for drug
uptake; (4) The possibility of activating the active surface
by functional groups for controlled loading and release of
drugs. Studies on microporous and flexible metal–organic
frameworks of MIL53 have shown the appropriate efficacy
Fig. 11 Dependence of the
amount of absorbed methane
gas on the temperature and pres-
sure of the absorption process
with porous metal–organic
frameworks [12]
Fig. 12 Correlation between absorption temperature and amount of
carbon dioxide stored by MOF-5[12]

Carbon Letters
1 3
of these materials for the absorption of ibuprofen. MIL53
is a metal–organic framework composed of scandium and
oxygen [221–223]. In this framework, the nodes contain
scandium and oxygen, and 4-benzodicarboxylic acid acts as
a ligand. Compounds MIL53 and MIL- (Fe) 53 are capable
of absorbing about 20% by weight of ibuprofen. Figure13
shows an overview of the different structures of MIL53 used
to absorb ibuprofen.
3.2 Inorganic–organic hybrids
These microporous materials are formed by the attachment
of mineral parts by organic units. Figure14(a-b) shows a
schematic of microporous materials of organic–metal frame-
work and organic–inorganic hybrids [224, 225].
4 Porous meta‑materials
4.1 Silica
Silica mesoporous materials are among the latest advances
in nanotechnology. The most common types of mesoporous
silica are (Mobile Composition of Matter; MCM-44) and
(Santa Barbara Amorphous; SBA-15). Mesoporous silica is
used in drug delivery, thermal energy storage, and biosen-
sors [225, 226, 263–270]. Figure15 shows the TEM image
of mesoporous silica.
4.2 Oxides, nitrides, andsulfides ofmetals
Nanoporous materials synthesized from oxides, nitrides, and
sulfides of various metals, including titanium dioxide, zinc
oxide, zirconium dioxide, alumina, boron nitride, and cop-
per sulfide, are much more active than in their porosity-free
state [227, 228, 245].
4.3 Microporous material
4.3.1 Opal orcolloidal crystal
These microporous materials are made from a set of spheres
such as silica. The space between these spheres is empty.
In an inverted crystal, the spheres are hollow and the space
between them is full [245–247]. Figure16 shows a com-
parison between the different properties of different types
of porous materials with different chemical compositions
and pore sizes.
4.3.2 Methods ofsynthesis ofnanoporous materials
4.3.2.1 Microwave‑assisted hydrothermal The hydrother-
mal synthesis method, also known as the wet-chemical
method, is a medium-pressure method for the synthesis of
nanoporous materials performed in an aqueous solution. In
this method, the aqueous solution in an autoclave is heated
to a temperature of 200° K, and its pressure is gradually
increased to a certain value [247–249, 271–276]. For the
synthesis of nanoporous materials, aqueous gels, including
raw materials and reaction auxiliaries such as structure-
directing agents, form the reaction medium and the heat
of the reaction is provided by microwave waves. Figure17
shows an illustration of the principles of synthesis of nano-
porous materials by hydrothermal method with the help of
a microwave.
4.3.2.2 Template synthesis In this method, a molecule or
group of molecules with a specific geometric shape is used
as a mold to create cavities, and after the material grows
on the molecules, the mold is removed by physical and
chemical methods. The main advantage of this method
is the precise control of the shape and size of the cavi-
ties [249, 250, 277–283]. Figure18 shows an overview
Fig. 13 Scheme of different structures of MIL53 used to absorb ibuprofen [13]

Carbon Letters
1 3
of the synthesis steps of nanoporous materials using the
template along with the common template in this method.
5 Applications
5.1 Separating andRemoval ofcontaminants
One of the prominent applications of nanoporous materials
is molecular sieving for selective separation of molecules
according to their shape and size, as well as separation
and removal of contaminants, such as sulfur dioxide, car-
bon, and nitrogen oxides. These separations are performed
using pores of nanoporous materials [170, 251, 261, 262].
Fig. 14 Scheme of micropo-
rous materials a organic-metal
framework b organic–inorganic
hybrids consisting of inorganic
layers and organic binder (oxa-
late) [13, 14]
Fig. 15 TEM image of mesoporous silica [15]

Carbon Letters
1 3
5.2 Energy production andstorage
Nanoporous materials are used to produce and store hydro-
gen gas as a clean energy source. One of the most common
nanoporous materials in the production and storage of
hydrogen is carbon, which comes in the form of plain porous
carbon, metal-supported porous carbon, and porous carbons
confined hydrides [229–233].
5.3 Catalyst
Nanoporous materials are used in the manufacture of highly
active catalysts or as catalysts or catalyst particles due to
their unique properties such as high specific surface area and
selectable structure [104–109]. Figure19 shows an image of
the structure of zeolite used in catalytic applications.
5.4 Sensors
Nanoporous materials are sensitive to the slightest changes
in the environment due to their high active surface area and
are a promising option for building toxic or flammable gas
sensors [110].
5.5 Biological applications
Nanoporous materials with selectable structure and excellent
specific surface area are widely used in the separation and
Fig. 16 Comparison between
different properties of different
types of porous materials [16]
Fig. 17 Schematic of the principles of synthesis of nanoporous mate-
rials by hydrothermal method with the help of microwave: (1) micro-
wave oven, (2) microwave power control line, (3) idealized micro-
wave radiation, (4) reaction chamber, (5) temperature sensor, (6)
temperature control line, (7) scale, (gage) pressure, (8) pressure con-
trol line, (9) reactants in solution and (10) control line [16]

Carbon Letters
1 3
transport of biomolecules and biosensors are also used in
drug release. Common biosensors include gold, silver, and
platinum [104–110]. Figure20 shows a diagram of platinum
or platinum-gold sensors synthesized by electrospinning
with SEM images.
5.6 Water andwastewater treatment
One of the most important applications of nanoporous mate-
rials such as zeolite is their use in water and wastewater
treatment. For example, when the nanoporous zeolite is used
to treatment water and effluent, cations such as sodium are
charged in its cavities, neutralizing the charge of the struc-
ture. These cations are exchanged with harmful cations and
metals in water, such as heavy metals (cadmium, mercury,
and lead), radioactive elements (strontium and cesium),
ammonium, and other metals, causing safe and harmless
cations such as sodium to enter the water. Nanoporous mate-
rials are also used as membranes and filters in the purifica-
tion and removal of organic contaminants [106]
6 Porous carbons
Porous carbons have been exhaustively examined owing
to their enormous surface area, manipulable pore struc-
tures, and the ease with which they can be functionalized.
Nanostructured graphitic carbons are specifically attrac-
tive because of their promise as electrocatalysts, supports,
and electrodes [203]. A number of ways have been offered
to combine porosity with carbons via hard templating or
by carbonization of a porous organic precursor, such as a
gel or foam. Though, it might be difficult to control poros-
ity because of multiple length scales through one of these
routes. Multimodal porosity is eminently desirable, espe-
cially in catalytic materials, because it can be used to maxi-
mize surface area as well as to optimize fluid accessibility
and flow [219]. Recently, polymers from biomass (biopoly-
mers) have been used to prepare a range of nanostructures.
This results from the substantial chemistry of biopolymers
and particularly the ability to bind metal cations either
through adsorption onto raw biomass or within cross-linked
gels. On calcining in air, this ‘pre-organization’ of metals
can direct or constrain crystal nucleation to give metal oxide
nanostructures. Alternatively, an inert atmosphere can be
used to produce metal carbides through carbothermal reduc-
tion. Some metal carbide such as Fe3C in turn catalyze
Fig. 18 Schematic of the synthesis of nanoporous materials using the template along with the common template [17]
Fig. 19 Image of the structure of zeolite used in catalytic applications
[104–106]

Carbon Letters
1 3
graphitization, which is a simple route to carbide-derived
carbons’. In addition, the approximately high, thermal stabil-
ity of many biopolymers means that microstructural biologic
products [220].
6.1 Carbon nitride
Generally, carbon nitride materials are prepared by the cal-
cination method. The starting material containing carbon
and nitrogen is heated at around 600°C for ~ 5h. During this
process, the bulk carbon nitride forms by self-condensation.
The obtained bulk material is used in the next step of exfo-
liation. It involves dispersion in the aqueous phase by ultra-
sound treatment. During the ultra-sonication process, the
bulk carbon nitride materials break down by exfoliation to
form small nanosheets [221, 222]. The size and thickness of
carbon nitride sheets decrease to form layered graphite-like
CNNSs. The unexfoliated bulk particles are removed by cen-
trifuging at low speed (~ 5000rpm/10min). The resulting
supernatant liquid is dried in air to remove the water. Mela-
mine has been used frequently as a starting material. Other
starting materials include urea and dicyandiamide. The gen-
eral procedure to prepare carbon nitride nanomaterials is:
Heating of starting material in air/N2 → cooling → grind-
ing to obtain a fine powder of carbon nitride → ultrasound
treatment in water → removal of unexfoliated bulkg-C3N4
by centrifuge → drying liquid supernatant in air → graphitic
carbon nitride nanosheets (g − C3N4)[223].
6.1.1 Sensors andbiosensors
Carbon nitride materials also find applications as sensors
mainly due to simple material synthesis procedures and
tunable electronic properties. Using Carbon nitride sensing
is based mostly on detecting the fluorescence, but techniques
such as photoelectrochemistry as well as electrochemilu-
minescence can be applied [224]. In fluorescence probes,
alterations in the signal intensity, either enhanced or reduced
emissions, in the presence of the compound monitored are
detected. Sensitivity and selectivity as well as stability and
reproducibility are the main parameters of interest in this
application. Carbon nitride materials find applications as
biosensors for detecting environmental pollutants. Detec-
tion is based on the realization of electro- or photoinitiated
redox reactions (i.e., charge transfer) and requires the direct
or assisted interaction of the compound of interest with the
sensor. As in all other applications, modifications of the bare
carbon nitride have been applied to increase performance.
Usually, carbon nitride presents single photoluminescence
(PL) emission peak; however, variations have been reported
on modified carbon nitride materials that are most prob-
ably linked to the presence of midgap stages [225, 226].
The utilization of fluorescence quenching for many metal
ions has been demonstrated. Ultrathin CN prepared through
a facile sonication process was used for the selective and
ultrasensitive detection of Cu2 + (Fig.21). More impor-
tantly, the prepared material presented high sensitivity even
for artificial systems being able to detect 100nM of Cu2 +,
i.e., much lower than the 20μM Cu2 + level for drinking
water. The suggested mechanism for Cu2 + detection is based
on the interaction of Cu ions with the Lewis basic sites of
the carbon nitride structure and the consequent transfer of
photogenerated e − from the CB of the material. Electron
transfer occurs since the reduction potential of the Cu2 +/
Cu1 + redox couple lies below the carbon nitrides CB energy
level. This e − transfer is responsible for the reduction of the
Fig. 20 Diagram of platinum or
platinum-gold sensors synthe-
sized by electrospinning with
SEM images [17]

Carbon Letters
1 3
emission intensity peak. The photoelectrochemical (PEC)
approach was also investigated for the detection of Cu2 +
using an ITO/graphene-like carbon nitride electrode [226].
In this process, the photocurrent generated during the light
irradiation of the electrode is used to detect the presence of
metal ions. The process involves the formation of e − in the
CB of Carbon nitride and their transfer to the Pt electrode
through the ITO substrate. Cu2+ is then used as electron
acceptors to form metallic Cu on the surface of the Pt elec-
trode. Hence, metallic ions’ presence increases the separa-
tion of e − /h + and, therefore, the photocurrent response.
This provides a very sensitive approach for the detection of
Cu+ 2 at μM levels. It is highlighted that electrodes devel-
oped using bulk carbon nitride presented much lower sen-
sitivity compared with the carbon nitride NSs, probably to
the increased available area of the carbon nitride NSs and
the improved charge separation. In addition, the developed
electrodes presented high selectivity against the detection of
Cu2+ compared to other metal ions (Mn2+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Fe3+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, and Ag +) [109]. Chemical modi-
fication of carbon nitride has also been applied to increase
the sensitivity. AN FTO electrode functionalized with for-
mate anion-modified carbon nitride integrated with an ion-
imprinted polymer was developed for the detection of Cr3+,
Cr6+, and total chromium using the PEC approach [226]. A
linear response was observed in the region 0.01–100.00ppb
of Cr6+ with a detection limit 0.006ppb. The impressive
performance was attributed to the synthesis process applied
that involved the application of the template technique to
improve the metal/electrode interaction and the presence
of formate that acted as h + scavengers. Carbon nitride-
based sensors have been also developed for the detection
of organic molecules. The development of CN-based com-
posites through the coupling of carbon nitride with other
nanomaterials is another interesting approach to increasing
sensitivity. In this case, as well, the main goal is to increase
charge separation as a way to improve the signal response.
For example, the coupling of carbon nitride NSs with carbon
nanohorns (CNHs) resulted in the development of a highly
sensitive PEC biosensor for the detection of arecoline [226].
Carbon nitride Hs acted as e − transfer media serving a dual
purpose: e − transfer from the CB of carbon nitride to the
electrode substrate and from the organic substrate to carbon
nitride. In this case, the organic substrate acts as electron
donor to scavenge photogenerated h + and improve photo-
current response. The developed sensor presented 30pM
detection limit for arecoline. Ternary composites formed
through the coupling of carbon nitride with carbon nano-
tubes and Pd nanoparticles have been also highly efficient for
the detection of 17α-ethinylestradiol acting as an oxidation
catalyst [226]. Carbon nitride-based heterojunctions have
been also shown suitable for the development of sensors
[226]. Efficient charge separation is the primary target in
this family of materials as well.
6.2 Carbon nitride photocatalysts
Photocatalysis processes for producing alternative and
sustainable energy through hydrogen evolution and car-
bon dioxide reduction have secured a prominent position
Fig. 21 Proposed Cu2+ sensing mechanism from CN NSs based on fluorescence quenching [226]

Carbon Letters
1 3
among all the renewable energy technologies. The emerg-
ing carbon-based photocatalyst, namely graphitic carbon
nitride (g-C3N4), marks an important step toward the
practical application of photocatalysis. Research advances
show that a number of shortcomings still exist, such as
less active sites, high charge recombination rates, and low
visible light-harvesting abilities. Such limitations have
imposed severe restrictions on further applications of
g-C3N4. As a result, considerable efforts are being devoted
to enhancing the photocatalytic performance of pristine
g-C3N4.
Hybridization of carbon nitride with appropriate candi-
dates is also considered an efficient technique for accelerat-
ing the separation of the photogenerated electron-and-hole
pairs. Inspired by this fact, numerous carbon nitride-based
heterojunctions were fabricated and applied in hydrogen
evolution reactions. Titanium dioxide, a typical inorganic
semiconductor, is widely used as a hybridization candidate
with carbon nitride because of its non-response ability to the
visible light 2region [225].
Wang etal. [225] synthesized titanium dioxide/carbon
nitride heterojunctions simply by annealing the mixture of
melamine with the precursor of titanium dioxide. UV–vis
results revealed that the presence of carbon nitride can make
up for the non-response ability of titanium dioxide, and the
PL spectra indicated that the presence of titanium dioxide
can significantly solve the low electron transportation rate of
carbon nitride. Therefore, the synergistic effect provided by
the semiconductor heterojunctions resulted in an enhance-
ment of hydrogen evolution rate 5 times that of pristine
g-C3N4. In addition, CdS [225] is regarded as another prom-
ising photocatalyst because of its high efficiency in solar
storage and conversion. However, the stability is generally
unsatisfactory because the S2 − tends to be self-oxidized by
the light-excited holes.
Liu and coworkers [225] via a chemisorption method. As
illustrated in Fig.22A, the CB and VB of CdS are suitable
for that of carbon nitride; thus the photogenerated electron
in carbon nitride can transfer through the intimate inter-
face to the surface of CdS. Meanwhile, the corresponding
Fig. 22 A Transferring path of photogenerated electron and hole in
the intimate interface of binary CdS/carbon nitride heterojunction
[225]; B mechanism illustration of hydrogen evolution in ternary
Ni(OH)2/CdS/carbon nitride composite [225]; C TEM image of
multi-walled carbon nanotubes/carbon nitride hybrid [225]; and D
mechanism illustration of hydrogen generation with MgPc-sensitized
carbon nitride system [225]

Carbon Letters
1 3
photo-excited holes move to carbon nitride, with remarkably
improved charge carrier mobility. Thus, the self-oxidation
process in CdS can be effectively prohibited. As a result, an
H2 production rate 2.5 and 2.2 times higher than pure CdS
and graphitic carbon nitride, respectively, can be observed
in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Excellent reproducibility
was also obtained in the core–shell structure. In addition to
metal oxide and sulfide, a metal–organic framework [225]
is attracting increasing attention to constructing heterostruc-
tures together with carbon nitride.
Wang and coworkers [225] reported a novel heterostruc-
ture made by coupling carbon nitride with Zr-containing
MOF UiO-66 octahedrons. The as-obtained visible light
photocatalyst was first used for water splitting, showing
an H2 generation rate more than 17 times higher than that
of carbon nitride alone. The significant enhancement was
mostly attributed to the boosted electron–hole separation
rate within the intimate contact.
He and coworkers [225] reported a facial annealing
approach to fabricate a novel heterojunction that combined
graphitized polyacrylonitrile nanosheets with layered car-
bon nitride. The results indicated that the introduction of
a polymer can effectively accelerate the charge migration;
therefore, an H2 production rate of 3.8 times that of pristine
carbon nitride was observed. Apart from the previously men-
tioned binary composite, studies on ternary heterojunctions
have expanded as well in recent years.
Yan etal. [225] first constructed a CdS/carbon nitride
core/shell structure, loaded Ni(OH)2 on the surface of the
core/shell hybrid via a hydrothermal method, and used the
as-fabricated composite in the hydrogen evolution reac-
tion. Figure22B clearly shows that recombination of the
photogenerated electron-and-hole pairs can be effectively
reduced. As a result, the apparent quantum efficiency
reached as high as ~ 16.7% at a wavelength of 450nm.
Moreover, the presence of Ni(OH)2 exhibited activity in H2
evolution that was seven times higher than that of the noble
co-catalysts.
7 Outlook porous materials
There have been gigantic efforts to design and fabricate
varying porous materials to explore both the essential fab-
rication principles and their application in noise control. In
comparison with other forms of sound absorption materials,
such as perforated panels and membrane resonators, porous
materials offer the enormous advantage of massive absorp-
tion frequency range, low cost, and easy molding, which
make them perfect materials to be applied in fields such
as building and transportation. In this review, the research
and development of porous sound absorption materials
have been briefly summarized. Despite the recent advances
in the development of porous sound absorption materials,
some issues still need to be taken into account. First, it still
remains a fundamental challenge to make up porous materi-
als with a high sound absorption coefficient in all frequency
ranges to keep the minimum thickness and lightweight of
the materials. Second, with increasingly severe requirements
for human safety, flame resistiveness is hugely demanded in
sound absorption materials, especially for those applied in
rooms and vehicles, research work needs to take the flame
resistiveness into consideration. Last but not least, moisture
resistance should be foreseen to guarantee the durability and
stability of sound absorption materials. Solving these prob-
lems will further enhance the capability for the design of
highly effectual sound absorption materials and ameliorate
their practical applications [226].
8 Conclusion
(1) Nanoporous materials have nano-sized pores; so, a
large volume of their structure is empty space. Impor-
tant features of these materials include a very high sur-
face-to-volume ratio, high permeability or good sound,
good selectivity, and good heat and sound resistance. In
this paper, porous nanomaterials, their types of classi-
fications, organic and inorganic nanoporous materials,
as well as methods of synthesis, characterization and
applications of these materials were investigated. It is
said that porous materials are materials whose poros-
ity is between 0.2 and 0.95. The cavities were noted
to have various shapes, such as spherical, cylindrical,
grooved, funnel-shaped or hexagonal.
(2) Nanoporous materials have nano-sized pores and have
a very high specific surface area. In this paper, porous
nanostructures and supermolecular chemistry are
investigated and also a number of common nanopo-
rous materials, such as activated carbon, metal–organic
frameworks and zeolites, are introduced. It is said that
when an array of molecules is placed in a confined
space, stresses from neighboring molecules and walls
enter each molecule, which distorts the stable kinetic
and thermodynamic structure of the molecule and ulti-
mately changes the energy of its chemical reactions. It
was pointed out that very fine porosity at the nanom-
eter scale not only significantly increases the surface-
to-volume ratio, but also each is known as a specific
chemical space and affects the final properties of the
material. Also, this particular chemical space can have
a significant effect on the behavior of the foreign mol-
ecule (guest).
(3) Metal–organic frameworks are a new class of nano-
porous materials that are widely used in the storage
and separation of gasses due to their large size pores,

Carbon Letters
1 3
high specific surface area and selective adsorption of
small molecules. In this article, metal–organic frame-
works were introduced, design and synthesis of these
frameworks, as well as the necessity of using these
frameworks, their application in storage and separa-
tion of various gasses and release of drugs. Metal–
organic frameworks are said to be low-density crystal-
line compounds that consist of two units of metal ions
or clusters as nodes and organic ligands as binders. It
was pointed out that the final structure and properties
of metal–organic frameworks are strongly dependent
on the two parameters of raw materials and synthesis
process.
Acknowledgements Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. Young Researchers and
Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran,
Iran.
Author contributions Following is an explanation of the role of each
author in the work in order of importance: EK: Investigation, doing the
experimental studies, writing, reviewing and editing the original draft,
buying materials and concept and design. HS: Investigation, participa-
tion in writing, reviewing and editing and laboratory unit and concept
and design.
Funding Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials Not applicable.
Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of
interest.
Ethical approval I wrote to you in regard to your question about naming
co-authors in my article, I must point out that in the process of doing
the work, participation of them was effective in the final preparation
so it was necessary to mention the names of these people to stick to
professional research ethics, avoid plagiarism issues and keep my repu-
tation as a university researcher.
Human participants and/or animals Not applicable.
Informed consent Not applicable.
Consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
References
1. Polarz S, Smarsly B (2002) Nanoporous materials. J Nanosci
Nanotechnol 2:581–612
2. Davis ME, Saldarriaga C, Montes C, Garces J, Crowdert C
(1988) A molecular sieve with eighteen-membered rings. Nature
331:698–699
3. Kresge CT, Leonowicz ME, Roth WJ, Vartuli JC, Beck JS (1992)
Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-
crystal template mechanism. Nature 359:710–712
4. Li H, Eddaoudi M, O’Keeffe M, Yaghi OM (1999) Design and
synthesis of an exceptionally stable and highly porous metal-
organic framework. Nature 402:276–279
5. Davis ME (2002) Ordered porous materials for emerging applica-
tions. Nature 417:813–821
6. Sexton LT, Horne LP, Martin CR (2007) Developing synthetic
conical nanopores for biosensing applications. Mol Biosyst
3:667–685
7. Foresi JS, Villeneuve PR, Ferrera J, Thoen ER, Steinmeyer G,
Fan S, Joannopoulos JD, Kimerling LC, Smith HI, Ippen EP
(1997) Photonic-bandgap microcavities in opticalwaveguides.
Nature 390:3
8. Yablonovitch E (1987) Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-
state physics and electronics. Phys Rev Lett 58:4
9. Lee SB, Mitchell DT, Trofin L, Nevanen TK, Söderlund H,
Martin CR (2002) Antibody-based bio-nanotube membranes
for enantiomeric drug separations. Science 296:2198–2200
10. Mitchell DT, Lee SB, Trofin L, Li N, Nevanen TK, Söderlund
H, Martin CR (2002) Smart nanotubes for bioseparations and
biocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 124:11864–11865
11. Figeys D, Pinto D (2000) Lab-on-a-chip: a revolution in biologi-
cal and medical sciences. Anal Chem 72:330A-335A
12. Keller F, Hunter MS, Robinson DL (1953) Structural features of
oxide coatings on aluminum. J Electrochem Soc 100:411–419
13. Satoh M, Masuda H (1996) Fabrication of gold nanodot array
using anodic porous alumina as an evaporation mask. Jpn J Appl
Phys 35:4
14. Li AP, Muller F, Birner A, Nielsch K, Gosele U (1999) Fabrica-
tion and microstructuring of hexagonally ordered two-dimen-
sional nanopore arrays in anodic alumina. Adv Mater 11:5
15. Masuda H, Fukuda K (1995) Ordered metal nanohole arrays
made by a two-step replication of honeycomb structures of
anodic alumina. Science 268:3
16. Jessensky O, Muller F, Gosele U (1998) Self-organized forma-
tion of hexagonal pore arrays in anodic alumina. Appl Phys Lett
72:3
17. Li AP, Muller F, Birner A, Nielsch K, Gösele U (1998) Hexago-
nal pore arrays with a 50–420 nm interpore distance formed by
self-organization in anodic alumina. J Appl Phys 84:4
18. Lee MH, Lim N, Ruebusch DJ, Jamshidi A, Kapadia R, Lee R,
Seok TJ, Takei K, Cho KY, Fan Z, Jang H, Wu M, Cho G, Javey
A (2011) Roll-to-roll anodization and etching of aluminum foils
for high-throughput surface nanotexturing. Nano Lett 11:6
19. Masuda H, Takenaka K, Ishii T, Nishio K (2006) Long-range-
ordered anodic porous alumina with less-than-30 nm hole inter-
val. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 2(45):L1165–L1167
20. Yanagishita T, Nishio K, Masuda H (2005) Fabrication of metal
nanohole arrays with high aspect ratios using two-step replication
of anodic porous alumina. Adv Mater 17:2241–2243
21. Grimm S, Giesa R, Sklarek K, Langner A, Gosele U, Schmidt
H-W, Steinhart M (2008) Nondestructive replication of self-
ordered nanoporous alumina membranes via cross-linked poly-
acrylate nanofiber arrays. Nano Lett 8:6
22. Chen W, Wu JS, Xia XH (2008) Porous anodic alumina with
continuously manipulated pore/cell size. ACS Nano 2:7
23. Lee W, Ji R, Gosele U, Nielsch K (2006) Fast fabrication of long-
range ordered porous alumina membranes by hard anodization.
Nat Mater 5:741–747
24. Siwy ZS (2006) Ion-current rectification in nanopores and nano-
tubes with broken symmetry. Adv Funct Mater 16:12
25. Nishizawa M, Menon VP, Martin CR (1995) Metal nanotubule
membranes with electrochemically switchable ion-transport
selectivity. Science 268:3

Carbon Letters
1 3
26. Gaborski TR, Snyder JL, Striemer CC, Fang DZ, Hoffman M,
Fauchet PM, McGrath JL (2010) High-performance separation
of nanoparticles with ultrathin porous nanocrystalline silicon
membranes. ACS Nano 4:6973–6981
27. Jackson EA, Hillmyer MA (2010) Nanoporous membranes
derived from block copolymers: from drug delivery to water
filtration. ACS Nano 4:3548–3553
28. Li J, Gershow M, Stein D, Brandin E, Golovchenko JA (2003)
DNA molecules and configurations in a solid-state nanopore
microscope. Nat Mater 2:611–615
29. Siwy Z, Trofin L, Kohli P, Baker LA, Trautmann C, Martin CR
(2005) Protein biosensors based on biofunctionalized conical
gold nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 127:5000–5001
30. Ali M, Yameen B, Neumann R, Ensinger W, Knoll W, Azzaroni
O (2008) Biosensing and supramolecular bioconjugation in
single conical polymer nanochannels. Facile incorporation of
biorecognition elements into nanoconfined geometries. J Am
Chem Soc 130:16351–16357
31. Chen Z, Jiang Y, Dunphy DR, Adams DP, Hodges C, Liu N,
Zhang N, Xomeritakis G, Jin X, Aluru NR, Gaik SJ, Hillhouse
HW, Brinker CJ (2010) DNA translocation through an array of
kinked nanopores. Nat Mater 9(8):667–675
32. Venkatesan BM, Bashir R (2011) Nanopore sensors for nucleic
acid analysis. Nat Nanotechnol 6:615–624
33. Apel PY, Korchev YE, Siwy Z, Spohr R, Yoshida M (2001)
Diode-like single-ion track membrane prepared by electro-
stopping. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res B 184:10
34. Harrell CC, Kohli P, Siwy Z, Martin CR (2004) DNA-nanotube
artificial ion channels. J Am Chem Soc 126:2
35. Bean CP, DeSorbo W (1968) Porous bodies and method of
making. General Electric Company, Schenectady
36. Harrell CC, Siwy ZS, Martin CR (2006) Conical nanopore
membranes: controlling the nanopore shape. Small 2:5
37. Siwy Z, Trofin L, Kohli P, Baker LA, Trautmann C, Martin CR
(2005) Protein biosensors based on biofunctionalized conical
gold nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 127:2
38. Mukaibo H, Horne LP, Park D, Martin CR (2009) Controlling
the length of conical pores etched in ion-tracked poly(ethylene
terephthalate) membranes. Small 5:6
39. Menon VP, Martin CR (1995) Fabrication and evaluation of
nanoelectrode ensembles. Anal Chem 67:9
40. Yu S, Li N, Wharton J, Martin CR (2003) Nano wheat fields
prepared by plasma-etching gold nanowire-containing mem-
branes. Nano Lett 3:4
41. Rajasekaran PR, Wolf J, Zhou C, Kinsel M, Trautmann C,
Aouadib S, Kohli P (2009) Two dimensional anisotropic etch-
ing in tracked glass. J Mater Chem 19:8
42. James T, Kalinin YV, Chan CC, Randhawa JS, Gaevski M,
Gracias DH (2012) Voltage-gated ion transport through semi-
conducting conical nanopores formed by metal nanoparticle-
assisted plasma etching. Nano Lett 12:6
43. Zhou C, Rajasekaran PR, Wolff J, Li X, Kohli P (2010) Photo-
pens: a simple and versatile tool for Maskless photolithogra-
phy. Langmuir 26:17726–17732
44. Li X, Matthews S, Kohli P (2008) Fluorescence resonance
energy transfer in polydiacetylene liposomes. J Phys Chem B
112:13263–13272
45. Weihua Deng MWT, Brent H (2003) Shanks: surfactant-
assisted synthesis of alumina with hierachical nanopores. Adv
Funct Mater 13:61–65
46. Cabrera S, Haskouri JE, Alamo J, Beltrμn A, Beltrán D, Men-
dioroz S, Dolores Marcos M, Amorós P (1999) Surfactant-
assisted synthesis of mesoporous alumina showing continu-
ously adjustable pore sizes. Adv Mater 11:379–381
47. Naik B, Ghosh NN (2009) A review on chemical methodologies
for preparation of mesoporous silica and alumina based materi-
als. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 3:12
48. Rinaldia R, Schüth F (2009) Design of solid catalysts for the
conversion of biomass. Energy Environ Sci 2:17
49. Choi M, Na K, Kim J, Sakamoto Y, Terasaki O, Ryoo R (2009)
Stable single-unit-cell nanosheets of zeolite MFI as active and
long-lived catalysts. Nature 416:4
50. Na K, Jo C, Kim J, Cho K, Jung J, Seo Y, Messinger RJ, Chmelka
BF, Ryoo R (2011) Directing zeolite structures into hierarchically
nanoporous architectures. Science 333:5
51. Na K, Choi M, Park W, Sakamoto Y, Terasaki O, Ryoo R (2010)
Pillared MFI zeolite nanosheets of a single-unit-cell thickness. J
Am Chem Soc 132:4169–4177
52. Li J, Papadopoulos C, Xu J (1999) Nanoelectronics: growing
Y-junction carbon nanotubes. Nature 402:253–254
53. Broughton J, Davies GA (1995) Porous cellular ceramic mem-
branes: a stochastic model to describe the structure of an anodic
oxide membrane. J Membr Sci 106:89–101
54. Nielsch K, Choi J, Schwirn K, Wehrspohn RB, Gösele U (2002)
Self-ordering regimes of porous alumina: the 10 porosity rule.
Nano Lett 2:677–680
55. Zakeri R, Watts C, Wang H, Kohli P (2007) Synthesis and char-
acterization of nonlinear nanopores in alumina films. Chem
Mater 19:1954–1963
56. Mintova S, Bein T (2001) Microporous films prepared by spin-
coating stable colloidal suspensions of zeolites. Adv Mater
13(24):1880–1883
57. Ree MH, Yoon JW, Heo KY (2006) Imprinting well-controlled
closed-nanopores in spin-on polymeric dielectric thin films. J
Mater Chem 16:13
58. Zhang M, Yang L, Yurt S, Misner MJ, Chen J-T, Coughlin EB,
Venkataraman D, Russell TP (2007) Highly ordered nanoporous
thin films from cleavable polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide).
Adv Mater 19:6
59. Lo K-H, Ho R-M, Liao Y-M, Hsu C-S, Massuyeau F, Zhao Y-C,
Lefrant S, Duvail J-L (2011) Induced chain alignment of conju-
gated polymers within nanoporous template. Adv Funct Mater
21:8
60. Zalusky AS, Olayo-Valles R, Wolf JH, Hillmyer MA (2002)
Ordered nanoporous polymers from polystyrene-polylactide
block copolymers. JACS 124:13
61. Ryu J-H, Park S, Kim B, Klaikherd A, Russell TP, Thayuma-
navan S (2009) Highly ordered gold nanotubes using thiols at a
cleavable block copolymer interface. JACS 131:2
62. Hiroki Uehara MK, Sekiya M, Sakuma D, Yamonobe T, Takano
N, Barraud A, Meurville E, Ryser P (2009) Size-selective diffu-
sion in nanoporous but flexible membranes for glucose sensors.
ACS Nano 3:924
63. Chen L, Phillip WA, Cussler EL, Hillmyer MA (2007) Robust
nanoporous membranes templated by a doubly reactive block
copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 129:13786–13787
64. Muralidharan V, Hui C-Y (2004) Stability of nanoporous materi-
als. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:1487–1490
65. Seo M, Hillmyer MA (2012) Reticulated nanoporous polymers
by controlled polymerization-induced microphase separation.
Science 336:1422–1425
66. Zalusky AS, Olayo-Valles R, Wolf JH, Hillmyer MA (2002)
Ordered nanoporous polymers from polystyrene−polylactide
block copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 124:12761–12773
67. Zhou J, Ellis AV, Voelcker NH (2009) Recent developments in
PDMS surface modification for microfluidic devices. Electropho-
resis 31:15
68. Jiao K, Graham CL, Wolff J, Iyer RG, Kohli P (2012) Modulating
molecular and nanoparticle transport in flexible polydimethylsi-
loxane membranes. J Memb Sci 401–402:8

Carbon Letters
1 3
69. Rajasekaran PR, Sharifi P, Wolff J, Kohli P (2015) Fabrication
and characterization of non-linear parabolic microporous mem-
branes. J Membr Sci 473:28–35
70. Zhe-Xue AN, Lu MM (2008) Collinson, self-supporting nanop-
ore membranes with controlled pore size and shape. ACS Nano
2(5):993–999
71. Gasparac R, Kohli P, Mota MO, Trofin L, Martin CR (2004)
Template synthesis of nano test tubes. Nano Lett 4:4
72. Hillebrenner H, Buyukserin F, Kang M, Mota MO, Stewart JD,
Martin CR (2006) Corking nano test tubes by chemical self-
assembly. J Am Chem Soc 128:2
73. Joo SH, Choi SJ, Oh I, Kwak J, Liu Z, Terasaki O, Ryoo R (2001)
Ordered nanoporous arrays of carbon supporting high dispersions
of platinum nanoparticles. Nature 412:169–172
74. Pyun J, Jia S, Kowalewski T, Patterson GD, Matyjaszewski
K (2003) Synthesis and characterization of organic/inorganic
hybrid nanoparticles: kinetics of surface-initiated atom transfer
radical polymerization and morphology of hybrid nanoparticle
ultrathin films. Macromolecules 36:5094–5104
75. Wildeson IH, Ewoldt DA, Colby R, Stach EA, Sands TD (2011)
Controlled growth of ordered nanopore arrays in GaN. Nano Lett
11:6
76. Burt DA, Carter GL, Koenig TJ, White JW (1996) Taylor, molec-
ular markers reveal cryptic sex in the human pathogen Coccidi-
oides immitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:770–773
77. Akeson M, Branton D, Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E, Deamer DW
(1999) Microsecond time-scale discrimination among polycyti-
dylic acid, polyadenylic acid, and polyuridylic acid as homopoly-
mers or as segments within single RNA molecules. Biophys J
77:3227–3233
78. Jin P, Mukaibo H, Horne LP, Bishop GW, Martin CR (2010)
Electroosmotic flow rectification in pyramidal-pore mica mem-
branes. J Am Chem Soc 132:2
79. Fröhlich HP, Woermann D (1986) Modification of electrochemi-
cal properties of pore wall of track-etched mica membranes. Col-
loid Polym Sci 264:159–166
80. Cervera J, Schiedt B, Ramírez P (2005) A Poisson/Nernst-Planck
model for ionic transport through synthetic conical nanopores.
EPL (Europhys Lett) 71:35
81. Lodge TP (2003) Block copolymers: past successes and future
challenges. Macromol Chem Phys 204:265–273
82. Uehara H, Kakiage M, Sekiya M, Sakuma D, Yamonobe T,
Takano N, Barraud A, Meurville E, Ryser P (2009) Size-selective
diffusion in nanoporous but flexible membranes for glucose sen-
sors. ACS Nano 3:924–932
83. Yang SY, Ryu I, Kim HY, Kim JK, Jang SK, Russell TP (2006)
Nanoporous membranes with ultrahigh selectivity and flux for
the filtration of viruses. Adv Mater 18:4
84. Jeong U, Ryu DY, Kho DH, Kim JK, Goldbach JT, Kim DH,
Russell TP (2004) Enhancement in the orientation of the micro-
domain in block copolymer thin films upon the addition of
homopolymer. Adv Mater 16:533–536
85. Asatekin A, Gleason KK (2011) Polymeric nanopore membranes
for hydrophobicity-based separations by conformal initiated
chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 11:10
86. Howorka S, Siwy ZS (2012) Nanopores as protein sensors. Nat.
Biotech 30:506–507
87. Vlassiouk I, Kozel TR, Siwy ZS (2009) Biosensing with nano-
fluidic diodes. J Am Chem Soc 131:8211–8220
88. John E, Wharton PJ, Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Mino
WK, Martin CR (2009) A method for reproducibly preparing
synthetic nanopores for resistive-pulse biosensors. Small 3:7
89. Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Bishop GW, Baker LA, Mar-
tin CR (2007) Resistive-pulse studies of proteins and protein/
antibody complexes using a conical nanotube sensor. J Am Chem
Soc 129:13144–13152
90. Sexton LT, Mukaibo H, Katira P, Hess H, Sherrill SA, Horne
LP, Martin CR (2010) An adsorption-based model for pulse
duration in resistive-pulse protein sensing. J Am Chem Soc
132(19):6755–6763
91. Lu Y, Ganguli R, Drewien CA, Anderson MT, Brinker CJ, Gong
W, Guo Y, Soyez H, Dunn B, Huang MH, Zink JI (1997) Con-
tinuous formation of supported cubic and hexagonal mesoporous
films by sol–gel dip-coating. Nature 389:364–368
92. Hu C, Xiao JD, Mao XD, Song LL, Yang XY, Liu SJ (2019)
Toughening mechanisms of epoxy resin using aminated metal-
organic framework as additive. Mater Lett 240:113–117. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. matlet. 2018. 12. 123
93. Xing XS, Fu ZH, Zhang NN, Yu XQ, Wang MS, Guo GC (2019)
High proton conduction in an excellent water-stable gadolinium
metal-organic framework. Chem Commun 55:1241–1244.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1039/ C8CC0 8700H
94. Yang H, Bright J, Kasani S, Zheng P, Musho T, Chen B, Wu
N (2019) Metal-organic Framework coated titanium diox-
ide nanorod array p-n heterojunction photoanode for solar
water-splitting. Nano Res 12:1e8. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s12274- 019- 2272-4
95. Howlader P, Mukherjee PS (2019) Solvent directed synthesis
of molecular cage and metal organic framework of copper (II)
paddlewheel cluster. Isr J Chem 59:1e8. https:// doi. or g/ 10. 1002/
ijch. 20180 0155
96. Kampouri S, Nguyen TN, Spodaryk M, Palgrave RG, Züttel A,
Smit B, Stylianou KC (2018) Dual-functional photocatalysis:
concurrent photocatalytic hydrogen generation and dye degra-
dation using MIL-125-NH2 under visible light irradiation. Adv
Funct Mater 28:1870373. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ adfm. 20187
0373
97. Chao MY, Chen J, Hao ZM, Tang XY, Ding L, Zhang WH, Lang
JP (2018) A single-crystal to single-crystal conversion scheme
for a 2D metal-organic framework bearing linear cd3 secondary
building units. Cryst Growth Des 19:724–729. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1021/ acs. cgd. 8b013 11
98. Huan W, Xing M, Cheng C, Li J (2018) Facile fabrication of
magnetic metal-organic Framework nanofibers for specific
capture of phosphorylated peptides. ACS Sustain Chem Eng
7:2245–2254. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1021/ acssu schem eng. 8b049 28
99. Jiang HL, Yang Q, Yang CC, Lin CH (2018) Metal-organic-
framework-derived hollow n-doped porous carbon with ultrahigh
concentrations of single Zn atoms for efficient carbon dioxide
conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed 58:3511–3515. https:// doi. org/
10. 1002/ anie. 20181 3494
100. Rajak R, Saraf M, Mobin SM (2018) Robust heterostructure of
bimetallic sodium zinc metal organic framework and reduced
graphene oxide for high performance supercapacitors. J Mater
Chem A 7:1725–1736. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1039/ C8TA0 9528K
101. Yang F, Wu M, Wang Y, Ashtiani S, Jiang H (2019) A GO-
induced assembly strategy to repair mof nanosheet-based mem-
brane for efficient H2/CO2 separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
11:990–997. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1021/ acsami. 8b194 80
102. Marshall N, James W, Fulmer J, Crittenden S, Rowe GT (2018)
Polythiophene doping of the copper-based metal-organic frame-
work HKUST-1 using innate MOF-catalyzed oxidative polym-
erization. Chem Rxiv 58:5561–5575. https:// doi. org/ 10. 26434/
chemr xiv. 72834 74. v4
103. Salimi M, Pirouzfar V, Kianfar E (2017) Enhanced gas transport
properties in silica nanoparticle filler-polystyrene nanocomposite
membranes. Colloid Polym Sci 295:215–226. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1007/ s00396- 016- 3998-0
104. Kianfar E (2018) Synthesis and characterization of AlPO4/
ZSM-5 catalyst for methanol conversion to dimethyl ether. Russ J
Appl Chem 91:1711–1720. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1134/ S1070 42721
81002 08

Carbon Letters
1 3
105. Kianfar E (2019) Ethylene to propylene conversion over Ni-W/
ZSM-5 catalyst. Russ J Appl Chem 92:1094–1101. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1134/ S1070 42721 90800 68
106. Kianfar E, Salimi M, Kianfar F, Kianfar M, Razavikia SAH
(2019) CO2/N2 separation using polyvinyl chloride iso-phthalic
acid/aluminium nitrate nanocomposite membrane. Macromol
Res 27:83–89. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s13233- 019- 7009-4
107. Kianfar E (2019) Ethylene to propylene over zeolite ZSM-5:
improved catalyst performance by treatment with CuO. Russ J
Appl Chem 92:933–939. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1134/ S1070 42721
90700 85
108. Kianfar E, Shirshahi M, Kianfar F, Kianfar F (2018) Simultane-
ous prediction of the density, viscosity and electrical conductiv-
ity of pyridinium-based hydrophobic ionic liquids using artifi-
cial neural network. SILICON 10:2617–2625. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1007/ s12633- 018- 9798-z
109. Salimi M, Pirouzfar V, Kianfar E (2017) Novel nanocomposite
membranes prepared with PVC/ABS and silica nanoparticles for
C2H6/CH4 separation. Polym Sci Ser A 59:566–574. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1134/ S0965 545X1 70400 71
110. Kianfar F, Kianfar E (2019) Synthesis of isophthalic acid/alu-
minum nitrate thin film nanocomposite membrane for hard water
softening. J Inorg Organomet Polym 29:2176–2185. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1007/ s10904- 019- 01177-1
111. Kianfar E, Azimikia R, Faghih SM (2020) Simple and strong
dative attachment of α-diimine nickel (II) catalysts on sup-
ports for ethylene polymerization with controlled morphol-
ogy. Catal Lett 150:2322–2330. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s10562- 020- 03116-z
112. Kianfar E (2019) Nanozeolites: synthesized, properties, applica-
tions. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 91:415–429. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s10971- 019- 05012-4
113. Liu H, Kianfar E (2021) Investigation the synthesis of Nano-
SAPO-34 catalyst prepared by different templates for MTO
process. Catal Lett 151:787–802. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s10562- 020- 03333-6
114. Kianfar E, Salimi M, Hajimirzaee S, Koohestani B (2018) Metha-
nol to gasoline conversion over CuO/ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized
using sonochemistry method. Int J Chem React Eng. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1515/ ijcre- 2018- 0127
115. Kianfar E, Salimi M, Pirouzfar V, Koohestani B (2018) Synthesis
of modified catalyst and stabilization of CuO/NH4-ZSM-5 for
conversion of methanol to gasoline. Int J Appl Ceram Technol
15:734–741. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ ijac. 12830
116. Kianfar E, Salimi M, Pirouzfar V, Koohestani B (2018) Synthe-
sis and modification of zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst with solutions of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
for methanol to gasoline conversion. Int J Chem React Eng
16(7):20170229. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1515/ ijcre- 2017- 0229
117. Ehsan K (2019) Comparison and assessment of Zeolite catalysts
performance dimethyl ether and light olefins production through
methanol: a review. Rev Inorg Chem 39:157–177
118. Ehsan K, Mahmoud S (2020) A review on the production of light
olefins from hydrocarbons cracking and methanol conversion.
In: James CT (ed) Advances in chemistry research, volume 59,
chapter1. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York
119. Ehsan K, Ali R (2020) Zeolite catalyst based selective for the
process MTG: A review. In: Annett M (ed) Zeolites: advances
in research and applications, chapter8. Nova Science Publishers
Inc, New York
120. Ehsan K (2020) Zeolites: properties, applications, modification
and selectivity. In: Annett M (ed) Zeolites: advances in research
and applications. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York
121. Kianfar E, Hajimirzaee S, Musavian SS, Mehr AS (2020) Zeo-
lite-based catalysts for methanol to gasoline process: a review.
Microchem J 156:1048
122. Kianfar E, Baghernejad M, Rahimdashti Y (2015) Study syn-
thesis of vanadium oxide nanotubes with two template hexa-
decylamin and hexylamine. Biol Forum 7:1671–1685
123. Ehsan K (2020) Synthesizing of vanadium oxide nanotubes
using hydrothermal and ultrasonic method. Lambert Academic
Publishing, Saarbrücken, pp 1–80
124. Kianfar E, Pirouzfar V, Sakhaeinia H (2017) An experimental
study on absorption/stripping CO2 using Mono-ethanol amine
hollow fiber membrane contactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng
80:954–962
125. Kianfar E, Viet C (2021) Polymeric membranes on base of
PolyMethyl methacrylate for air separation: a review. J Market
Res 10:1437–1461
126. Nmousavian SS, Faravar P, Zarei Z, Zimikia R, Monjezi MG,
Kianfar E (2020) Modeling and simulation absorption of CO2
using hollow fiber membranes (HFM) with mono-ethanol
amine with computational fluid dynamics. J Environ Chem
Eng 8(4):103946
127. Zhidong Y, Liehui Z, Yuhui Z, Hui W, Lichen W, Ehsan K
(2020) Investigation of effective parameters on SAPO-34 Nano
catalyst the methanol-to-olefin conversion process: a review.
Rev Inorg Chem 40(3):91–105. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1515/
revic- 2020- 0003
128. Gao C, Liao J, Jingqiong Lu, Ma J, Kianfar E (2020) The effect
of nanoparticles on gas permeability with polyimide membranes
and network hybrid membranes: a review. Rev Inorg Chem.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1515/ revic- 2020- 0007
129. Ehsan K, Mahmoud S, Behnam K (2020) Zeolite CATALYST:
A review on the production of light olefins. Lambert Academic
Publishing, Saarbrücken, pp 1–116
130. Ehsan K (2020) Investigation on catalysts of “methanol to light
olefins.” Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, pp 1–168
131. Kianfar E (2020) Application of nanotechnology in enhanced
recovery oil and gas importance and applications of nanotech-
nology, volume 5, chapter3. MedDocs Publishers, London, pp
16–21
132. Kianfar E (2020) Catalytic properties of nanomaterials and fac-
tors affecting it importance and applications of nanotechnology,
volume 5, chapter4. MedDocs Publishers, London, pp 22–25
133. Kianfar E (2020) Introducing the application of nanotechnology
in lithium-ion battery importance and applications of nanotech-
nology, volume 4, chapter4. MedDocs Publishers, London, pp
1–7
134. Ehsan K, Mazaheri H (2020) Synthesis of nanocomposite (CAU-
10-H) thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane for removal of
color from the water. Fine Chem Eng 1:83–91
135. Kianfar E (2020) Simultaneous prediction of the density and vis-
cosity of the ternary system water-ethanol-ethylene glycol using
support vector machine. Fine Chem Eng 1:69–74
136. Kianfar E, Mahmoud S, Behnam K (2020) Methanol to gasoline
conversion over CuO / ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized and influence
of water on conversion. Fine Chem Eng 1:75–82
137. Kianfar E (2020) An experimental study PVDF and PSF hollow
fiber membranes for chemical absorption carbon dioxide. Fine
Chem Eng 1:92–103
138. Kianfar E, Sajjad M (2020) Ionic liquids: properties, application,
and synthesis. Fine Chem Eng 2:22–31
139. Faghih SM, Kianfar E (2018) Modeling of fluid bed reactor of
ethylene dichloride production in Abadan Petrochemical based
on three-phase hydrodynamic model. Int J Chem React Eng
16:1–14
140. Ehsan K, Mazaheri H (2020) Methanol to gasoline: a sustainable
transport fuel. In: James CT (ed) Advances in chemistry research,
volume 66, chapter4. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York
141. Kianfar E (2020) A comparison and assessment on performance
of zeolite catalyst based selective for theprocess methanol to

Carbon Letters
1 3
gasoline: a review. Advances in chemistry research, volume 3,
chapter2. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York
142. Ehsan K, Saeed H, Seyed MF etal (2020) Polyvinyl chloride +
nanoparticles titanium oxide Membrane for Separation of O2 /
N2. Advances in nanotechnology. Nova Science Publishers Inc,
New York
143. Ehsan K (2020) Synthesis of characterization Nanoparticles
isophthalic acid / aluminum nitrate (CAU-10-H) using method
hydrothermal. Advances in chemistry research. Nova Science
Publishers Inc, New York
144. Ehsan K (2020) CO2 capture with ionic liquids: a review.
Advances in chemistry research, volume 67. Nova Science Pub-
lishers Inc, New York
145. Ehsan K (2020) Enhanced light olefins production via methanol
dehydration over promoted SAPO-34. Advances in chemistry
research, volume 63, chapter4. Nova Science Publishers Inc,
New York
146. Ehsan K (2020) Gas hydrate: applications, structure, forma-
tion, separation processes, Thermodynamics. In: James CT (ed)
Advances in chemistry research, volume 62, chapter8. Nova
Science Publishers Inc, New York
147. Kianfar M, Kianfar F, Kianfar E (2016) The Effect of nano-
composites on the mechanic and morphological characteristics
of NBR/PA6 blends. Am J Oil Chem Technol 4(1):29–44
148. Kianfar E (2016) The effect of nano-composites on the mechanic
and morphological characteristics of NBR/PA6 blends. Am J Oil
Chem Technol 4(1):27–42
149. Kianfar F, Moghadam SM, Kianfar E (2015) Energy optimization
of Ilam gas refinery unit 100 by using HYSYS refinery software.
Indian J Sci Technol 8(S9):431–436
150. Kianfar E (2015) Production and identification of vanadium
oxide nanotubes. Indian J Sci Technol 8(S9):455–464
151. Kianfar F, Moghadam SR, Kianfar E (2015) Synthesis of spiro
pyran by using silica-bonded n-propyldiethylenetriamine as recy-
clable basic catalyst. Indian J Sci Technol 8(11):68669
152. Hajimirzaee S, Soleimani Mehr A, Kianfar E (2020) Modified
ZSM-5 zeolite for conversion of LPG to aromatics. Polycycl Aro-
mat Compd. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 10406 638. 2020. 18330 48
153. Kianfar E (2021) Investigation of the effect of crystallization
temperature and time in synthesis of SAPO-34 catalyst for the
production of light olefins. Pet Chem 61:527–537. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1134/ S0965 54412 10500 30
154. Huang X, Zhu Y, Kianfar E (2021) Nano biosensors: properties,
applications and electrochemical techniques. J Mater Res Tech-
nol 12:1649–1672. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jmrt. 2021. 03. 048
155. Kianfar E (2021) Protein nanoparticles in drug delivery: ani-
mal protein, plant proteins and protein cages, albumin nano-
particles. J Nanobiotechnol 19:159. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/
s12951- 021- 00896-3
156. Kianfar E (2020) Magnetic nanoparticles in targeted drug deliv-
ery: a review. J Supercond Novel Magn. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s10948- 021- 05932-9
157. Syah R, Zahar M, Kianfar E (2021) Nanoreactors: properties,
applications and characterization. Int J Chem React Eng. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1515/ ijcre- 2021- 0069
158. Majdi HS, Latipov ZA, Borisov V etal (2021) Nano and battery
anode: a review. Nanoscale Res Lett 16:177. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1186/ s11671- 021- 03631-x
159. Bokov D, Turki Jalil A, Chupradit S, Suksatan W, Javed Ansari
M, Shewael IH, Valiev GH, Kianfar E (2021) Nanomaterial by
sol-gel method: synthesis and application. Adv Mater Sci Eng.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2021/ 51020 14
160. Ansari MJ, Kadhim MM, Hussein BA etal (2022) Synthesis and
stability of magnetic nanoparticles. BioNanoSci. https:// doi. org/
10. 1007/ s12668- 022- 00947-5
161. Chupradit S, Kavitha M, Suksatan W, Ansari MJ, Al Mashhadani
ZI, Kadhim MM, Mustafa YF, Shafik SS, Kianfar E (2022) Mor-
phological control: properties and applications of metal nano-
structures. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2022/
19718 91
162. Salah Aldeen OD, Mahmoud MZ, Majdi HS, Mutlak DA,
Fakhriddinovich UK (2022) Investigation of effective parameters
Ce and Zr in the Synthesis of H-ZSM-5 and SAPO-34 on the
production of light olefins from naphtha. Adv Mater Sci Eng.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2022/ 61651 80
163. Suryatna A, Raya I, Thangavelu L, Alhachami FR, Kadhim MM,
Altimari US, Mahmoud ZH, Mustafa YF, Kianfar E (2022) A
review of high-energy density lithium-air battery technology:
investigating the effect of oxides and nanocatalysts. J Chem.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2022/ 27626 47
164. Abdelbasset WK, Jasim SA, Bokov DO etal (2022) Comparison
and evaluation of the performance of graphene-based biosensors.
Carbon Lett. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s42823- 022- 00338-6
165. Jasim SA, Kadhim MM, Kn V etal (2022) Molecular junctions:
introduction and physical foundations, nanoelectrical conduc-
tivity and electronic structure and charge transfer in organic
molecular junctions. Braz J Phys 52:31. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s13538- 021- 01033-z
166. Dehghan M, Tahmasebipour M, Ebrahimi S (2022) Design,
fabrication, and characterization of an SLA 3D printed nano-
composite electromagnetic microactuator. Microelectron Eng
254:111695
167. Niyaraki MN, Ghasemi I, Daneahpayeh S (2021) Predicting of
impact strength and elastic modulus of polypropylene/EPDM/
graphene/glass fiber nanocomposites by response surface meth-
odology. Teh Glas 15(2):169–177
168. Rajeshkumar S, Subramanian AK, Prabhakar R (2021) Invitro
anti-inflammatory activity of silymarin/hydroxyapatite/chitosan
nanocomposites and its cytotoxic effect using brine shrimp
lethality assay: nanocomposite for biomedical applications. J
Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. https:// doi. org/ 10. 47750/ jptcp. 2022.
874
169. Markov AA, Solovyov GS, Timokhina K, Turovinina EF,
Voronin AK (2022) The Possibility of the development of anti-
bacterial properties on the metallic constructions for the treat-
ment and rehabilitation of patients with bone pathology. J Com-
plementary Med Res 13(1):58–63. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5455/ jcmr.
2022. 13. 01. 10
170. Fernandes O, Phadte S, Biradar BS, Menezes A (2021) Synthe-
sis and characterization of novel 3-substituted-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-
1-phenyl/methylquinolin-2-(1H)-one derivatives as analgesic
agents. Eur Chem Bull 10(4):218–224
171. Salim FB, Shiaka GP, Muhammad M, Nafisa B, Surayya MM,
Saadatu AY, Gayus R, Gumel AM (2021) Influence of reaction
temperature on bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevi-
siae Using Cassava as substrate. Int J Sustain Energy Environ
Res 10(1):9–16. https:// doi. org/ 10. 18488/ journ al. 13. 2021. 101.9.
16
172. Saied S, Mohammed S, Khaleel B, Saleh M (2021) Comparative
studies between conventional techniques and green chemistry to
synthesis of novel piperidinium salts ionic liquids (PBSILs). J
Chem Health Risks 11(4):451–456. https:// doi. org/ 10. 22034/ jchr .
2021. 686640
173. Kundu R, Biswas C, Ahmed J, Naime J, Ara M (2020) A study on
the adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution onto acti-
vated carbon originated from Bombax ceiba fruit shell. J Chem
Health Risks 10(4):243–252. https:// doi. org/ 10. 22034/ jchr. 2020.
19037 64. 1154
174. Seyyedi M, Molajou A (2021) Nanohydroxyapatite loaded-
acrylated polyurethane nanofibrous scaffolds for controlled

Carbon Letters
1 3
release of paclitaxel anticancer drug. J Res Sci Eng Technol
9(01):50–61
175. Iqbal SA, Hafez MG, Chu Y-M, Park C (2012) Dynamical Analy-
sis of nonautonomous RLC circuit with the absence and presence
of Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative. J Appl Anal Comput
12(2):770–789. https:// doi. org/ 10. 11948/ 20210 324
176. Xu Y, Zhang H, Yang F, Tong L, Yan D, Yang Y, Wu Y (2021)
Experimental investigation of pneumatic motor for transport
application. Renew Energy 179:517–527. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1016/j. renene. 2021. 07. 072
177. Zhang X, Tang Y, Zhang F, Lee C (2016) A novel aluminum-
graphite dual-ion battery. Adv Energy Mater 6(11):1502588.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ aenm. 20150 2588
178. Tong X, Zhang F, Ji B, Sheng M, Tang Y (2016) Carbon-coated
porous aluminum foil anode for high-rate, long-term cycling
stability, and high energy density dual-ion batteries. Adv Mater
(Weinh) 28(45):9979–9985. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ adma. 20160
3735
179. Lu Z, Zhang F, Fu H, Ding H, Chen L (2021) Rotational nonlin-
ear double-beam energy harvesting. Smart Mater Struct. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1088/ 1361- 665X/ ac4579
180. Shen Z, Zhang J, Wu S, Luo X, Jenkins BM, Moody MP, Zeng
X (2022) Microstructure understanding of high Cr-Ni austenitic
steel corrosion in high-temperature steam. Acta Mater. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. actam at. 2022. 117634
181. Liu Z, Long J, Su H, Cong S, Chen K, Wang P, Guo X (2022)
Understanding the stress corrosion cracking growth mechanism
of a cold worked alumina-forming austenitic steel in supercritical
carbon dioxide. Corros Sci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. corsci. 2022.
110179
182. Ju J, Shen Z, Kang M, Zhang J, Wang J (2022) On the pref-
erential grain boundary oxidation of a Ni-Co-based superalloy.
Corros Sci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. corsci. 2022. 110203
183. Guo X, Lu J, Lai P, Shen Z, Zhuang W, Han Z, Lozano-Perez S
(2022) Understanding the fretting corrosion mechanism of zir-
conium alloy exposed to high temperature high pressure water.
Corros Sci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. corsci. 2022. 110300
184. Cao M, Chang Z, Tan J, Wang X, Zhang P, Lin S, Li A (2022)
Superoxide radical-mediated self-synthesized Au/MoO3-x
hybrids with enhanced peroxidase-like activity and photother-
mal effect for anti-MRSA therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
14(11):13025–13037. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1021/ acsami. 1c236 76
185. Huang Z, Luo P, Zheng H, Lyu Z (2022) Sulfur-doped graphene
promoted Li4Ti5O12@C nanocrystals for lithium-ion batteries.
J Alloys Compd. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jallc om. 2022. 164599
186. Yang G, Feng X, Wang W, OuYang Q, Liu L (2021) Effective
interlaminar reinforcing and delamination monitoring of carbon
fibrous composites using a novel nano-carbon woven grid. Com-
pos Sci Technol 213:108959. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. comps cit-
ech. 2021. 108959
187. Hu K, Wang F, Shen Z, Liu H, Xiong J (2021) Ternary hetero-
junctions synthesis and sensing mechanism of Pd/ZnO–SnO2
hollow nanofibers with enhanced H2 gas sensing properties. J
Alloy Compd 850:156663. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jallc om.
2020. 156663
188. Zhang X, Ma F, Dai Z, Wang J, Chen L, Ling H, Soltanian MR
(2022) Radionuclide transport in multi-scale fractured rocks: a
review. J Hazard Mater 424(Pt C):127550. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1016/j. jhazm at. 2021. 127550
189. Wang Y, Xinchen W, Markus A, Yuanjian Z (2010) Facile one-
pot synthesis of nanoporous carbon nitride solids by using soft
templates. Chemsuschem 3(4):435–439
190. Schnepp Z, Zhang Y, Hollamby MJ, Pauw BR, Tanaka M, Mat-
sushita Y, Sakka Y (2013) Doped-carbon electrocatalysts with
trimodal porosity from a homogeneous polypeptide gel. J Mater
Chem A 1(43):13576–13581
191. Zhang Y, Schnepp Z, Cao J etal (2013) Biopolymer-activated
graphitic carbon nitride towards a sustainable photocathode
material. Sci Rep 3:2163. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1038/ srep0 2163
192. Han D, Ni D, Zhou Q, Ji J, Lv Y, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y
(2019) Harnessing photoluminescent properties of carbon
nitride nanosheets in a hierarchical matrix. Adv Funct Mater
29:1905576. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ adfm. 20190 5576
193. Wang J, Zhang C, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Yu J, Li Y, Wei W, Liu S,
Zhang Y (2015) J Mater Chem A 3:5126. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1039/
C4TA0 6778A
194. Chen X, Fei H, Yanfei S, Yiran Y, Hao M, Songqin L, Toshiyuki
M, Yuanjian Z (2017) Effect of carbon supports on enhancing
mass kinetic current density of Fe-N/C electrocatalysts. Chem-
istry 23(58):14597–14603
195. Chen X, Zhao L, Wu K, Yang H, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Zheng Y, Shen
Y, Liu S, Zhang Y (2021) Chem Sci 12:8865. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1039/ D1SC0 2170B
196. Jinqiang Z, Hongqi S (2018) 6-Carbon nitride photocatalysts.
In: Zhiqun L, Meidan Y, Mengye W (eds) Woodhead publishing
in materials multifunctional photocatalytic materials for energy.
Woodhead Publishing, London, pp 103–126. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1016/ B978-0- 08- 101977- 1. 00007-7
197. Zois S, Konstantinos CC (2021) Chapter15: a comparative study
on modified graphitic carbon nitride: synthesis, characteriza-
tion, and applications. In: Sabu T, Sarathchandran C, Ilangovan
SA, Juan CMP (eds) Micro and nano technologies handbook of
carbon-based nanomaterials. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 629–670.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ B978-0- 12- 821996- 6. 00020-8
198. Cao L, Qiuxia Fu, Si Y, Ding B, Jianyong Yu (2018) Porous
materials for sound absorption, Composites. Communications
10:25–35. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. coco. 2018. 05. 001
199. Zhang Y, Li C, Jia D, Zhang D, Zhang X (2015) Experimental
evaluation of the lubrication performance of MoS2/CNT nano-
fluid for minimal quantity lubrication in Ni-based alloy grinding.
Int J Mach Tools Manuf 99:19–33
200. Zhang Y, Li C, Jia D, Zhang D, Zhang X (2015) Experimental
evaluation of MoS2 nanoparticles in jet MQL grinding with dif-
ferent types of vegetable oil as base oil. J Clean Prod 87:930–940
201. Wang Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang M, Li B, Jia D, Hou Y, Mao C
(2016) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication properties of
the wheel/workpiece interface in minimum quantity lubrication
(MQL) grinding using different types of vegetable oils. J Clean
Prod 127:487–499
202. Zhang Y, Li C, Ji H, Yang X, Yang M, Jia D, Zhang X, Li R,
Wang J (2017) Analysis of grinding mechanics and improved
predictive force model based on material-removal and plastic-
stacking mechanisms. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 122:81–97
203. Yang M, Li C, Zhang Y, Jia D, Zhang X, Hou Y, Li R, Wang
J (2017) Maximum undeformed equivalent chip thickness for
ductile-brittle transition of zirconia ceramics under different
lubrication conditions. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 122:55–65
204. Gao T, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang M, Jia D, Jin T, Hou Y, Li R (2019)
Dispersing mechanism and tribological performance of vegetable
oil-based CNT nanofluids with different surfactants. Tribol Int
131:51–63
205. Guo S, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li B, Yang M, Zhang X, Liu G
(2017) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance
of mixtures of castor oil with other vegetable oils in MQL grind-
ing of nickel-based alloy. J Clean Prod 140:1060–1076
206. Yang M, Li C, Zhang Y, Jia D, Li R, Hou Y, Cao H, Wang
J (2019) Predictive model for minimum chip thickness and
size effect in single diamond grain grinding of zirconia
ceramics under different lubricating conditions. Ceram Int
45(12):14908–14920
207. Wang Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang M, Li B, Dong L, Wang J (2018)
Processing characteristics of vegetable oil-based nanofluid MQL

Carbon Letters
1 3
for grinding different workpiece materials. Int J Precis Eng
Manuf-Green Technol 5(2):327–339
208. Zhang J, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang M, Jia D, Liu G, Hou Y, Li R,
Zhang N, Wu Q, Cao H (2018) Experimental assessment of
an environmentally friendly grinding process using nanofluid
minimum quantity lubrication with cryogenic air. J Clean Prod
193:236–248
209. Yanbin Z, Hao NL, Changhe L, Chuanzhen H, Hafiz MA,
Xuefeng X, Cong M, Wenfeng D, Xin C, Min Y, Tianbiao Y,
Muhammad J, Munish KG, Dongzhou J, Zafar S (2021) Nano-
enhanced biolubricant in sustainable manufacturing: from pro-
cessability to mechanisms. Friction. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s40544- 021- 0536-y
210. Cui X, Li CH, Ding WF, Chen Y, Mao C, Xu XF, Liu B, Wang
DZ, Li HN, Zhang YB, Said Z, Debnath S, Jamil M, Muhammad
Ali H, Sharma S (2021) Minimum quantity lubrication machin-
ing of aeronautical materials using carbon group nanolubricant:
from mechanisms to application. Chin J Aeronaut. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1016/j. cja. 2021. 08. 011
211. Mingzheng L, Changhe L, Yanbin Z, Qinglong A, Min Y, Teng
G, Cong M, Bo L, Huajun C, Xuefeng X, Zafar S, Sujan D,
Muhammad J, Hafz MA, Shubham S (2021) Cryogenic mini-
mum quantity lubrication machining: From mechanism to appli-
cation. Front Mech Eng 16(4):649–697. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s11465- 021- 0654-2
212. Gao T, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, An Q, Liu Bo, Said Z, Sharma
S (2021) Grindability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer using
CNT biological lubricant. Sci Rep 11:22535
213. Teng G, Changhe L, Yiqi W, Xueshu L, Qinglong A, Nan
LH, Yanbin Z, Huajun C, Bo L, Dazhong W, Zafar S, Sujan
D, Muhammad J, Hafiz MA, Shubham S (2022) Carbon fiber
reinforced polymer in drilling: from damage mechanisms to sup-
pression. Compos Struct 286:1152
214. Yang YY, Gong YD, Li CH, Wen XL, Sun JY (2021) Mechanical
performance of 316L stainless steel by hybrid directed energy
deposition and thermal milling process. J Mater Process Technol
291:117023. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jmatp rotec. 2020. 117023
215. Dongzhou J, Yanbin Z, Changhe L, Min Y, Teng G, Zafar S,
Shubham S (2022) Lubrication-enhanced mechanisms of tita-
nium alloy grinding using lecithin biolubricant. Tribol Int
169:107461. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. tribo int. 2022. 107461
216. Li B, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jia D, Yang M (2016) Grind-
ing temperature and energy ratio coefficient in MQL grinding of
high-temperature nickel-base alloy by using different vegetable
oils as base oil. Chin J Aeronaut 29(4):1084–1095
217. Gao T, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, Chen Y, An Q, Zhang S, Li HN,
Cao H, Ali HM, Zhou Z, Shubham S (2022) Fiber-reinforced
composites in milling and grinding: machining bottlenecks and
advanced strategies. Front Mech Eng. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s11465- 022- 0680-8
218. Zhang D, Li C, Zhang Y, Jia D, Zhang X (2015) Experimen-
tal research on the energy ratio coefficient and specific grind-
ing energy in nanoparticle jet MQL grinding. Int J Adv Manuf
Technol 78(5):1275–1288
219. Kianfar E, Abed Hussein B, Mahdi A, Emad Izzat S, Acwin Dwi-
jendra N, Romero Parra R, Barboza Arenas L, Mustafa Y, Yasin
G, Thaeer Hammid A (2022) Production, structural properties
nano biochar and effects nano biochar in soil: a review. Egypt J
Chem. https:// doi. org/ 10. 21608/ ejchem. 2022. 131162. 5772
220. Kianfar E, Jasim S, Kzar H, Sivaraman R, Zaidi M, Alkadir O,
Safaa Fahim F, Jweeg M, Obaid Aldulaim A (2022) Engineered
nanomaterials, plants, plant toxicity and biotransformation: a
review. Egypt J Chem. https:// doi. org/ 10. 21608/ ejchem. 2022.
131166. 5775
221. Hachem K, Ansari MJ, Saleh RO etal (2022) Methods of
chemical synthesis in the synthesis of nanomaterial and
nanoparticles by the chemical deposition method: a review.
BioNanoSci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s12668- 022- 00996-w
222. Trung ND, Huy DTN, Jade COM etal (2022) Conductive gels:
properties and applications of nanoelectronics. Nanoscale Res
Lett 17:50. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s11671- 022- 03687-3
223. Jarach N, Zuckerman R, Naveh N, Dodiuk H, Kenig S (2021)
Bio-and water-based reversible covalent bonds containing pol-
ymers (vitrimers) and their relevance to adhesives: a critical
review. Rev Adhes Adhes 9(1):1–33. https:// doi. org/ 10. 7569/
RAA. 2021. 097302
224. Shetty SS, Sharma M, Kabekkodu SP, Anil Kumar NV, Saty-
amoorthy K, Radhakrishnan R (2021) Understanding the
molecular mechanism associated with reversal of oral submu-
cous fibrosis targeting hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived colla-
gen cross-links. J Carcinog 20:9
225. Das S, Maity S, Goswami TK (2021) Effectiveness and safety
of topical combination of tropicamide 0.8%(w/v) and phenyle-
phrine hydrochloride 5%(w/v) among the successful postdacry-
ocystorhinostomy cases. J Natl Sci Biol Med 12(1):43. https://
doi. org/ 10. 4103/ jnsbm. JNSBM_ 94_ 20
226. Sengodan V, Appusamy N (2020) Comparative anthropometry
analysis of the digital X-rays of the right and left hip joints in
an Indian population. J Natl Sci Biol Med 11(1):3–6
227. Della Volpe C, Siboni S (2022) From van der Waals equation to
acid-base theory of surfaces: a chemical-mathematical journey.
Rev Adhes Adhes 10(1):47–97. https:// doi. org/ 10. 47750/ RAA/
10.1. 02
228. Chakraborty A, Mulroney AT, Gupta MC (2021) Superhy-
drophobic surfaces by microtexturing: a critical review. Progr
Adhes Adhes 9(1):35–63. https:// doi. org/ 10. 7569/ RAA. 2021.
097305
229. Jalil AT, Dilfy SH, Karevskiy A, Najah N (2020) Viral hepatitis
in Dhi-Qar province: demographics and hematological charac-
teristics of patients. Int J Pharm Res. https:// doi. org/ 10. 31838/
ijpr/ 2020. 12. 01. 326
230. Jalil AT, Kadhum WR, Khan MUF, Karevskiy A, Hanan ZK,
Suksatan W, Abdullah MM (2021) Cancer stages and demo-
graphical study of HPV16 in gene L2 isolated from cervical
cancer in Dhi-Qar province Iraq. Appl Nanosci. https:// doi. org/
10. 1007/ s13204- 021- 01947-9
231. Widjaja G, Jalil AT, Rahman HS, Abdelbasset WK, Bokov
DO, Suksatan W, Ahmadi M (2021) Humoral Immune mecha-
nisms involved in protective and pathological immunity during
COVID-19. Hum Immunol. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. humimm.
2021. 06. 011
232. Moghadasi S, Elveny M, Rahman HS, Suksatan W, Jalil AT,
Abdelbasset WK, Jarahian M (2021) A paradigm shift in cell-
free approach: the emerging role of MSCs-derived exosomes in
regenerative medicine. J Transl Med 19(1):1–21. https:// doi. org/
10. 1186/ s12967- 021- 02980-6
233. Saleh MM, Jalil AT, Abdulkereem RA, Suleiman AA (2020)
Evaluation of Immunoglobulins, CD4/CD8 T Lymphocyte
Ratio and Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 Patients. Turk J Immunol
8(3):129–134. https:// doi. org/ 10. 25002/ tji. 2020. 1347
234. Turki Jalil A, Hussain Dilfy S, Oudah Meza S, Aravindhan S,
Kadhim M, Aljeboree MA (2021) CuO/ZrO2 nanocomposites:
facile synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic degradation
of tetracycline antibiotic. J Nanostruct. https:// doi. org/ 10. 22052/
JNS. 2021. 02. 014
235. Sarjito EM, Jalil A, Davarpanah A, Alfakeer M, Awadh BA,
Ouladsmane M (2021) CFD-based simulation to reduce green-
house gas emissions from industrial plants. Int J Chem React
Eng. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1515/ ijcre- 2021- 0063
236. Marofi F, Rahman HS, Al-Obaidi ZMJ, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset
WK, Suksatan W, Jarahian M (2021) Novel CAR T therapy is
a ray of hope in the treatment of seriously ill AML patients.

Carbon Letters
1 3
Stem Cell Res Ther 12(1):1–23. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/
s13287- 021- 02420-8
237. Jalil AT, Shanshool MT, Dilfy SH, Saleh MM, Suleiman AA
(2022) Hematological and serological parameters for detection
of COVID-19. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. https:// doi. org/
10. 15414/ jmbfs. 4229
238. Vakili-Samiani S, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Yumashev AV,
Karpisheh V, Jalali P, Jadidi-Niaragh F (2021) Targeting Wee1
kinase as a therapeutic approach in Hematological Malignancies.
DNA Repair. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. dnarep. 2021. 103203
239. Ngafwan N, Rasyid H, Abood ES, Abdelbasset WK, Al-Shawi
SG, Bokov D, Jalil AT (2021) Study on novel fluorescent carbon
nanomaterials in food analysis. Food Sci Technol. https:// doi. org/
10. 1590/ fst. 37821
240. Marofi F, Abdul-Rasheed OF, Rahman HS, Budi HS, Jalil AT,
Yumashev AV, Jarahian M (2021) CAR-NK cell in cancer immu-
notherapy: a promising frontier. Cancer Sci 112(9):3427. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1111/ cas. 14993
241. Abosaooda M, Wajdy JM, Hussein EA, Jalil AT, Kadhim
MM, Abdullah MM, Almashhadani HA (2021) Role of
vitamin C in the protection of the gum and implants in the
human body: theoretical and experimental studies. Int J Cor-
ros Scale Inhib 10(3):1213–1229. https:// doi. org/ 10. 17675/
2305- 6894- 2021- 10-3- 22
242. Jumintono J, Alkubaisy S, Yánez Silva D, Singh K, Turki Jalil
A, Mutia Syarifah S, Derkho M (2021) Effect of cystamine on
sperm and antioxidant parameters of ram semen stored at 4° C
for 50 hours. Arch Razi Inst 76(4):923–931. https:// doi. org/ 10.
22092/ ari. 2021. 355901. 1735
243. Raya I, Chupradit S, Kadhim MM, Mahmoud MZ, Jalil AT, Sur-
endar A, Bochvar AN (2021) Role of compositional changes on
thermal, magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-PC-based
amorphous alloys. Chin Phys B. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1088/ 1674-
1056/ ac3655
244. Chupradit S, Jalil AT, Enina Y, Neganov DA, Alhassan MS,
Aravindhan S, Davarpanah A (2021) Use of organic and cop-
per-based nanoparticles on the turbulator installment in a shell
tube heat exchanger: a CFD-based simulation approach by using
nanofluids. J Nanomater. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2021/ 32500 58
245. Brown P, Mazumder P (2021) Current progress in mechanically
durable water-repellent surfaces: a critical review. Rev Adhes
Adhes 9(1):123–152. https:// doi. org/ 10. 7569/ RAA. 2021. 097301
246. Müssig J, Graupner N (2021) Test methods for fibre/matrix adhe-
sion in cellulose fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composite mate-
rials: a critical review. Rev Adhes Adhes 8(2):68–129. https://
doi. org/ 10. 7569/ RAA. 2020. 097306
247. Dey A, Bhattacharya P, Neogi S (2020) Bioadhesives in bio-
medical applications: a critical review. Rev Adhes Adhes
8(2):130–152
248. Singh I, Devi G, Barik BR, Sharma A, Kaur L (2020) Mucoad-
hesive pellets for drug delivery applications: a critical review.
Rev Adhes Adhes 8(2):153–167
249. Wani SD, Mundada A (2021) A review: emerging trends in bio-
nanocomposites. Int J Pharmacy Res Technol 11(1):1–8. https://
doi. org/ 10. 31838/ ijprt/ 11. 01. 01
250. Gupta AA, Kheur S, Badhe RV, Godse A, Ankita Shinkar A, Raj
T (2019) Optimization of scaffolds for localized drug delivery:
an invitro study. J Pharm Negative Results 10(1):21–24. https://
doi. org/ 10. 4103/ jpnr. JPNR_ 22_ 18
251. Subramanian AK, Prabhakar R, Vikram NR, Dinesh SS, Rajesh-
kumar S (2022) Invitro anti-inflammatory activity of silymarin/
hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanocomposites and its cytotoxic effect
using brine shrimp lethality assay. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol
28(2):e71–e77. https:// doi. org/ 10. 47750/ jptcp. 2022. 874
252. Rahbaran M, Razeghian E, Maashi MS, Jalil AT, Widjaja G,
Thangavelu L, Kuznetsova MY, Nasirmoghadas P, Heidari F,
Marofi F, Jarahian M (2021) Cloning and embryo splitting in
mammalians: brief history, methods, and achievements. Stem
Cells Int. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2021/ 23475 06
253. Jalil AT, Ashfaq S, Bokov DO, Alanazi AM, Hachem K, Suksa-
tan W, Sillanpää M (2021) High-sensitivity biosensor based on
glass resonance phc cavities for detection of blood component
and glucose concentration in human urine. Coatings 11:1555.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ coati ngs11 121555
254. Chupradit S, Ashfaq S, Bokov D, Suksatan W, Jalil AT, Ala-
nazi AM, Sillanpaa M (2021) Ultra-sensitive biosensor with
simultaneous detection (of cancer and diabetes) and analysis of
deformation effects on dielectric rods in optical microstructure.
Coatings 11:1564. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ coati ngs11 121564
255. Bokov D, Turki Jalil A, Chupradit S, Suksatan W, Javed Ansari
M, Shewael IH, Kianfar E (2021) Nanomaterial by sol-gel
method: synthesis and application. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2021/ 51020 14
256. Shabgah AG, Al-Obaidi ZMJ, Rahman HS, Abdelbasset WK,
Suksatan W, Bokov DO, Navashenaq JG (2022) Does CCL19
act as a double-edged sword in cancer development? Clin Exp
Immunol 20:1–12. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ cei/ uxab0 39
257. Kartika R, Alsultany FH, Jalil AT, Mahmoud MZ, Fenjan MN,
Rajabzadeh H (2021) Ca12O12 nanocluster as highly sensitive
material for the detection of hazardous mustard gas: Density-
functional theory. Inorg Chem Commun. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1016/j. inoche. 2021. 109174
258. Jalil AT, Al-Khafaji AHD, Karevskiy A, Dilfy SH, Hanan ZK
(2021) Polymerase chain reaction technique for molecular
detection of HPV16 infections among women with cervical
cancer in Dhi-Qar Province. Mater Today. https:// doi. org/ 10.
1016/j. matpr. 2021. 05. 211
259. Hanan ZK, Saleh MB, Mezal EH, Jalil AT (2021) Detection of
human genetic variation in VAC14 gene by ARMA-PCR tech-
nique and relation with typhoid fever infection in patients with
gallbladder diseases in Thi-Qar province/Iraq. Mater Today.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. matpr. 2021. 05. 236
260. Hachem K, Jasim SA, Al-Gazally ME, Riadi Y, Yasin G, Turki
Jalil A, Dehno Khalaji A (2022) Adsorption of Pb (II) and Cd
(II) by magnetic chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base: synthe-
sis, characterization, thermal study and antibacterial activity.
J Chin Chem Soc. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ jccs. 20210 0507
261. Aljumaily MM, Ali NS, Mahdi AE, Alayan HM, AlOmar
M, Hameed MM, Ismael B, Alsalhy QF, Alsaadi MA, Majdi
HS, Mohammed ZB (2022) Modification of poly(vinylidene
fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes with des-func-
tionalized carbon nanospheres for removal of methyl orange
by membrane distillation. Water 14(9):1396. https:// doi. org/
10. 3390/ w1409 1396
262. Smaisim GF, Mohammed DB, Abdulhadi AM etal (2022)
Nanofluids: properties and applications. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10971- 022- 05859-0
263. Khan MUF, Ali BR, Mohammed HQ, Al-Shammari HMT, Jalil
AT, Hindi NKK, Kadhim MM (2022) Serum level estimation
of some biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-
19 infected patients. Appl Nanosci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s13204- 021- 02167-x
264. Olegovich Bokov D, Jalil AT, Alsultany FH, Mahmoud MZ,
Suksatan W, Chupradit S, Nezhad DK, P. (2022) Ir-decorated
gallium nitride nanotubes as a chemical sensor for recognition
of mesalamine drug: a DFT study. Mol Simul. https:// doi. org/
10. 1080/ 08927 022. 2021. 20252 34
265. Khaki N, Fosshat S, Pourhakkak P, Thanoon RD, Jalil AT,
Wu L (2022) Sensing of acetaminophen drug using Zn-doped
boron nitride nanocones: a DFT inspection. Appl Biochem
Biotechnol. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s12010- 022- 03830-x

Carbon Letters
1 3
266. Hussein HK, Aubead M, Kzar HH, Karim YS, Amin AH,
Al-Gazally ME, Heydari H (2022) Association of cord blood
asprosin concentration with atherogenic lipid profile and anthro-
pometric indices. Diabetol Metab Syndr 14(1):1–6. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1186/ s13098- 022- 00844-7
267. Fitriyah A, Nikolenko DA, Abdelbasset WK, Maashi MS,
Jalil AT, Yasin G, Mustafa YF (2022) Exposure to ambient
air pollution and osteoarthritis; an animal study. Chemosphere
301:134698. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. chemo sphere. 2022. 134698
268. Xu Y, Al-Mualm M, Terefe EM, Shamsutdinova MI, Opulencia
MJC, Alsaikhan F, Mohamed A (2022) Prediction of COVID-
19 manipulation by selective ACE inhibitory compounds of
Potentilla reptant root: In silico study and ADMET profile. Arab
J Chem 15(7):103942. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. arabjc. 2022.
103942
269. Rudiansyah M, Abdelbasset WK, Jasim SA, Mohammadi G,
Dharmarajlu SM, Nasirin C, Naserabad SS (2022) Beneficial
alterations in growth performance, blood biochemicals, immune
responses, and antioxidant capacity of common carp (Cyprinus
carpio) fed a blend of Thymus vulgaris, Origanum majorana, and
Satureja hortensis extracts. Aquaculture 555:738254. https:// doi.
org/ 10. 1016/j. aquac ulture. 2022. 738254
270. Ghaffar S, Naqvi MA, Fayyaz A, Abid MK, Khayitov KN, Jalil
AT, Nouri M (2022) What is the influence of grape products on
liver enzymes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of rand-
omized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. https:// doi. org/
10. 1016/j. ctim. 2022. 102845
271. Hu X, Derakhshanfard AH, Khalid I, Jalil AT, Opulencia MJC,
Dehkordi RB, Sabetvand R (2022) The microchannel type effects
on water-Fe3O4 nanofluid atomic behavior: Molecular dynamics
approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 135:104396. https:// doi. org/
10. 1016/j. jtice. 2022. 104396
272. Hafsan H, Bokov D, Abdelbasset WK, Kadhim MM, Suksa-
tan W, Majdi HS, Balvardi M (2022) Dietary Dracocephalum
kotschyi essential oil improved growth, haematology, immunity
and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Onco-
rhynchus mykiss). Aquac Res 53(8):3164–3175. https:// doi. org/
10. 1111/ are. 15829
273. Yumashev AV, Rudiansyah M, Chupradit S, Kadhim MM, Jalil
AT, Abdelbasset WK, Bidares R (2022) Optical-based biosensor
for detection of oncomarker CA 125, recent progress and current
status. Anal Biochem. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. ab. 2022. 114750
274. Sadeghi M, Yousefi Siavoshani A, Bazargani M, Jalil AT,
Ramezani M, Poor Heravi MR (2022) Dichlorosilane adsorption
on the Al, Ga, and Zn-doped fullerenes. Monatshefte für Chemie-
Chem Mon. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s00706- 022- 02926-8
275. Chupradit S, Nasution MK, Rahman HS, Suksatan W, Jalil AT,
Abdelbasset W, Bidares R (2022) Various types of electrochemi-
cal biosensors for leukemia detection and therapeutic approaches.
Anal Biochem. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. ab. 2022. 114736
276. Sivaraman R, Patra I, Opulencia MJC, Sagban R, Sharma H, Jalil
AT, Ebadi AG (2022) Evaluating the potential of graphene-like
boron nitride as a promising cathode for Mg-ion batteries. J Elec-
troanal Chem. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jelec hem. 2022. 116413
277. Jasim SA, Hadi JM, Opulencia MJC, Karim YS, Mahdi AB,
Kadhim MM, Falih KT (2022) MXene/metal and polymer nano-
composites: preparation, properties, and applications. J Alloy
Compd. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jallc om. 2022. 165404
278. Anzum R, Alawamleh HSK, Bokov DO, Jalil AT, Hoi HT,
Abdelbasset WK, Kurochkin A (2022) A review on separation
and detection of copper, cadmium, and chromium in food based
on cloud point extraction technology. Food Sci Technol. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1590/ fst. 80721
279. Gunawan W, Rudiansyah M, Sultan MQ, Ansari MJ, Izzat SE, Al
Jaber MS, Aravindhan S (2022) Effect of tomato consumption on
inflammatory markers in health and disease status: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. clnesp. 2022. 04. 019
280. Saleh RO, Bokov DO, Fenjan MN, Abdelbasset WK, Altimari
US, Jalil AT, Cao Y (2022) Application of aluminum nitride
nanotubes as a promising nanocarriers for anticancer drug 5-ami-
nosalicylic acid in drug delivery system. J Mol Liq 352:118676.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. molliq. 2022. 118676
281. Obaid RF, Kadhim Hindi NK, Kadhum SA, Jafaar Alwaeli LA,
Jalil AT (2022) Antibacterial activity, anti-adherence and anti-
biofilm activities of plants extracts against Aggregatibacter actin-
omycetemcomitans: an invitro study in Hilla City, Iraq. Casp J
Environ Sci 20(2):367–372. https:// doi. org/ 10. 22124/ CJES. 2022.
5578
282. Salahdin OD, Salih SM, Jalil AT, Aravindhan S, Abdulkadhm
MM, Huang H (2022) Current challenges in seismic drilling
operations: a new perspective for petroleum industries. Asian
J Water Environ Pollut 19(3):69–74. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3233/
AJW22 0041
283. Widjaja G, Jalil AT, Budi HS, Abdelbasset WK, Efendi S, Suk-
satan W, Yumashev AV (2022) Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells
and their exosomes application in the treatment of intervertebral
disc disease: a promising frontier. Int Immunopharmacol. https://
doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. intimp. 2022. 108537
Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under
a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s);
author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article
is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and
applicable law.