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Routing Path Estimation Based on RWS Method for Competent Energy Dissipation Employing X-Layer Network
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In this paper, the implementation of Mobile Error Probability algorithm has been implemented to improve the output efficiency of the sensor nodes in the wireless network environment. According the WSNs is concerned, it's very important to focus on residual energy of each node. The Mobile Error Probability algorithm support to this very strongly, it ultimately calculates the residual energy corresponding to the consumed energy by the node at each level of the beaconing. This is only applicable for the mobile node depending upon the distance between the nodes. If the distance exceeds the set limit, then only the node sends the beaconing signal else it will be in idle state. Besides, the above concept, the method of RWS is also been implemented to estimate the routing path which can be used for the transmission in minimum stipulated of time. Scheduling algorithm has been used for proper cycling of the node in various modes such as active, idle, sleep and dead conditions. All the above algorithms are been implemented in EQSR, ED as well as proposed model using NS-II simulation through results are also been examined.
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... The derivation of the proposed observation matrix has been discussed in the second section [19][20][21][22][23]. The third section presents experimental results and applications [24][25][26]. Lastly the conclusion is given under section four. ...
... In this article, GPS input data is taken from all satellite vehicles which are in view with respect to the GPS receiver. Due to page limitations, see [10,13,[21][22][23][24][25][26], and [27] for a detailed explanation of all DOP parameters and their calculation formulas. But, the GDOP calculation formula is given in equation (1). ...
A location sensor is a feature that communicates with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to learn about the status of the current location. This work presents the GPS receiver position estimation and Dilution of Precision (DOP) analysis using a new approximate form of observation matrix which can be used in place of the classic observation matrix that was derived from the Taylor's series. It has been realized that, the approximate observation matrix is numerically stable and provides greater precision in calculating DOP values and estimating the position of a GPS receiver. The experimental results show that the proposed observation matrix provides better precision in DOP analysis and GPS receiver position estimation with a fast convergence rate and improved algorithm stability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed new observation matrix plays a significant role to estimate accurately the location of the GPS receiver position and to enhance all parameters of the DOP.
... To get rid with issues of the PDR, energy utilizing concern to the nodes, the MEP approach has been evolved to map the spacing between the nodes which gathers the information of the high-speed nodes which can be further utilize the beaconing process of the self information of the energy left with it so as to elect itself for future communication. RWS technique has been chosen to evaluate the proper link with less distance to reach the sink node [5]. ...
... Energy & degree ought to be uniformly prioritized. Henceforth, the estimation value of "a" and "b" ought to be considered as 0.5 individually [5][6][7]. ...
As far as wireless sensor networks are concerned, the packet to delivery ratio parameter is the most important and demanded area where lot of research work is going on. The work has been carried out over here, is completed based on algorithms that are been implemented to improve the packet to delivery ratio using cross layer network (XLN). The nodes that are been available in the WSNs plays an important role w. r. t. its location, speed as well as under which cluster it is been assigned. Also the nodes state play a vital role for communication purpose such as Active, Sleep, Idle and Dead node which are properly monitored by scheduling algorithm which may also reflect to reduce the bottleneck problem. Proper multi-hop routing is been done based on clustering algorithm so as to monitoring each & every node under either of the clusters within the cluster head, for which the DMRC (Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing & Clustering) algorithm has taken place in this research so as to achieve optimum output of the PDR. The beaconing signal will be provided by only those nodes which are having the sufficient residual energy within it for proper transmission. Further, it can also be decreased by considering only those nodes which are having the deserved residual energy within the node. The proposed DMRC algorithm is compared with the existing algorithms i.e., LEACH and SMRC which are preferred in EQSR, ED and MEP models. Above all, PDR is obtained for 300 nodes in all the 3 cases & is been taken into consideration using the NS-II simulation software.
... The aforementioned problem will disrupt the plans of engineers and researchers to integrate FSPV systems as generation options. However, India is a country rich in resources and, its water bodies have the potential to generate 270 GW of power through FSPV systems [10]. FSPV has the advantage of reducing the cost of land, which is compensated for by its high capital cost, although this can be made to increase by rising PV prices. ...
Renewable energy sources, particularly solar photovoltaic generation, now dominate generation options. Solar generation advancements have resulted in floating solar photovoltaics, also known as FSPV systems. FSPV systems are one of the fastest growing technologies today, providing a viable replacement for ground-mounted PV systems due to their flexibility and low land-space requirement. This paper presents a systematic approach for implementing a proposed FSPV–grid integrated system in Bhilai Steel Plant’s (BSP) subsections. BSP is a steel manufacturing plant located in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, and the FSPV system has the potential to generate sufficient energy by accessing two of its reservoirs. The system was simulated in HOMER Pro software, which provided the FSPV system power estimations, area requirements, net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), production summary, grid purchasing/selling, IRR, ROI, paybacks and pollutant emissions. A sensitivity analysis for a hike in PV prices globally due to a shortage in poly silicone in international markets during the fiscal year 2021–2022 was undertaken for the proposed FSPV–grid system. Here, the authors considered hikes in the PV price of 1%, 9%and 18% respectively, since the maximum percentage increase in PV prices globally is 18%. The authors also compared the proposed FSPV–grid system to the existing grid-only system for two sections of the BSP and the results obtained showed that the NPC and LCOE would be much lower in the case of the FSPV–grid system than the grid-only system. However, with changes in the percentage hike in PV prices, the NPC and LCOE were found to increase due to changes in the proportion of FSPV–grid systems in production. The pollutant emissions were the minimum in the case of the FSPV–grid system, whereas they were the highest in the case of the existing grid-only system. Furthermore, the payback analysis indicated that the minimum ROI for the above-defined construction would be fully covered in 15.81 years with the nominal 1% pricing for FSPV–grid generation. Therefore, the overall results suggest that the FSPV–grid system has the potential to be a perfect alternative solar energy source that can meet the current electrical energy requirements of the steel manufacturing industry with nominal pricing better than the existing grid-only system, as well as addressing economic constraints and conferring environmental benefits.
... A linear rectified activation function (RELU) follows each convolution [23]. After each RELU feature, a max-pool layer [24] of 2 Â 2 was employed to minimise the feature matrix size. A final classification result was acquired by stacking an ...
... But it doesn't employ how to monitor the beacon slot duration of the adjacent nodes to eliminate the superimposing of the nodes during multi-hop operation. Adjacent nodes those are within the cluster region sense its distance with its present location from each other [5]. The source node and sensor nodes are been positioned at very positions in the network simulation environment within a transmission range of 250m. ...
In the Wireless Sensor Environment, it is very much essential to evaluate the performance of system throughput with respect to the cross layer network by considering IEEE 802.15.4 as the zigbee protocol. In this work, two-ray ground radio propagation model has been selected when compared to free-space and shadowing propagation models. Also UDP has been chosen as the transport protocol whereas CBR is been chosen as the traffic model. Apart from the above, cross layer model has been implemented to enhance the performance of the system throughput with the help of mobile nodes through which utilizing of the energy consumption can be obtained in a proper manner. To monitor the mobile nodes from the stationary nodes MEP approach is preferred and also proper scheduling approach is required due to which Load Adaptive Beaconing Scheduling Algorithm is been elected and also compared with BOP and MeshMAC scheduling approaches. In this work, a simulation scenario of near about 300 nodes has been selected with initial energy of 100 joules along with a transmission range of 500m within the simulation time of 50 seconds. Out of 300 nodes few nodes has been allotted with some mobility ranging from (1 – 3) m/s. With the help of M-AODV protocol, exact transmission of the data packets is possible to reach the destination properly. The complete work is performed through the Network Simulator–II platform by choosing appropriate specifications.
The condition monitoring of rotating machines for critical applications plays an important role in reducing downtime. With Industry 4.0, the role of IoT in online condition monitoring of electrical machines has gained considerable significance. The main aim of the paper is the use of IoT for online monitoring of motor parameters like current, temperature, vibration, and humidity and observing its online trending using a web server. Data can be accessed in form of graphs and widgets by visiting the web page. The advantage of this project is the real-time monitoring of the motor from any remote area and in case of any abnormality operating personnel can take necessary steps for preventing complete breakdown. The proposed work can help industry people in online monitoring of motors and in the future work can be extended for fault prediction and classification.
The energy usage constraint is the most critical and desired parameter in wireless sensor networks, and it is the subject of a lot of investigation. With the same motive, survey efforts have been made here, and it is focused on strategies that have been incorporated to increase energy sustainability. Apart from the above, this approach is been evaluated using Cross Layer Network for better output. The results when compared to cross layer network model outperforms good when as compared to the individual layer performance. The routers that are active in WSNs serve an significant role in terms of their position, velocity, and which cluster they are connected to. All nodes may not have the mobility to move from one place to another, for which the MEP algorithm has taken place in this research so as to identify the mobile nodes so that it has to be used for proper communication purpose in comparison with the existing models such as EQSR and ED. Each node-node distance has been evaluated for proper monitoring of the mobile nodes. Only certain nodes with adequate residual energy within themselves can generate the beaconing signal, allowing for precise propagation with minimal energy consumption. Considering the nodes which are having the mobility, the energy consumption can be reduced. It can often be reduced by only taking nodes into account with the appropriate residual energy inside the network. The states of the nodes, like Active, Sleep, Idle, as well as Dead, are also essential for interaction and must be regularly assessed in order to ensure a high PDR value. In contrast to existing protocols such as SMRC and LEACH, effective multi-hop networking is developed depending on DMRC protocol to control each and every node under either of the clusters inside the cluster head. RWS method has also taken into consideration for proper choosing of the routing path along with its estimation. Also, proper scheduling is need to assign the selected nodes for transmission for which LAB scheduling algorithm is implemented in comparison with the existing scheduling algorithms such as BOP and MeshMAC to achieve optimum system throughput. The complete work is been carried out using the NS-II simulation software.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to monitor physical conditions. Deployment of sensor nodes is a critical issue in WSN as it affects coverage and connectivity of the network. Coverage in wireless sensor networks is a measure of how well and for how long the sensors are able to observe the physical space. In this paper, we propose different sensor node deployment strategies for 3D WSN for maximum coverage prediction. We do a comparative study of 3D sensor node deployment strategies for coverage prediction. We also propose a scheduling algorithm to minimize the number of sensor nodes used in coverage prediction. Our study also gives a comparison between various proposed 3D sensor node deployment schemes along with the number of sensor nodes to be used in each case.
Optimization of energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes has become a critical link that constrains the engineering application of the smart grid due to the fact that the smart grid is characterized by long-distance transmission in a special environment. The paper proposes a linear hierarchical network topological structure specific to WSN energy conservation in environmental monitoring of the long-distance electric transmission lines in the smart grid. Based on the topological structural characteristics and optimization of network layers, the paper also proposes a Topological Structure be Layered Configurations (TSLC) routing algorithm to improve the quality of WSN data transmission performance. Coprocessing of the network layer and the media access control (MAC) layer is achieved by using the cross-layer design method, accessing the status for the nodes in the network layer and obtaining the status of the network nodes of the MAC layer. It efficiently saves the energy of the whole network, improves the quality of the network service performance, and prolongs the life cycle of the network.
Mobility of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN) has posed new challenges particularly in packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. Some real applications impose combined environments of fixed and mobile sensor nodes in the same network, while others demand a complete mobile sensors environment. Packet loss that occurs due to mobility of the sensor nodes is one of the main challenges which comes in parallel with energy consumption. In this paper, we use cross layer design between medium access control (MAC) and network layers to overcome these challenges. Thus, a cluster based routing protocol for mobile sensor nodes (CBR-Mobile) is proposed. The CBR-Mobile is mobility and traffic adaptive protocol. The timeslots assigned to the mobile sensor nodes that had moved out of the cluster or have not data to send will be reassigned to incoming sensor nodes within the cluster region. The protocol introduces two simple databases to achieve the mobility and traffic adaptively. The proposed protocol sends data to cluster heads in an efficient manner based on received signal strength. In CBR-Mobile protocol, cluster based routing collaborates with hybrid MAC protocol to support mobility of sensor nodes. Schedule timeslots are used to send the data message while the contention timeslots are used to send join registration messages. The performance of proposed CBR-Mobile protocol is evaluated using MATLAB and was observed that the proposed protocol improves the packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, delay and fairness in mobility environment compared to LEACH-Mobile and AODV protocols.
IEEE 802.15.4 mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have been investigated in literature. One major finding is that these networks suffer from control packet overhead and delivery ratio degradation. This increases the network’s energy consumption. This paper introduces a cross-layer operation model that can improve the energy consumption and system throughput of IEEE 802.15.4 MWSNs. The proposed model integrates four layers in the network operation: application (node location), network (routing), medium access control (MAC) and physical layers. The location of the mobile nodes is embedded in the routing operation after the route discovery process. The location information is then utilized by the MAC layer transmission power control to adjust the transmission range of the node. This is used to minimize the power utilized by the network interface to reduce the energy consumption of the node(s). The model employs a mechanism to minimize the neighbor discovery broadcasts to the active routes only. Reducing control packet broadcasts between the nodes reduces the network’s consumed energy. It also decreases the occupation period of the wireless channel. The model operation leads the network to consume less energy while maintaining the network packet delivery ratio. To our knowledge, the presented operational model with its simplicity has never been introduced. Through simulation-based evaluations, the proposed model outperforms the conventional operation of IEEE 802.15.4-based network and the Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (EQSR) in terms of energy consumption by roughly 10%, twice less control packet overhead, on-par end-to-end delays and comparative packet delivery ratios.
IEEE 802.15.4 is the de facto standard for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that outlines the specifications of the PHY layer and MAC sub-layer in these networks. The MAC protocol is needed to orchestrate sensor nodes access to the wireless communication medium. Although distinguished by a set of strengths that contributed to its popularity in various WSNs, IEEE 802.15.4 MAC suffers from several limitations that play a role in deteriorating its performance. Also, from a practical perspective, 80.15.4-based networks are usually deployed in the vicinity of other wireless networks that operate in the same ISM band. This means that 802.15.4 MAC should be ready to cope with interference from other networks. These facts have motivated efforts to devise improved IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocols for WSNs. In this paper we provide a survey for these protocols and highlight the methodologies they follow to enhance the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol.
Designing energy efficient and reliable routing protocols for mobility centric applications of wireless sensor network (WSN) such as wildlife monitoring, battlefield surveillance and health monitoring is a great challenge since topology of the network changes frequently. Existing cluster-based mobile routing protocols such as LEACH-Mobile, LEACH-Mobile-Enhanced and CBR-Mobile consider only the energy efficiency of the sensor nodes. However, reliability of routing protocols by incorporating fault tolerance scheme is significantly important to identify the failure of data link and sensor nodes and recover the transmission path. Most existing mobile routing protocols are not designed as fault tolerant. These protocols allocate extra timeslots using time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme to accommodate nodes that enter a cluster because of mobility and thus, increases end-to-end delay. Moreover, existing mobile routing protocols are not location aware and assume that sensor nodes know their coordinates. In this study the authors, we propose a location-aware and fault tolerant clustering protocol for mobile WSN (LFCP-MWSN) that is not only energy efficient but also reliable. LFCP-MWSN also incorporates a simple range free approach to localise sensor nodes during cluster formation and every time a sensor moves into another cluster. Simulation results show that LFCP-MWSN protocol has about 25-30% less network energy consumptions and slightly less end-to-end data transmission delay than the existing LEACH-Mobile and LEACH-Mobile-Enhanced protocols.
Present study indicates to improve network performances which use cross-layer approach. Application of transmission power control technique to dynamically adjust transmission power results in significant reduction of energy consumption. Along with this, a weight is calculated by considering ‘ED’, associated with each node to reduce control overhead. ‘E’ stands for energy while ‘D’ stands for degree. Control overhead reduction during route discovery and dynamic adjustment of transmission power improves network performance and reduces energy consumption. The results are compared with popular algorithm which proved that proposed algorithm performs better in terms of efficiency metrics.
In this paper, we handle the bottleneck problem of ZigBee-based networks. The bottleneck problem occurs at the nodes near the ZigBee coordinator since they have too many data to deliver during the data gathering process. This is a fundamental problem which reduces network throughput and prolongs transmission delay. A possible solution is to schedule each node's transmission/receiving time properly. Two fundamental problems we have to answer for such scheduling are when and how long a node should keep awake to transmit/receive packets. To achieve efficient scheduling, in this paper, we propose a centralised top-down-maximum-load-first (TDMLF) scheme which utilises the contention-free guaranteed time slots (GTS) defined in IEEE 802.15.4. By increasing the number of concurrent transmissions, the proposed scheme achieves high system utilisation and thus alleviates the bottleneck problem. Through simulation and real system implementation, we verify that TDMLF successfully reduces the negative effects caused by the bottleneck problem.
In this paper, we investigate the connectivity for large-scale clustered wireless sensor and ad hoc networks. We study the effect of mobility on the critical transmission range for asymptotic connectivity in
k
-hop clustered networks and compare to existing results on nonclustered stationary networks. By introducing
k
-hop clustering, any packet from a cluster member can reach a cluster head within
k
hops, and thus the transmission delay is bounded as Θ(1) for any finite
k
. We first characterize the critical transmission range for connectivity in mobile
k
-hop clustered networks where all nodes move under either the random walk mobility model with nontrivial velocity or the i.i.d. mobility model. By the term nontrivial velocity, we mean that the velocity of a node
v
is ω(
r
(
n
)), where
r
(
n
) is the transmission range of the node. We then compare with the critical transmission range for stationary
k
-hop clustered networks. In addition, the critical number of neighbors is studied in a parallel manner for both stationary and mobile networks. We also study the transmission power versus delay tradeoff and the average energy consumption per flow among different types of networks. We show that random walk mobility with nontrivial velocities increases connectivity in
k
-hop clustered networks, and thus significantly decreases the energy consumption and improves the power-delay tradeoff. The decrease of energy consumption per flow is shown to be Θ([(log
n
)/(
nd
)]) in clustered networks. These results provide insights on network design and fundamental guidelines on building a large-scale wireless network.
In delay sensitive applications of wireless sensor network, it is required to monitor the situation continuously with the sensors. The continuous monitoring operation results in more energy consumption of the sensor nodes. If the delay in data processing and it's communication from one node to other is more, then energy requirement may increase. In most of the situations, it is difficult to replace the battery of a sensor node, after the deployment of node in the network. The efficient energy management and low latency are the important issue in such applications as they affect the life of network. Many protocols are suggested by various researchers for energy efficient data process and minimum latency in sensor networks. There are limitations in existing protocols as they are particularly designed either for energy efficiency or minimum latency or for both. This paper presents the new protocol to overcome some of the existing protocol's limitations. In this paper, a concept of distance metric based routing protocol approach is explored, for 'high energy efficiency' and 'shortest path selection' for latency improvement. The proposed new protocol is 'Dynamic Energy Efficient Latency Improving Protocol (DEELIP)'. The simulation results are compared with 'AODV' routing protocol. It is observed that in proposed protocol; the overhead of the network traffic is reduced, resulting in improvement of energy efficiency and latency than existing routing protocols.