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Radiological Perspective of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Abstract and Figures
The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread to more than 180 countries of the world. Chest imaging plays a critical role in screening and management of the disease. Chest X-ray is the most viable and economical radiological modality; however, it suffers from a lower sensitivity in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Therefore, CT is recommended for the screening of COVID-19. The predominant CT findings of COVID-19 infection are bilateral and peripheral ground-glass and consolidative pulmonary opacities. CT can be useful in assessing temporal changes in patients recovering from COVID-19. The knowledge about the disease is still evolving, and caution must be taken during the evaluation of chest CT of COVID-19. CT findings in children are also variable, but the most common findings are ground-glass opacities and consolidation. Radiology departments must implement strict infection control protocols. To minimize the COVID-19 spread, radiology departments should adopt team segregation strategies with minimum overlap of the personnel. This chapter discusses the possible role of imaging methods and the recent advancement in key CT findings of COVID-19 infection, preparation of radiology departments, strategies to reduce the transmission, and personnel safety.
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... The novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is a virus that was initially found on January 13, 2020, as a result of study undertaken in a group of individuals who acquired respiratory symptoms (fever, cough, and shortness of breath) in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. 1 The pandemic was first discovered in people who worked in the seafood and livestock markets in this area. 2,3 Later, it expanded from person to person and to other cities in Hubei province, particularly Wuhan, as well as other provinces of China and other nations around the world. ...
The coronavirus (Covid‐19) epidemic continues to have a negative influence on the global population's well‐being and health. Scientists in many fields around the world are working non‐stop to find a solution to the prevention of this epidemic. In the field of computer science, this struggle is supported by studies on especially the analysis of X‐ray and CT images with artificial intelligence. In this study, two different ensemble learning models, including deep learning and a combination of machine learning methods, are presented for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection from X‐ray images. The main purpose of this study is to increase the classification ability of Residual Convolutional Neural Network (ResCNN), which is used as a deep learning method, with the assist of machine learning algorithms and extracted features from images. The proposed models were validated on a total of 5228 chest X‐ray images categorized as Normal, Pneumonia, and Covid‐19. The images in the dataset were sized in four different ways, 32 × 32, 64 × 64, 128 × 128, and 256 × 256, in order to analyze the validity of the proposed models in more detail. These four datasets were partitioned with the 10‐fold cross‐validation technique and converted into a total of 40 training and test data. Both proposed models use features derived from the ResCNN as the basis and test a certain number of machine learning algorithms with a majority voting technique by dividing them into subsets. In the architecture of the second model, it combines the features extracted from the Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) methods in addition to the features obtained from the ResCNN. It has been seen that the classification ability of both proposed models is better than the ResCNN in the experiments. In particular, the second model gives a similar classification score even though it is tested with images four‐times smaller (e.g., 32 × 32 vs. 128 × 128) than those used in the ResCNN. This shows that the model can give ideal results with lower computational cost.
The COVID-19, coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by a novel virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By March 2020 the novel coronavirus known to cause a pandemic has infected nearly about 119 thousand people and killed more than 4,300 around 114 countries. Apart from the current controversial opinions about the origin, spreading, and sociological impact, it is much more imperative to put a halt to this current situation. Understanding, testing, and early to rapid diagnosis may be now the only key that can contain COVID-19 by “flattening the curve”. Biosensing is the platform that allows rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection of analytes which in turn can serve the purpose for fast and precise detection of COVID-19. In this article, based on recently reported miniaturized sensing strategies, we hereby propose a promising personalized smartphone assisted electrochemical sensing platform for diagnosis of COVID-19.
After a century, the whole world fighting against the pandemic viral infection: a novel coronavirus,
COVID-19. Currently, more than 210 countries are suffering from COVID-19 with the number of affected
countries and patients are exponentially increasing day by day. It became a global health issue where
more than 2.7 million cases were reported with a death ratio of approximate 7% globally by World
Health Organization (WHO) (as of 24 April 2020) which is a 22 times higher numbers in 1.5 month and
this figure increasing day by day at an alarming rate. The maximum infected cases reported from the
most developed country and the world leader America however, the maximum death cases are from
the world’s second health service provider country Italy. China, the origin country of COVID-19, has
taken serious actions in terms of prevention, control against the spreading of this coronavirus through
lockdown, sanitation, medication, and social distancing. The risk of transmissions of coronavirus
from humans to humans is more and thus a social distancing is the best way for its persistence and
precautions. Thus, the COVID-19 outbreak continues must explore and evolve, certain strict and
mandatory precautions to stop this dangerous devil virus. Also, it is a major challenge for all global
scientists to find out an effective remedial drug to control this deadly coronavirus before uncontrolled
conditions. Thus, considering the depth of the spreading of coronavirus and its impact on global health,
it is necessitating to know the dos and don’ts for persistence, precautions, and diagnostic strategies
against the challenging COVID-19.
The recent outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly spread worldwide since its discovery in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. A comprehensive strategy, including surveillance, diagnostics, research, clinical treatment, and development of vaccines, is urgently needed to win the battle against COVID-19. The past three unprecedented outbreaks of emerging human coronavirus infections at the beginning of the 21st century have highlighted the importance of readily available, accurate, and rapid diagnostic technologies to contain emerging and re-emerging pandemics. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) based assays performed on respiratory specimens remain the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnostics. However, point-of-care technologies and serologic immunoassays are rapidly emerging with high sensitivity and specificity as well. Even though excellent techniques are available for the diagnosis of symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in well-equipped laboratories; critical gaps still remain in screening asymptomatic people who are in the incubation phase of the virus, as well as in the accurate determination of live viral shedding during convalescence to inform decisions for ending isolation. This review article aims to discuss the currently available laboratory methods and surveillance technologies available for the detection of COVID-19, their performance characteristics and highlight the gaps in current diagnostic capacity, and finally, propose potential solutions. We also summarize the specifications of the majority of the available commercial kits (PCR, EIA, and POC) for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19.
https://microbiologyjournal.org/global-status-of-covid-19-diagnosis-an-overview/
Since the beginning of the New Year 2020, countries around the world are stumbling due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Better approaches to diagnostics and medical facilities have helped some countries recover early. Previous exposures to epidemics have imparted lessons to handle such a pandemic with a high level of preparedness. The World Health Organization (WHO) and national health authorities are taking great efforts via efficient and impactful interventions to contain the virus. Diagnostic tests such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction are increasingly being used to confirm the diagnosis because testing biological samples for the presence of the virus is the definitive method to identify the disease, analyze the risk for transmission, and determine whether someone has been cured or not. It is also important to screen asymptomatic individuals to get the exact overview of the virus spread. Antibody detection plays a pivotal role in diagnosis; however, using it at the wrong time yields negative results and conveys dissenting opinion about the tests. Although the scaling up of testing has been significant, overall testing has been limited by the availability of diagnostics. Rapid diagnoses and discontinuation of transmission are keys to ending this pandemic. Diagnostics manufacturers are developing test kits and distributing them to different countries. Therefore, more than 500 commercial test kits for molecular-and immunoassays, most with Emergency Use Authorization, are now becoming available in the market. In this review, we discuss the importance of diagnostics, approaches of different countries toward the epidemic, global testing situation, and lessons to countries at the start of the epidemic for better preparedness.
Biosensors are a varied class of analytical devices with the common theme of using biological elements such as proteins, nucleic acids, or whole cells for detection of the target analyte. The first biosensors were developed in the 1950s, but today there is an array of types that rely on different combinations of detection and transduction elements. The aim of this article is to introduce the general concept of the biosensor and the performance characteristics that are used to compare different devices. The different possibilities for detection elements and output signals are then described. The second half of the article then explores the emerging technologies that are beginning to contribute to the development of new biosensor formats, specifically nanotechnology and synthetic biology. Finally, paper-based and wearable biosensor device formats are explored as examples of where this technology may develop in the future.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major threat worldwide due to its fast spreading. As yet, there are no established drugs available. Speeding up drug discovery is urgently required. We applied a workflow of combined in silico methods (virtual drug screening, molecular docking and supervised machine learning algorithms) to identify novel drug candidates against COVID-19. We constructed chemical libraries consisting of FDA-approved drugs for drug repositioning and of natural compound datasets from literature mining and the ZINC database to select compounds interacting with SARS-CoV-2 target proteins (spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, and 2’-o-ribose methyltransferase). Supported by the supercomputer MOGON, candidate compounds were predicted as presumable SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Interestingly, several approved drugs against hepatitis C virus (HCV), another enveloped (-) ssRNA virus (paritaprevir, simeprevir and velpatasvir) as well as drugs against transmissible diseases, against cancer, or other diseases were identified as candidates against SARS-CoV-2. This result is supported by reports that anti-HCV compounds are also active against Middle East Respiratory Virus Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. The candidate compounds identified by us may help to speed up the drug development against SARS-CoV-2.
The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has left the world clueless. As the WHO declares this new contagion as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020, the alarming rate of the spawn of the disease in such a short period has disarranged the globe. Standing against this situation researchers are strenuously searching for the key traits responsible for this pandemic. As knowledge regarding the dynamics and host-path interaction of COVID-19 causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently unknown, the formulation of strategies concerning antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control stands crucial. Before designing adequate therapeutic strategies, it is extremely essential to diagnose the disease at the outset as early detection can have a greater impact on building health system capacity. Hence, a comprehensive review of strategies for COVID-19 diagnosis is essential in this existing global situation. In this review, sequentially, we have provided the clinical details along with genetic and proteomic biomarkers related to COVID-19. The article systematically enlightens a clear overview of the clinically adopted techniques for the detection of COVID-19 including oligonucleotide-based molecular detection, Point-of-Care immunodiagnostics, radiographical analysis/sensing system, and newly developed biosensing prototypes having commercial viability. The commercial kits/analytical methods based-sensing strategies have also been tabulated categorically. The critical insights on the developer, commercial brand name, detection methods, technical operational details, detection time, clinical specimen, status, the limit of detection/detection ability have been discussed comprehensively. We believe that this review may provide scientists, clinicians and healthcare manufacturers valuable information regarding the most recent developments/approaches towards COVID-19 diagnosis.
Recent research suggests that SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals can be highly infectious while asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic, and that an infected person may infect 5.6 other individuals on average. This situation highlights the need for rapid, sensitive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assays capable of high-throughput operation that can preferably utilize existing equipment to facilitate broad, large-scale screening efforts. We have developed a CRISPR-based assay that can meet all these criteria. This assay utilizes a custom CRISPR Cas12a/gRNA complex and a fluorescent probe to amplify target amplicons produced by standard RT-PCR or isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), to allow sensitive detection at sites not equipped with real-time PCR systems required for qPCR diagnostics. We found this approach allowed sensitive and robust detection of SARS-CoV-2 positive samples, with a sample-to-answer time of ∼50 min, and a limit of detection of 2 copies per sample. CRISPR assay diagnostic results obtained nasal swab samples of individuals with suspected COVID-19 cases were comparable to paired results from a CDC-approved qPCR assay performed in a state testing lab, and superior to those produced by same assay in a clinical lab, where the qPCR assay exhibited multiple invalid or inconclusive results. Our assay also demonstrated greater analytical sensitivity and more robust diagnostic performance than other recently reported CRISPR-based assays. Based on these findings, we believe that a CRISPR-based fluorescent application has potential to improve current COVID-19 screening efforts.