Eduardo Reinoso

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | UNAM · Institute of Engineering

El énfasis de las nuevas normas de diseño sísmico en la aplicación de análisis dinámicos no lineales para determinar la respuesta de estructuras no convencionales promueve la selección de acelerogramas que describen los movimientos del suelo del sitio donde se ubican dichas estructuras. El movimiento del suelo ocasionado por terremotos se puede car...

The selection of ground motion record sets for the collapse estimation of building structures to compute nonlinear dynamic analysis methods is a crucial step in seismic engineering. This process involves choosing proper ground motion records that represent the seismic hazard that later will be used to assess the different probable collapse mechanis...

The aim of this paper is to present a performance-based method to estimate uniform risk spectra (URS) for the seismic design and assessment of structures. These spectra, computed with the proposed methodology, provide the lateral capacity (in terms of spectral acceleration) that should be given to a structure, characterized by a reference single de...

This paper describes a simplified flood model based on cellular automata in order to be implemented in applications, which require the simulation of a great number of flood scenarios at regional scale. The model is based on a top-down evaluation of the flow process through the cells of the DEM. According to the conditions in a Moore Neighbourhood,...

This study evaluates the influence of site-specific strong-motion duration caused by interplate earthquakes on structural performance. Specifically, the seismic response of an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system subjected to a set of accelerograms recorded at different soil-profile sites located in Mexico City is analyzed. The propert...

The dynamic rocking behavior and possible overturning of non-structural free-standing elements and stiff structures during earthquakes have a broad interest in the field of operative and economic assessment. It is well-known that rocking modeling of rigid objects is highly sensitive to the interaction with flexible support surfaces, material deform...

Según reportes, poco más de 700 edificios han sufrido dañados severos o colapso durante terremotos históricos en la Ciudad de México. En el 40% de los casos, se presentaron los daños por condiciones del suelo y separaciones sísmicas no apropiadas. Por lo anterior, en este estudio se analiza la interacción de edificios adyacentes de concreto armado...

El balanceo y posible volcamiento de cuerpos simplemente apoyados y estructuras rígidas irregulares durante sismos intensos son de amplio interés en la estimación de riesgo y pérdida de operatividad. Se sabe que, el balanceo puro de cuerpos rígidos es sensible a la interacción de la superficie portante, deformabilidad de materiales en la interface...

El intervalo de tiempo entre eventos sísmicos intensos suele ser el suficientemente como para permitir que los edificios dañados sean intervenidos. Sin embargo, como se ha visto en sismos recientes en México, varios edificios expuestos a sismos intensos que han sufrido algún nivel de daño estructural, generalmente no se reparan ni refuerzan en tiem...

Objectives Our goal was to evaluate the clinical behavior of resin-based composite (RBC) restorations with sealed marginal defects using nano-filled flowable RBCs (FRS) compared with resin-based sealant (RBS); this work used marginal adaptation, marginal staining, and secondary caries according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria. Materi...

Earthquakes of great intensity often affect businesses because the buildings where they operate are severely damaged, in this sense, the municipal market of Juchitán de Zaragoza represents an interesting case study. This investigation identifies the damage to property during the 8.2 Mw earthquake that occurred on September 7th, 2017, observing that...

Predictive models for estimating strong‐motion duration in sites characterized by soft‐soil profiles are presented in this paper. The models were developed using a strong‐motion database that includes observations from subduction interface earthquakes that occurred from 1989 to 2020 and recorded in Mexico City, which is located at source‐to‐site di...

After an earthquake, a business often stops operating temporarily or permanently due to direct effects on the building (Initial security protocols and Physical damage to building components) or indirect effects (Suspension of public services, Neighborhood effects, Direct affectations to owner or employees and Contingent business interruption). In t...

The simplicity, timeliness, and reliability of a post-earthquake assessment are fundamental for decision-makers in emergency management. An adequate risk assessment will help during the recovery and, therefore, increases the resilience of the community. Although within this context, the walk-down damage survey with the correct filling of evaluation...

In this research, we performed a brief description of the damages and repairs on the Corpac bridge in Tingo María, Peru, based on the information gathered from different media and field research in situ, registering that, due to the transit of vehicles that exceeded the maximum permitted load of weight, and due to a lack of maintenance in the i...

Many studies have found that ground-motion duration has a considerable influence on damage to conventional civil structures. Historically, Mexico City has been severely affected by long-duration distant subduction earthquakes because of the heterogeneous local site conditions underlying the subsoil of the city, which significantly amplify the soil...

The rocking response of anchored rigid bodies with irregular geometry is evaluated, incorporating the non-linearity of restrainers. A parametric analysis is performed, introducing the concept of Probability Reduction Spectra (PRS) to identify the influence of the main parameters into the rocking response as a function of the fundamental frequencies...

Actualmente, la pérdida de la operatividad de los negocios es uno de los riesgos más altos que debe afrontar el sector empresarial en el mundo. Históricamente se ha observado que una gran cantidad de negocios ha experimentado pérdidas económicas por daños directos o por interrupción de sus actividades. En este trabajo se describe brevemente el impa...

This paper focuses on the development and assessment of the expected damage for the rocking response of rigid anchored blocks, with irregular geometry and non-uniform mass distribution, considering the site conditions and the seismicity of Mexico City. The non-linear behavior of the restrainers is incorporated to evaluate the pure tension and tensi...

A destructive intraslab earthquake occurred in Mexico City on September 19, 2017 (Mw 7.1), causing significant damage and hundreds of human losses not only in the epicentral area, but also in the States of Morelos, Puebla, Mexico and in Mexico City. Only in Mexico City itself, around 230 people died, and more than 40 buildings collapsed. The intens...

Después del sismo ocurrido el 19 de septiembre de 2017 en México, una gran cantidad de negocios establecidos en la Ciudad de México dejó de operar temporalmente e incluso de forma definitiva. De acuerdo con lo observado tras este evento destructivo, en este trabajo se identifican las fuentes de interrupción del negocio: Protocolos de seguridad inic...

El terremoto intraplaca del 19 de septiembre de 2017 (Mw7.1), cuyo epicentro se localizó cerca de los límites entre los estados de Puebla y Morelos, aproximadamente a 120 km de Ciudad de México, causó daños severos en estas regiones. Este artículo analiza los cocientes espectrales de estaciones acelerométricas en el lecho lacustre de la Ciudad de M...

The globally accepted approach to seismic-resistant design states that structural damage should be minimized for frequent, low-intensity events, and that collapse and irreparable damage should be avoided for rare high-intensity ones. While there are broader structural design analysis criteria, such as performance-based design, most design regulatio...

Typically, in earthquake-resistant design of buildings, the efforts are focused on the structural skeleton design, looking to prevent collapse or to decrease structural damages given the occurrence of a major earthquake during its life span. However, in recent years, the behavior of non-structural elements, such as contents, laboratory equipment, s...

Los sismos destructivos siempre derivan grandes problemas sociales y económicos, por ejemplo, afectaciones a las unidades económicas. En este trabajo se recabó información de distintos medios de comunicación sobre los daños en negocios causados por el sismo ocurrido el 23 de junio de 2020 cerca de La Crucecita, Oaxaca. Se observó que algunos neg...

The accumulation of plastic deformations during an intense earthquake may cause structural failures at deformations significantly smaller than those that can be developed under monotonic load. However, there is evidence that, under certain circumstances, the response of a single parameter may not be a good indicator of structural damage. Likewise,...

Cerca de la medianoche del 7 de septiembre de 2017 (08/09/2017, 04:49:17 UTC) ocurrió uno de los sismos más grandes registrados instrumentalmente en México. La magnitud estimada (Mw=8.2) es solo comparable con el sismo de 1932 ocurrido en las costas de Jalisco y Colima. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2020.59.3.2115

Cerca de la medianoche del 7 de septiembre de 2017 (08/09/2017, 04:49:17 UTC) ocurrió uno de los sismos más grandes registrados instrumentalmente en México. La magnitud estimada (Mw=8.2) es solo comparable con el sismo de 1932 ocurrido en las costas de Jalisco y Colima. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2020.59.2.2080

This paper proposes a methodology to assess the wind risk of electrical transmission towers considering the coupling of the tower with the cables and a failure mechanism based on capacity. In the proposed methodology, the necessary steps to assess risk (hazard, exposure, vulnerability) and their geographic representation are presented. Wind hazard...

In a recent article “Do directionality effects influence expected damage? A case study of the 2017 central Mexico earthquake,” Pinzón et al. (2018) provided an interesting analysis of a building that collapsed in Mexico City during the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 central Mexico earthquake. According to Pinzón et al. (2018), “a detailed analysis of the...

Se presenta un análisis de los daños en estructuras de los estados de México, Morelos, Puebla y la Ciudad de México durante la ocurrencia del sismo del 19 de septiembre de 2017, mediante datos recolectados en diversas fuentes como reportes, visitas técnicas y redes sociales, entre otros. Con los datos recabados fue posible geo-localizar cada estruc...

The seismic response of structures to strong ground motions is a complex problem that has been studied for decades. However, most of current seismic regulations do not assess the potential level of damage that a structure may undergo during a strong earthquake. This will happen in spite that the design objectives for any structural system are formu...

Se presentan dos ecuaciones empíricas para el cálculo de los dos primeros momentos estadísticos que definen la probabilidad de volteo de contenidos. La primera de ellas, útil para el cálculo de la mediana de la aceleración mínima de volteo y la segunda para el cálculo de la incertidumbre, representada como la desviación estándar. Estas ecuaciones,...

The seismic response of structures to strong ground motions is a complex problem that has been studied for decades. However, current seismic regulations do not assess the potential level of damage that a structure may undergo during a given seismic event. This will happen in spite that the design objectives for any structural system are formulated...

En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de los parámetros más relevantes que definen el comportamiento dinámico no lineal de cuerpos rígidos irregulares anclados a la base en la función de pérdidas, en particular, la relación de esbeltez en el cuerpo y la relación de carga y ductilidad en el sistema de anclajes. Para ello, se propone una metodolog...

En trabajo estudia el comportamiento dinámico por volteo de contenidos modelados como bloques rígidos simplemente apoyados con condiciones regulares e irregulares de distribución de masa. Como modos de respuesta se analizaron los casos de balanceo y volteo bajo la excitación de funciones analíticas como seno, pulso de ricker, MSAV y algunos registr...

This paper presents the assess of wind vulnerability in wind-turbines following the occurrence of several intense seismic events during their lifespan. Seismic records and simulated events were used based on seismic hazard analysis and disaggregation at the site of interest; from this the cumulative demands of dissipated plastic energy in each seis...

Formal evaluation of seismic risk in Mexico City requires that the characteristics of more than one million buildings be known, in particular the structuring conditions that accentuate the probability of damage, such as soft story, corner configuration, short columns, etc. These characteristics are called structural pathologies and are generally re...

En esta investigación se describe brevemente el riesgo de Interrupción de Negocio, después, se identifican las fuentes de esta interrupción cuando son producto de un sismo y se clasifican en efectos directos e indirectos en el edificio. Además, se analizan nueve casos de negocios establecidos en la CDMX que fueron afectados por el sismo de M7.1 del...

Durante los últimos 15 años se han desarrollado numerosas evaluaciones probabilistas de amenaza sísmica en América Latina y el Caribe, aunque la mayoría de ellas se han realizado considerando las necesidades de un único país. Este trabajo presenta un modelo probabilista de amenaza sísmica que ha sido desarrollado con un enfoque homogéneo y que abar...

This research is focused on the dynamic behavior of anchored rigid bodies considering irregularity conditions (arbitrary shape and non-uniform distribution of mass) incorporating explicit non-linearity of the restrainers under pure tension failure mechanism. Here, two conditions of the body were analyzed, free-standing and anchored to the support....

RESUMEN Se presenta una metodología simplificada para la estimación de funciones de vulnerabilidad sísmica de estructuras cuya curva de capacidad ya ha sido calculada. Dicha metodología está basada en cálculo de las distorsiones máximas de entrepiso y del estado pérdida asociado. Este procedimiento permite crear funciones de vulnerabilidad sísmica...

This paper presents a probabilistic methodology based on Monte Carlo methods to asses industrial building vulnerability due to wind at any angle of attack, incorporating the effects of internal pressure changes due to roof damage. Wind pressures are computed at any direction using available code provided values. Damage is assessed using a fragility...

In the wake of death and destruction left by the 2017 earthquake in Mexico City, it is natural to ask whether the event was unexpected and anomalous. Although such an intraslab earthquake (Mw 7.1; depth = 57 km; epicentral distance = 114 km from the city) was considered likely, the recordings in the city during the last 54 yrs reveal that the groun...

The open source software CAPRA (Comprehensive Approach to Probabilistic Risk Assessment) has been used for more than 10 years. It is an ongoing initiative that has been developed in different phases with the financial support, in the beginning, of the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and the UNISDR. The goal, 10 years ago, was to imp...

Durante algunos eventos sísmicos recientes en México, se ha observado que, a pesar de haber un adecuado comportamiento del sistema estructural, no siempre existe un adecuado comportamiento de los sistemas no estructurales. En esta investigación se llevan a cabo análisis no lineales paso a paso para estudiar el comportamiento de fachadas prefabricad...

Several probabilistic seismic hazard analyses have been performed in most countries of the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region during the past 15 years but, most of them have been developed for specific needs of a single country. This work presents a complete, continuous, homogeneous and comprehensive PSHA that includes all the countries where...

In September 2014, the state of Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico, was struck by hurricane Odile. The hurricane caused extensive damage to the infrastructure of the state of BCS, where the energy and water supply were interrupted for several days. The direct economic impact was estimated to be more than 1654 million USD. Considering this damage, fe...

Landslides caused by a low magnitude earthquake swarm (2.8 ≤ M ≤ 3.6) in 2012 were documented at the Santa Rosa Canyon in northeastern Mexico. Disrupted landslides from falls and slides, in both rocks and soils, were identified based on fieldwork and high-resolution satellite imagery along stream banks from natural cliffs and along the road cut in...

The seismic response of a structure to strong ground motion is a complex problem that has been studied for decades. However, current seismic regulations do not assess the potential level of structural damage a structure may undergo during a given seismic event. This in spite that the design objectives for any structural system are formulated in ter...

A study on energy reduction factors aimed at establishing inelastic input and hysteretic energy spectra for narrow-banded motions is presented. Earthquake databases are not sufficiently complete, particularly for soft soils. Also, there are few and oversimplified formulations that allow an understanding on the relation that exists between the elast...

A methodology is presented for assessing the expected loss of human lives due to the structural damage, failure of contents and non-structural components inside buildings during earthquakes. This approach estimates human life losses considering whether the structure collapses (partial or totally) or not. Entrapment and entrapment fatality rates are...

Las regulaciones sísmicas actuales no evalúan el nivel potencial de daño estructural que una estructura puede sufrir durante cierto evento sísmico. Esto a pesar de que los objetivos de diseño se formulan en términos de niveles aceptables de daño. Este trabajo desarrolla expresiones sencillas para estimar las demandas de energía plástica de sistemas...

In the wake of death and destruction left by the 2017 earthquake in Mexico City, it is natural to ask whether the event was unexpected and anomalous. Although such an intraslab earthquake (M w 7.1; depth ˆ 57 km; epicentral distance = 114 km from the city) was considered likely, the recordings in the city during the last 54 yrs reveal that the grou...

A simpli fied model to evaluate the dynamic rocking behavior of freestanding irregular rigid bodies under earthquake-induced forces is proposed.Themodelanalyzestheresponseofathree-dimensionalirregular rigid body using a numerical approach that considers a critical section and two equivalent rectangular rigid blocks. Experimental shaking-table testsw...

A high-resolution early earthquake damage assessment system is presented for Mexico City based on real-time computations of seismic spectral intensities at a reference site. To obtain intensities for the entire Mexico Valley, pre-calculated response spectral ratios at soft sites are used. The estimates of seismic intensities (peak ground accelerati...

Se presenta un sistema de evaluación temprana de daños de alta resolución desarrollado para la Ciudad de México basado en cálculos en tiempo real de intensidades espectrales sísmicas en un sitio de referencia. Para obtener las intensidades en todo el Valle de México, se usan relaciones espectrales de respuesta pre-calculadas en sitios blandos. Se u...

We propose a methodology for flood mapping by remote sensing considering the alteration of the spectral response of water due to turbidity conditions using principal component analysis (PCA) of multitemporal satellite imagery limited to the visible and the near IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Crosta technique is applied to the resulting...

RESUMEN En septiembre de 2014 el estado de Baja California Sur fue afectado por el huracán Odile. Los daños en la infraestructura fueron cuantiosos. El objetivo del artículo es presentar la información relevante sobre el desempeño de la infraestructura observada después del evento y presentar recomendaciones para mitigar los efectos de huracanes. L...

En este artículo se estima la vulnerabilidad sísmica para marcos dúctiles de 15, 17 y 25 niveles diseñados con las Normas Técnicas Complementarias del Reglamento de Construcciones para el Distrito Federal 2004, considerando asentamientos diferenciales del tipo variable únicamente por consolidación, causando efectos Pdelta. Estas estructuras están l...

This paper proposes an earthquake-event-based method for the construction of regional flood hazard maps for tsunami. The method involves five steps. The first is to characterise the seismic hazard as a set of collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive stochastic events that fully describes the spatial distribution and annual frequency of occurr...

Earthquake databases are not sufficiently complete, particularly for soft soils. Also, there are few and oversimplified formulations that allow an understanding on the relation that exists between the elastic and inelastic energy demands for this type of soils. A study on energy reduction factors aimed at establishing inelastic input and hysteretic...

A seismic hazard study for Ecuador is presented in this paper. The lack of complete seismic catalogs or the little information available, makes necessary a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to include the various uncertainties that arise in the calculation process. This methodology has been used in this work for the study of seismic hazard of E...

Se presenta una metodología para la estimación de valores esperados de daño en un "stack” de barricas de vino ante sismos. Dado un cierto número de estados de daño en que podría fallar un stack de barricas de vino, se calcula la probabilidad de que el sistema se encuentre exactamente en cada uno de los estados de daño cuando está sujeto a movimient...

Los sistemas extendidos se refieren a la infraestructura de los sectores eléctrico, hidráulico, aeroportuario, costero, agrícola, telecomunicaciones y comunicaciones, entre otros. Es deseable que estos sistemas no interrumpan su servicio para que en el momento del desastre continúen funcionando para atender las emergencias y necesidades de la pobla...

This study proposes a risk index (RI) to identify the potential areas at national, sub-national and local levels that may suffer losses to natural hazards, taking into account the expected physical damage to the structures. The quantitative measure of the risk is the expected annual loss obtained as a result of the formal probabilistic estimation o...

El Servicio Meteorológico Nacional emitió un boletín el 13 de septiembre de 2014 de la ocurrencia del huracán Odile, producto de la depresión tropical formada tres días antes frente a las costas de Guerrero y Michoacán. Odile tocó tierra al sur de la península de Baja California el 14 de septiembre con velocidades máximas de viento sostenido de 205...

Desde hace dos siglos los efectos del viento han sido de interés con fines de diseño de estructuras. Sin embargo, no es hasta la década de los años cuarenta y finales de los cincuenta cuando se empezaron a plantear los procedimientos para estimar las fuerzas de viento en estructuras (Liepmann, 1952; Farquharson, 1958). En esos años, motivados por l...

El impacto del huracán Odile en la península de Baja California ha sido uno de los más intensos registrados en la zona, por las velocidades de viento registradas y, sobre todo, por las importantes afectaciones generadas a la sociedad. En este capítulo se presenta una descripción detallada del evento, incluidas las velocidades, las precipitaciones r...

En este capítulo se describen los daños observados en estructuras industriales, comerciales, deportivas, cubiertas aisladas y toldos debidos a los efectos del viento ocasionados por el huracán Odile, en las ciudades de La Paz y San José del Cabo. En algunos casos, también se hace la descripción de los posibles mecanismos de falla ocasionados por la...

Analizamos el sismo del 6 de septiembre de 1997 (M w 4.5), que se produjo a unos 25 km al SE de Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. El sismo fue registrado por la estación local TUIG de banda ancha de (tiempo S-P = 5 s). Las polaridades de la onda P a distancias regionales y telesísmicas, y el modelado de las formas de onda de desplazamiento en TUIG sugieren...

We present ground-motion prediction equations, based on Bayesian regressions, to predict response spectra at sites located within the hill and lake-bed zones of Mexico City for intermediate-depth, normal-faulting intraslab earthquakes with magnitude ranges 5.2 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.4; distances from sites to the fault surface 103 ≤ R ≤ 464 km; and focal depths...

We analyze the earthquake of 6 September 1997, which occurred about 25 km SE of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. The earthquake was recorded by the local broadband station of TUIG (S-P time = 5 s). P-wave polarities at regional and teleseismic distances, and modeling of the displacement waveforms at TUIG yields a thrust-faulting focal mechanism (ϕ = 150°;...

We propose an equation that correlates the seismic parameters of peak ground motion acceleration (A max) and velocity (V max) commonly used to estimate damage to pipelines, building contents and non structural elements. This equation allows us to estimate peak velocity V max in terms of peak acceleration A max . This means that, from an existing at...

We present regional maps of earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard in Mexico considering the lateral or horizontal spreading displacement, as index, DLL. The methodology to prepare the liquefaction hazard maps consists of five steps: (1) identifying zones with soil deposits that are more susceptible to displaying liquefaction based on geologic avai...

Luego del paso del huracán Odile por la península de Baja California, un equipo de investigadores emprendió un viaje de reconocimiento de los daños causados por este meteoro en la infraestructura urbana, hospitalaria, educativa, deportiva, habitacional, comercial y turística; en el campo , las instalaciones industriales, puentes, caminos y algunas...

A criterion for the estimation of losses of a structure exposed to several hazards is presented. It includes an approach to estimate the probability density function of the total damage that may be generated by the superposition of the effects of several simultaneous hazardous events that can be associated with a main primary event. It considers th...

The Mexico City Building Code (MCBC-200422. MCBC. (2004). Reglamento de Construcciones del Distrito Federal, Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal, 29 de enero de 2004. In Spanish.View all references) – Reglamento de Construcciones del Distrito Federal, Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal, 2922. MCBC. (2004). Reglamento de Construcciones del Distrito...

An event-based approach for the probabilistic risk assessment of agricultural drought under rainfed conditions to estimate the economic impact is proposed. The risk parameters are evaluated in an event-based probabilistic framework for a set of hazard events; these results are probabilistically integrated including, in a formal way, all uncertainti...

A seismic-event-based methodology to generate earthquake-induced translational landslide maps using Newmark method is proposed. The steps are: (1) to construct a GIS-based geotechnical database; (2) to identify those areas that are susceptible to the occurrence of translational landslides based on available geological information; (3) to compute a...

RESUMEN El entendimiento del riesgo de desastre debido a eventos naturales, como los terremotos, crea poderosos incentivos para que los países desarrollen opciones y herramientas de planeación para reducir los daños potenciales. Esta ha sido la razón por la que el modelo de evaluación de riesgo CAPRA fue desarrollado, con el apoyo técnico y financi...

RESUMEN El entendimiento del riesgo de desastre debido a eventos naturales, como los terremotos, crea poderosos incentivos para que los países desarrollen opciones y herramientas de planeación para reducir los daños potenciales. Esta ha sido la razón por la que el modelo de evaluación de riesgo CAPRA fue desarrollado, con el apoyo técnico y financi...

A criterion for the estimation of losses of a system exposed to several multi-hazard sources is presented. The procedure considers the statistical correlation of failure modes of a system due to the action of groups of multiple simultaneous natural processes, each group associated with events generated by a given hazard source; this means that the...

In this paper the main characteristics of the R-FONDEN, the non-commercial software built exclusively for the federal government to compute net losses (both for a given return period or a given scenario) for buildings and infrastructure in Mexico will be shown. Although this software is made for most of natural hazards such as hurricane (wind, floo...

Se propone una expresión para estimar el desplazamiento de Newmark en términos de la relación entre la aceleración crítica, ac (umbral de aceleración del suelo para iniciar un movimiento del talud) y la aceleración máxima del suelo, amax, para obtener el deslizamiento traslacional de laderas por sismo que de manera aproximada estimen esta amenaza a...

An event-based approach for probabilistic flood risk assessment for financial and civil protection applications is proposed. The risk parameters are evaluated in an event-based probabilistic framework for a set of hazard events and then all these results are probabilistically integrated, including, in a formal way, all uncertainties related to each...

A methodology is presented for assessing the seismic vulnerability of inventories of contents to multiple failure modes. An ordering method to find out probabilities of failure of a conditional mode upon the survival of the other modes is applied. The procedure considers the statistical correlation of failure modes due to the dynamic response, such...

Se presenta un procedimiento para estimar pérdidas esperadas por sismo en los contenidos de edificios de varios pisos para múltiples modos de falla. Se considera la respuesta estructural elástica del edificio ante un valor de intensidad dado por la aceleración máxima del suelo. El procedimiento considera: a) la correlación estadística de los modos...

Scenarios of flood losses caused by the possible failure of one of the main components of the drain system of Mexico City are estimated, since the floods during the rainy season cause considerable damages every year. The scenarios are created by mapping hazard and losses produced by storms with different return periods. They are considered scenario...

The Delhi earthquake of 25 November 2007 (Mw 4.1) is the best recorded local event ever. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) at seven sites in the epicentral zone ranged between 7 and 118 Gal. An analysis of the earthquake leads to the following conclusions. (1) It occurred at a depth of 30 km and involved strike–slip faulting with some normal component...