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Programmable Networks – From Software Defined Radio to Software Defined Networking
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Current implementations of Internet systems are very hard to be upgraded. The ossification of existing standards restricts the development of more advanced communication systems. New research initiatives, such as virtualization, software-defined radios, and software-defined networks, allow more flexibility for networks. However, until now, those initiatives have been developed individually. We advocate that the convergence of these overlying and complementary technologies can expand the amount of programmability on the network and support different innovative applications. Hence, this paper surveys the most recent research initiatives on programmable networks. We characterize programmable networks, where programmable devices execute specific code, and the network is separated into three planes: data, control, and management planes. We discuss the modern programmable network architectures, emphasizing their research issues, and, when possible, highlight their practical implementations. We survey the wireless and wired elements on the programmable data plane. Next, on the programmable control plane, we survey the divisor and controller elements. We conclude with final considerations, open issues and future challenges.
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... Software-defined wireless networking (SDWN) is the introduction of software-defined networking (SDN) for the management of wireless networks [1]. In contrast to the 'bottom up' and hardware-centric design of traditional computer networks, SDN employs a discrete control plane that centralizes network intelligence in a logical SDN controller (or a set of cooperating controllers) [2]. ...
Software-defined wireless networking (SDWN) offers new methods for managing wireless and heterogeneous systems, but equally poses new security challenges. Here, we investigate how the emerging paradigm of trust may be able to address security challenges in the SDWN data plane through trust management and trust-based routing. This paper presents a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) trust management system for securely managing heterogeneous software-defined networks, with a supporting threat model and trust framework. Evaluation demonstrates that the essential capabilities of a trust-based routing model are functional in our PoC, and also points to opportunities for future research.
... We performed hardware verification of our proposed calibration method on an SDR platform, with RF and digital tunability and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) [25], [26] for digital signal processing. Multiple Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) Ettus B210 devices were used, each with two RF transceivers sharing the same frequency reference but with individual PLL and LO. ...
Phase measurements by the quadrature scheme in radio transceivers can be applied to phase-sensitive applications like precision multi-static 3D localization. However, measurements at different channels with individual local oscillators suffer from random phase offsets due to non-repeatable initial phases of phase-locked loops in frequency synthesizers. In this paper, a novel phase calibration method is proposed to cancel out both the random and systematic time-invariant phase offsets at the superheterodyne receiver frontends. Direct phase offset measurements and on-site calibration are made possible by additional hardware connections, achieving simple implementation and accurate differential phase measurements without relying on bandwidth resources. The proposed calibration method generates repeatable phases for each device reboot with standard deviation less than 2 degrees, which translates to 0.9 mm ranging accuracy for 1.8 GHz carrier frequency. This method can also be flexibly extended to accommodate a broad range of practical network scenarios with more channels, various network topologies, and a wider bandwidth.
... A software-defined radio (SDR) is a hardware device which implements signal processing methods such as digital conversion, upsampling, modulation, filtering, and detection using software-based algorithms. An SDR has the capability to perform partial or full physical layer function of a radio using modifiable software and programmable hardware [16], [158]. Once programmed, unlike a normal radio, an SDR has the flexibility to reprogram its working architecture to evolve with advanced communication protocols, channel assignment policies and wireless functionalities [16]. ...
Beyond line of sight communication is important as it provides, for example, tactical data sharing for military advantage. Satellite communication (SATCOM) is the only technology that provides this capability. Recent advances in microelectronics technology have significantly enhanced the capability of SATCOM systems in terms of their ability to reprogram and reconfigure. Moreover, signal processing units can be simulated using software-defined radios. But a growing demand for high data rates and user anonymity, requiring implementation of higher-order modulation, multiplexing and efficient spread spectrum schemes, pose new challenges for SATCOM. These are compounded in the presence of reliability and low latency requirements for tactical communication as well as communication between various satellite technologies in the future such as constellations and 5G technology. In this survey, we review the state-of-the-art in SATCOM systems with respect to modulation, multiplexing, channel encoding and software-based implementations and discuss future challenges.
... It took two decades for IT Craftmanship to become powerful, which is considered "IT Industrialization." Researchers have also focused on functional operations [19]. Later, they added a control system to reduce the risks, termed "Digitization." ...
Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been a prominent technology in the last decade that increases networking programmability. The SDN philosophy decouples the application, control, and data plane to increase the network programmability. The data plane is an essential but unsolved component that receives less attention than control and application planes. Traditionally, the data plane uses fixed functions that forward packets using a limited number of protocols. The P4 (Programming Protocol-independent Packet Processors) language makes it possible to program SDN data plane, which push the SDN to the next level. In the research community and industry, programming the data plane has garnered significant attention. Surprisingly, there has been no comprehensive reviews of programmable data-plane switches, which have many advantages in today’s networks. The authors reviewed the evolution of networks from legacy to programmable data planes, explained the fundamentals of programmable switches, and summarized the network generation from traditional to programmable networks. In this paper, the authors describe SDN from a P4-centric standpoint and discuss over 75 related research papers. They also provide several taxonomies for the field, outline potential research areas, and provide greater details regarding the patterns that have led to the development of this technology.
... Tecnologias emergentes como SDR e redes definidas por software permitem agregar flexibilidade e interoperabilidadeàs redes de telecomunicações [6]. A implementação de sistemas de comunicação baseados em SDR oferece a possibilidade de operar diferentes configurações de sistemas sobre um mesmo hardware [2]. ...
This article aims to demonstrate the development and implementation of an autoencoder for digital communication systems in a software-defined radio environment to replace conventional systems. Therefore, concepts of neural networks applied in telecommunications are used to implement a QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) encoder and a decoder in a GNU Radio Companion environment for a feasibility study in terms of bit error rate (BER).
... In recent years, software-defined radios (SDRs) have gained a lot of attention from academia and industry [22,23], mainly due to the versatile combination of hardware and software modules making such systems excellent tools for designing and testing complex communication systems. Benefiting from the RF community, which has extensively used the concept of SDR [24,25], such technology has recently been exploited in VLC applications, in indoor, outdoor, and vehicular applications [26,27]. However, these works have shown the performances of the VLC system without a comparative evaluation of the improvement that a SDR front-end could deliver over existing VLC systems, which is especially relevant in realistic scenarios such as in the presence of background noise and/or strong solar irradiance. ...
One of the main challenges in the deployment of visible light communication (VLC) in realistic application fields, such as intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), is represented by the presence of large background noise levels on top of the optical signal carrying the digital information. A versatile and effective digital filtering technique is, hence, crucial to face such an issue in an effective way. In this paper, we present an extensive experimental evaluation of a complete VLC system, embedding a software-defined-radio (SDR)-based digital signal processing (DSP) filter stage, which is tested either indoors, in the presence of strong artificial 100-Hz stray illumination, and outdoors, under direct sunlight. The system employs low-power automotive LED lamps, and it is tested for baud rates up to 1 Mbaud. We experimentally demonstrate that the use of the DSP technique improves 10× the performance of the VLC receiver over the original system without the filtering stage, reporting a very effective rejection of both 100-Hz and solar noise background. Indoors, the noise margin in the presence of strong 100-Hz noise is increased by up to 40 dB, whilst in the outdoor configuration, the system is capable of maintaining error-free communication in direct sunlight conditions, up to 7.5 m, improving the distance by a factor of 1.6 compared to the case without filtering. We believe that the proposed system is a very effective solution for the suppression of various types of noise effects in a large set of VLC applications.
... Rede Definida por Software (Software-Defined Networking, ou SDN) é um paradigma para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em redes de computadores que ganhou a atenção de parte da comunidade científica e da indústria da área [Guedes et al. 2012]. SDN é um paradigma que separa o plano de controle do plano de dados e permite programar os seus dispositivos [Macedo et al. 2015]. Em SDN, o plano de controle configura as regras de encaminhamento da rede de modo logicamente centralizado por software, por uma entidade chamada controlador, enquanto que o plano de dados encaminha os pacotes de acordo com as ações definidas por esse controlador. ...
O padrão OpenFlow é a solução mais utilizada em SDN, separando o plano de dados do plano de controle e usando um conjunto limitado de campos e ações. Porém, o OpenFlow não permite utilizar novos campos fora da especificação, dificultando a adoção de novos protocolos e serviços. Neste trabalho propomos um roteador SDN implementado em hardware com o objetivo de possibilitar a utilização de novos campos e protocolos definidos dinamicamente, sem a necessidade de recompilar ou reiniciar o roteador quando o usuário altera, em tempo de execução, a forma como os fluxos devem ser processados. Além disso, ele permite o processamento de fluxos de redes SDN independente de protocolo utilizando instruções eBPF geradas a partir de programas em linguagem C ou P4 criados pelo usuário. Nosso protótipo foi implementado na plataforma NetFPGA. Nossos resultados mostram que o sistema permite alterar as análises, casamentos e ações em tempo de execução com tempo de inatividade zero.
The metaverse aims to provide immersive virtual worlds connecting with the physical world. To enable real-time interpersonal communications between users across the globe, the metaverse places high demands on network performance, including low latency, high bandwidth, and fast network speeds. This paper proposes a novel Media Convergence Metaverse Network (MCMN) framework to address these challenges. Specifically, the META controller serves as MCMN's logically centralized control plane, responsible for holistic orchestration across edge sites and end-to-end path computation between metaverse users. We develop a model-free deep reinforcement learning-based metaverse traffic optimization algorithm that learns to route flows while satisfying the Quality of Service (QoS) boundaries. The network slicing engine leverages artificial intelligence and machine learning to create isolated, customized virtual networks tailored for metaverse traffic dynamics on demand. It employs unsupervised and reinforcement learning techniques using network telemetry from the META controller to understand application traffic patterns and train cognitive slicer agents to make quality of service -aware decisions accordingly. Optimized delivery of diverse concurrent media types necessitates routing intelligence to meet distinct requirements while mitigating clashes over a shared infrastructure. Media-aware routing enhances traditional shortest-path approaches by combining topological metrics with workflow sensitivities. We realize an edge-assisted rendering fabric to offload complex processing from bandwidth-constrained endpoints while retaining visual realism. Extensive simulations demonstrate MCMN's superior performance compared to conventional networking paradigms. MCMN shows great promise to enable seamless interconnectivity and ultra-high fidelity communications to unlock the true potential of the metaverse.
Metaverse is an initiative, immersive virtual-reality digital space that installs to the next-generation Internet for a platform of network human-computer interaction mode. As the access point number of routing/switching process in non-linear heterogeneous scheme is increased, the original method for the word, voice, or image transmission can not conform to the node and link delay needs of multi-lead electroencephalogram, and multi-media audio/video operating in brain-computer interface or virtual-reality terminal. The parallelization and distribution of data streams with routing/switching capability was not only embed in software-defined network but also plays a critical role in software-defined radio. The purpose of this manuscript is to enable the Metaverse to get an initiative control and immersive perceptual abilities, we introduce an non-linear heterogeneous scheme to make a novel initiative, immersive human-computer interactions: Software-defined memristive neural networks. In the link/network layer, we use the function of software-defined approach in control of a threshold during the early high-speed switching fabric in EEG input or audio/video output. However, the multiple control or perceptual data streams of our thought and sense in conventional routing nodes remain a poorly serial running state all the time. Here, we design a large-scale switch parallelization of memristor-based FPGA system on a basis of previous non-linear heterogeneous scheme for the designing of a routing node in memristive neural network. To conclude, our results verify a high performance in the novel human-computer interaction with multi-lead/multi-media information.
The sixth generation (6G) of mobile networks will adopt on-demand self-reconfiguration to fulfill simultaneously stringent key performance indicators and overall optimization of usage of network resources. Such dynamic and flexible network management is made possible by Software Defined Networking (SDN) with a global view of the network, centralized control, and adaptable forwarding rules. Because of the complexity of 6G networks, Artificial Intelligence and its integration with SDN and Quantum Computing are considered prospective solutions to hard problems such as optimized routing in highly dynamic and complex networks. The main contribution of this survey is to present an in-depth study and analysis of recent research on the application of Reinforcement Learning (RL), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) techniques to address SDN routing challenges in 6G networks. Furthermore, the paper identifies and discusses open research questions in this domain. In summary, we conclude that there is a significant shift toward employing RL/DRL-based routing strategies in SDN networks, particularly over the past 3 years. Moreover, there is a huge interest in integrating QML techniques to tackle the complexity of routing in 6G networks. However, considerable work remains to be done in both approaches in order to accomplish thorough comparisons and synergies among various approaches and conduct meaningful evaluations using open datasets and different topologies.
Software-Defined Networking offers the appeal of a simple, centralized programming model for managing complex networks. However, challenges in managing low-level details, such as setting up and maintaining correct and efficient forwarding tables on distributed switches, often compromise this conceptual simplicity. In this pa- per, we present Maple, a system that simplifies SDN programming by (1) allowing a programmer to use a standard programming language to design an arbitrary, centralized algorithm, which we call an algorithmic policy, to decide the behaviors of an entire network, and (2) providing an abstraction that the programmer-defined, centralized policy runs, conceptually, "afresh" on every packet entering a network, and hence is oblivious to the challenge of translating a high-level policy into sets of rules on distributed individual switches. To implement algorithmic policies efficiently, Maple includes not only a highly-efficient multicore scheduler that can scale efficiently to controllers with 40+ cores, but more importantly a novel tracing runtime optimizer that can automatically record reusable policy decisions, offload work to switches when possible, and keep switch flow tables up-to-date by dynamically tracing the dependency of policy decisions on packet contents as well as the environment (system state). Evaluations using real HP switches show that Maple optimizer reduces HTTP connection time by a factor of 100 at high load. During simulated benchmarking, Maple scheduler, when not running the optimizer, achieves a throughput of over 20 million new flow requests per second on a single machine, with 95-percentile latency under 10 ms.
Networks today rely on middleboxes to provide critical performance, security, and policy compliance capabilities. Achieving these benefits and ensuring that the traffic is directed through the desired sequence of middleboxes requires significant manual effort and operator expertise. In this respect, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) offers a promising alternative. Middleboxes, however, introduce new aspects (e.g., policy composition, resource management, packet modifications) that fall outside the purvey of traditional L2/L3 functions that SDN supports (e.g., access control or routing).
This paper presents SIMPLE, a SDN-based policy enforcement layer for efficient middlebox-specific "traffic steering''. In designing SIMPLE, we take an explicit stance to work within the constraints of legacy middleboxes and existing SDN interfaces. To this end, we address algorithmic and system design challenges to demonstrate the feasibility of using SDN to simplify middlebox traffic steering. In doing so, we also take a significant step toward addressing industry concerns surrounding the ability of SDN to integrate with existing infrastructure and support L4-L7 capabilities.
This paper presents the design and implementation of the first in-band full duplex WiFi radios that can simultaneously transmit and receive on the same channel using standard WiFi 802.11ac PHYs and achieves close to the theoretical doubling of throughput in all practical deployment scenarios. Our design uses a single antenna for simultaneous TX/RX (i.e., the same resources as a standard half duplex system). We also propose novel analog and digital cancellation techniques that cancel the self interference to the receiver noise floor, and therefore ensure that there is no degradation to the received signal. We prototype our design by building our own analog circuit boards and integrating them with a fully WiFi-PHY compatible software radio implementation. We show experimentally that our design works robustly in noisy indoor environments, and provides close to the expected theoretical doubling of throughput in practice.
We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of B4, a private WAN connecting Google's data centers across the planet. B4 has a number of unique characteristics: i) massive bandwidth requirements deployed to a modest number of sites, ii) elastic traffic demand that seeks to maximize average bandwidth, and iii) full control over the edge servers and network, which enables rate limiting and demand measurement at the edge.
These characteristics led to a Software Defined Networking architecture using OpenFlow to control relatively simple switches built from merchant silicon. B4's centralized traffic engineering service drives links to near 100% utilization, while splitting application flows among multiple paths to balance capacity against application priority/demands. We describe experience with three years of B4 production deployment, lessons learned, and areas for future work.
The development of software defined radio (SDR) for progress in digital signal processing technology is discussed. The Alcatel SDR research activities aimed at providing technical solutions for SDR that could be applied in future base stations and demonstrated the flexible feasibility, modular multiband and multimode radio system. The users would be able to access different networks and various air interfaces using a single network, and also could download the services, features and applications. It is considered as a way of making users, service providers and manufacturers more independent of standards, and would provide attractive new services to service providers in terms of improved quality service, increased traffic and more revenue.
Middleboxes are both crucial to today's networks and ubiquitous, but embed knowledge of today's protocols and applications to the detriment of those of tomorrow, making the network harder to evolve. SDNs seek to make it easier to extend the network with new functionality, but most of the research effort has focused on the network's control plane, that is, how packets are switched are routed through a SDN. Given the pervasiveness and importance of middleboxes, we believe that a fully programmable network should also be able to dynamically instantiate and quickly move middlebox functionality. In this paper we shift focus towards making the data plane more programmable by introducing ClickOS, a tiny, Xen-based virtual machine that can run a wide range of middleboxes. ClickOS is small (5MB when running), can be instantiated in very small times (roughly 30 milliseconds) and can fill up a 10Gb pipe while concurrently running 128 vms on a low-cost commodity server.
Software Defined Networks discusses the historical networking environment that gave rise to SDN, as well as the latest advances in SDN technology. The book gives you the state of the art knowledge needed for successful deployment of an SDN, including: • How to explain to the non-technical business decision makers in your organization the potential benefits, as well as the risks, in shifting parts of a network to the SDN model • How to make intelligent decisions about when to integrate SDN technologies in a network • How to decide if your organization should be developing its own SDN applications or looking to acquire these from an outside vendor • How to accelerate the ability to develop your own SDN application, be it entirely novel or a more efficient approach to a long-standing problem • Discusses the evolution of the switch platforms that enable SDN • Addresses when to integrate SDN technologies in a network • Provides an overview of sample SDN applications relevant to different industries • Includes practical examples of how to write SDN applications.
Modern networks provide a variety of interrelated services including routing, traffic monitoring, load balancing, and access control. Unfortunately, the languages used to program today's networks lack modern features - they are usually defined at the low level of abstraction supplied by the underlying hardware and they fail to provide even rudimentary support for modular programming. As a result, network programs tend to be complicated, error-prone, and difficult to maintain.
This paper presents Frenetic, a high-level language for programming distributed collections of network switches. Frenetic provides a declarative query language for classifying and aggregating network traffic as well as a functional reactive combinator library for describing high-level packet-forwarding policies. Unlike prior work in this domain, these constructs are - by design - fully compositional, which facilitates modular reasoning and enables code reuse. This important property is enabled by Frenetic's novel run-time system which manages all of the details related to installing, uninstalling, and querying low-level packet-processing rules on physical switches.
Overall, this paper makes three main contributions: (1) We analyze the state-of-the art in languages for programming networks and identify the key limitations; (2) We present a language design that addresses these limitations, using a series of examples to motivate and validate our choices; (3) We describe an implementation of the language and evaluate its performance on several benchmarks.
Wireless Networks have become ubiquitous and dense to support the growing demand from mobile users. To improve the performance of these networks, new approaches are required, such as context and service aware control algorithms, which are not possible on today's closed proprietary WLAN controllers. In this work, we propose Ethanol, a software-defined networking architecture for 802.11 dense WLANs. This paper describes the benefits of programmable APs, and proposes Ethanol, an architecture for network-wide control of QoS, user mobility, AP virtualization, and security on 802.11 APs. The proposal is evaluated on a prototype using off-the-shelf APs over three use cases.