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Development and morphology of Lysurus cruciatus - An addition to the Indian mycobiota

Authors:
  • Khaja Bandanawaz University

Abstract and Figures

Lysurus cruciatus (Phallomycetidae, Phallaceae) produces a basidiome with a long receptacle terminating in conical arms that branch initially and interconnect at their tips to support gleba on lateral surfaces. Its development from primordia to mature basidiome has been microscopically examined. Fructification begins as a small protuberance that differentiates into a series of layers and with gelatinization develops into an egg. The matured fruitbody stands up with an expanded receptacle. Lysurus cruciatus is a new record for the India mycobiota.
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  
MYCOTAXON
 
Volume 122, pp. 271–282 October–December 2012
Development and morphology of Lysurus cruciatus
an addition to the Indian mycobiota

Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Kuvempu University,
Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
krishnappam1007@gmail.com
 Lysurus cruciatus PhallomycetidaePhallaceae 

    
          

 Lysurus cruciatus 

 
Introduction
        
        
          

Phallaceae
         

Lysurus 
   Lysurus       

       


          
Lysurus cruciatus         


Lysurus cruciatus
Lysurus cruciatus... 
L. cruciatus

Materials & methods
L. cruciatus

    

         

           



Taxonomic description
Lysurus cruciatus 


          

  
       
           




       
       


   







INDIAKarnataka
°ʹʺ°ʹʺ

 Lysurus cruciatus   

           

 

Developmental stages 
     

           








         

            
          

      


 

  



          


       


       

Lysurus cruciatus... 

 Lysurus cruciatus      



   

         





          




Discussion
LysurusLysuraceae
 Lysuroideae    Clathraceae,   
LysuraceaeClathraceae 
         
    Phallaceae Clathraceae
   Lysuraceae     Phallaceae  
ClathraceaeLysuraceaClathraceae



Clathraceae  
Lysurus PhallaceaePhallalesPhallomycetidae
Phallales

 Aseroe arachnoidea         
      Protubera  Phallus impudicus 
Ithyphallus tenuis 
Mutinus bambusinus

Clathrus delicatus    
Lysurus cruciatus

Lysurus cruciatus... 

A. arachnoidea,    
    Protubera  Mutinus caninus   
I. tenuis 
L.cruciatus C. delicatus,

Simblum sphaerocephalum
           
   Aseroe
arachnoidea      
 Protubera  M. caninus 
Phallus impudicus
I. tenuis
C. delicatus
            
L. cruciatus        

    Aseroe rubra     
 
          
   M. caninus       
 
  I. tenuis           


C. delicatus  

L. cruciatus



    Lysurus    
Lysurus cruciatus  L. gardneri       
  Lysurus mokusin 
          
L. mokusin,
L. cruciatus.Lysurus periphragmoides
     

Lysurus pakistanicus 
L. periphragmoides

Lysurus cruciatus... 
 Lysurus cruciatus 
           
              
        
    





 
L. pakistanicus 

 Lysurus corallocephalus
     

Lysurus cruciatus      Lysurus   
        
    L. gardneri,       
L. pakistanicusL. periphragmoides, 
L. periphragmoides
L. mokusin 
L. corallocephalus
L. gardneri 
               
 


L. cruciatus 
             
   L. cruciatus  L. gardneri, 


Acknowledgment



   


Literature cited
       Dictyophora cinnabarina   


  Clathrus delicatus   

 

          Dictyophora Ithyphallus.

          

Lysurus cruciatus... 
          Clathraceae  Phallaceae
Gasteromycetes
      Mutinus caninus      

Lysurus gardneri Lysurus
australiensis
     Simblum sphaerocephalum   


              
 Lysuraceae Basidiomycota      

Gasteromycetes

Clathraceae

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  
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Fungi
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
Phallomycetidae
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Lysurus pakistanicusPhallales
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          
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

NeolysurusClathraceae

    Phalloideae        

      Colus gardneri      


Laternea triscapaLaternea pusilla Ligiella rodrigueziana. 

Basidiomycetes

            
 Clathrus delicatus Phallomycetidae, Phallaceae     


Lysurus sulcatus

EndophallusPhallaceae

            Gasteromycetes 

... Macrofungi are found in many parts of the world as parasite and saprophyte [4][5][6]. ...
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Thirthahalli taluk supports rich and diverse fungal fruitbodies with a total of 48 macrofungal species (38 genera, 28 families) found fruiting on soil and wood. In total, 10 morpho-groups were identified. The macrofungal diversity was examined based on sporocarp inventories over a year. The sporocarps encountered were collected and analyzed for their identity. The field expeditions were carried out from January to December 2019 in a 50 x 20 m transect. The families Agaricaceae, Polyporaceae and Xylariaceae. Psathyrellaceae and Tricholomataceae dominated the macrofungal communities during 2019 having the greatest number of species. The species belonged predominantly to the genera Conocybe, Coprinellus,
... The PCR products were purified and sequenced in Macrogen Inc., (Seoul, South Korea), with the same primers as in their amplifications. The same sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis of Cabral et al. (2019), were selected from GenBank (Table 2) Lysurus cruciatus ( Figure 1A-D) belongs to the Lysuraceae family and has cosmopolitan geographic distribution (Assyov and Gashtarov, 2007;Abrar et al., 2012;Sandoval-Leiva et al., 2014); in Brazil, it is reported in Paraná (Meijer, 2006) and Rio Grande do Sul (Cortez et al., 2011;Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2018). The specimen examined has a basidioma 5-6 cm high, formed by a pseudostipe and a basal volva, pileus (fertile portion of receptacle) formed by arms presenting a viscid gleba. ...
... Basidiomata were 68-80 mm in height; the pseudostipe was subcylindrical, white to cream colored, 11-14 mm in width, with a spongy consistency; the fertile portion was composed of three or four reddish "arms," which were covered by a mucilaginous matter, comprising the gleba (mass of basidiospores); the basidiospores were bacilliform, hyaline, and smooth, 3-4×2 μm. Due to a combination of these features, the specimens were identified as Lysurus cruciatus, a species occurring in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, 2 including Asia, 7 Europe, 8 and southern Brazil. 9 The voucher material is kept at the Herbarium of the Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, under the number ICN 154345. ...
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A case of mushroom poisoning of a dog caused by a phalloid fungus is reported for the first time. The phalloid caused gastrointestinal syndrome in a 1-year-old dog, and was identified as Lysurus cruciatus, a common phalloid fungus in southern Brazil.
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Seven species of Gasteromycetes are reported as new to the Canary Islands: Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.:Pers.) Corda, Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., Tulostoma macrocephalum Long, Tulostoma melanocyclum Bresad., Mutinus caninus (Huds.:Pers.) Fr., Lysurus cruciatus (Lepr. & Mont.) Lloyd, and Lysurus mokusin (Cibot:Pers.)Fr. Seven other taxa are given as chorological additions to some islands, though known previously from the other islands. Taxonomic, ecological and biogeographic considerations are given for each. Lysurus gardneri is removed from the fungus checklist of the Canary Islands as it was confused with Lysurus cruciatus. The reports for Mutinus caninus und Lysurus mokusin are the southernmost records for these species in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Molecular phylogenetic analyses for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi were conducted based on the five gene dataset with extensive taxon sampling. The monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was strongly supported, and four well supported major subclades were recognized. Three of the four sub-clades were represented entirely by gastroid taxa, and only Gomphales contained both gastroid and non-gastroid taxa. While the gastroid morphology is derived from epigeous, nongastroid taxa in Gomphales, the topology of Phallales indicated that truffle-like form is an ancestral morphology of the stinkhorn fruiting bodies. Although basidiospore maturation occurs within the enclosed fruiting bodies of the stinkhorn, the elevation of the mature spore-producing tissue represents an independent origin of the stipe among Basidiomycota. Comparisons are made between previous and new classification schemes, which are based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. Based on the results of these analyses, a new subclass Phallomycetidae, and two new orders, Hysterangiales and Geastrales, are proposed.
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Fruit bodies of Mutinus caninus were grown in the laboratory on a special nutrient-supplemented straw medium. Fruit bodies were cryosectioned, fixed, dehydrated, critical-point dried, and observed using scanning-electron microscopy and photography. Young fruit bodies were differentiated into a peridium and an inner core from which the gleba and pseudostem differentiated. A gelatinous layer developed between the peridium and inner core and gradually increased in thickness during fruit body development. Hymenial differentiation began as a cluster of indistinct chambers. Pseudostem formation occurred after hymenial differentiation. Eight basidiospores were produced on each basidium. Numerous cells, formed in folds in the wall of the pseudostem early in development, increased in size as development proceeded. Their expansion apparently caused the elongation of the pseudostem.
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A new species of a phalloid mushroom, Lysurus pakistanicus, is described from Lahore, Pakistan, based on its morphological characteristics.