ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTIVIRAL INTEREST, CASE OF SARS-COV-19, IN THE REGION OF SERAIDI (ANNABA, NORTH-EAST ALGERIA)

Full text

1
Djouamaa Salima et al.
Plant Archives Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022 pp.184-192 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210
Plant Archives
Journal homepage: http://www.plantarchives.org
DOI Url : https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2022.v22.no2.033
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTIVIRAL INTEREST,
CASE OF SARS-COV-19, IN THE REGION OF SERAIDI (ANNABA, NORTH-EAST ALGERIA)
Djouamaa Salima, Djelloul Radia*, Hacini Nesrine and Mokrani Karima
Research laboratory, Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences,
University Chadli Bendjedid–El Tarf-, Algeria
* Corresponding author Email : Djelloul-radia@univ-eltarf.dz / radia_d@yahoo.fr
(Date of Receiving : 26-05-2022; Date of Acceptance : 29-07-2022)
ABSTRACT
The taxonomic diversity and the richness of the region of Seraidi (North-East Algeria) in medicinal plants, as well as
the appearance of diseases of viral origin, in particular, the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, led us to the realization
of an ethnobotanical survey of plants with antiviral interests. The survey was conducted based on a pre-established
quiz, with 120 people from different categories of the population of Seraidi, with the aim of listing the medicinal
plants used in the treatment of viral diseases and collecting as much information as possible on this subject. After
analyzing, the information provided by the people interviewed, we listed 32 species belonging to 20 families, of
which the Lamiaceae family is the most represented. Older women are the most affected by the use of plants; people
without a higher intellectual level have the most knowledge about the use of plants with antiviral interest. The leaf is
the most widely used organ, in the form of a decoction or infusion, administered orally.
Keywords : Medicinal plants with antiviral interest, Seraidi, ethnobotanical survey, traditional use, local population.
Introduction
Several researches on the use of plants in traditional
medicine and pharmacopoeia have resulted in the discovery
of the active ingredients of many drugs used in modern
medicine today (Aboudou et al., 2021; Leonti et al., 2017;
Soh and Benoit-Vical, 2007; Cragg, and Newman, 2002).
That is why, until now, plants have played a main role in the
art of healing.
To avoid the risk of loss of knowledge of medicinal
plants and their uses in traditional medicine and in order to
translate popular knowledge into scientific knowledge,
ethnobotanical survey is essential.
Ethnobotanical investigation is a science that defines
the interrelation between the plant populations in a socio-
cultural context (Rivière et al., 2005). The studies carried out
in the Northeast of Algeria have revealed a wealth of
medicinal flora, but there are still species that are little
explored, and unknown.
To this end, we carried out an ethnobotanical survey in
order to identify the medicinal species with antiviral
interests, in the region of Annaba, represented by the area of
Seraidi (North-East Algeria). This study was initiated
following the health crises experienced over the past three
years, with the appearance of the emerging virus SARS-
CoV-2 (Coronavirus, COVID-19). Several studies have been
carried out to find a natural remedy against this virus (Helali
et al., 2019; Haoud and Mellali, 2021; Plante et al., 2021;
Hamdani and Nouari, 2021; Sehailia and Chemat, 2021).
As a result, our study is a contribution to the
recognition of medicinal plants with antiviral interests in the
region of Northeast Algeria, Seraidi, state of Annaba, with
the aim of a sustainable development of its natural resources.
On the other hand, the choice of an ethnobotanical
survey within a local population is linked to their low
income, leading to a return to traditional herbal medicine.
Materials and Methods
Description of the study area
The commune of Seraidiis a colonial forest village,
located 13 km from the city of Annaba (capital of the state),
and situated in the middle of the mountain range at 850 m of
altitude.
This mountain range extends over a distance of 80 km,
from the island of Cap of Keep to Cap of Iron. The highest
point rises to 1008m above sea level and is located at a place
called "Kef Esbâa" (Saadi, 2013).
The distribution of the vegetation at the level of the
Edough massif is done according to the local ecological
conditions: altitude, bioclimate, topography, substrate, soil,
floors,… In addition, this forest is characterized by the
presence of the most beautiful formations of cork oak
(Quercus suber), Zen oak (Quercus faginea), with their floral
procession, to which are added groups of maritime pine
(Pinus pinaster) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) (Toubal,
1989).
The Edough massif enters the sub-humid bioclimatic
stage, according to the pluvial-thermal quotient of Emberger
(1957), with the highest temperatures being observed in
August and the lowest in January. Precipitation is mainly
encountered during the cold seasons, exceeding 900 mm
(Bouzid, 2019).

185
Djouamaa Salima et al.
Ethnobotanical survey
In order to collect and constitute a source of
information ready to be exploited on the scientific level, in
the field of the valorization of medicinal plants with antiviral
interest, an ethnobotanical investigation was carried out.
This information was collected using a questionnaire.
The answers to the elaborated questions were made through
conversations with healers, herbalists and rural women’s
cooperatives installed in the Seraidi region and the local
population.
The people, who agreed to share their knowledge with
us in the antiviral interest, enabled us to draw up a technical
sheet (Figure-01), containing the following information: the
vernacular name of the plants; the method of preparation,
route of administration; and parts of the plants used.
The survey took place between July 2020 and
September 2021, using the quiz that was submitted to people
in direct contact with the medicinal plants mentioned above,
throughout the Seraidi region. The number of people
questioned is 120, of different ages, of different intellectual
levels, and divided between the two sexes.
The information collected in the technical sheets has
been processed and analyzed. At the same time, a
bibliographical research was developed for the scientific
identification of the listed taxa, in order to be able to select
the species having an antiviral activity with the aim of
sustainable valorization, through an in-depth phytochemical
study. To do this, we consulted online documentation related
to plant systematics and taxonomy (INPN, 2022; APGIII,
2009; APGIV, 2016).
Fig. 1 : Quiz on medicinal plants with antiviral interest adopted for the ethnobotanical survey

186
Ethnobotanical study on the use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest, case of SARS-COV-19, in the region of
Seraidi (Annaba, North-East Algeria)
Results and Discussion
Inventory of medicinal plants with antiviral interest
Our ethnobotanical study has identified 32 medicinal
plants with antiviral properties used by the population of the
Seraidi region. Table-01 provides information on the listed
species, specifying the scientific names in French and Arabic,
the part of the plant used, the method of preparation, and the
route of administration.
Table 1 : Médicinal Plants with anti viral Properties and their route of Administration
N° Scientific name Family Vernacular
name Part used Method of
preparation
Route of
administration
01 Origanum vulgare
L. Lamiaceae Oregano Leaves Decoction / Infusion /
Poultice Oral / Inhalation
02
Thymus capitatus
(L.) Hoffmanns. &
Link
Lamiaceae Thyme Leaves Decoction / infusion Oral / Inhalation
03 Lavandula
angustifolia Mill. Lamiaceae Lavender Leaves /
Flowers
Decoction /
Poultice/ Raw
Oral / Direct
application
04 Thymus vulgaris L. Lamiaceae Thyme Leaves Infusion / Decoction Oral
05 Artemisia herba-
alba Asso. Asteraceae Wormwood Leaves Decoction / Infusion /
Maceration Oral
06 Zingiber officinale
Roscoe Zingiberaceae Ginger Rhizomes Decoction / Infusion /
Maceration / Raw Oral
07 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Curcuma Rhizomes Decoction / Direct
application Oral
08 Glycyrrhiza glabra
L. Fabaceae Licorice Rhizomes Direct application /
Infusion / Decoction Oral
09 Cinnamomum
zeylanicum Blume Lauraceae Cinnamon Rhizomes Decoction Oral
10 Eucalyptus globules
Labill. Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Leaves Decoction Oral / Inhalation
11
Syzygiuma
romaticum (L.)
Merr. & L.M. Perry
Myrtaceae Clove Flowers /
Fruits
Essential oil /
Infusion / Powder
Oral / Direct
application
12 Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Garlic Bulbs Raw / Fresh juice /
Poultice / Maceration
Oral / Direct
application
13 Pistacia lentiscus L. Anacardiaceae Lentiscus
Leaves /
Flowers /
Fruits
Essential oil /
Maceration / Powder/
Infusion
Oral / Direct
application
14 Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Onion Bulbs Decoction / poultice /
Raw / Fresh juice
Oral / Direct
application
15 Olea europaea L. Oleaceae Olive Leaves /
Fruits / seeds
Essential oil / Raw /
Decoction
Oral / Direct
application
16 Verbena officinalis
L.
Verbenaceae Verbena Leaves Decoction / Infusion Oral
17 Citrus sinensis (L.)
Osbeck Rutaceae Orange Leaves / Bark
/ Fruits
Decoction / Fresh
juice / Raw Oral
18 Citrus limon (L.)
Burm.f. Rutaceae Limon Fruits /
Leaves
Decoction / Raw /
Fresh juice Oral
19 Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Menthe Leaves Decoction / raw Oral
20 Cupressus arizonica
Greene Cupressaceae Cypress
Leaves /
Rods /
Flowers
Decoction Oral
21 Melissa officinalis
L. Lamiaceae Lemon balm Leaves Infusion Oral
22 Pulmonaria
officinalis L. Boraginaceae Pulmonary Leaves Infusion Oral
23 Salvia officinalis L. Lamiaceae Sage Leaves Decoction / Infusion Oral
24 Artemisia
absinthium L. Asteraceae Absinthe Leaves Decoction / Fresh
juice
Oral
25 Ziziphus lotus (L.)
Lam. Rhamnaceae Sidra Leaves /
Roots Decoction Oral
26 Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Black bean
Seeds Raw / Decoction /
Essential oil
Oral / Direct
application

187
Djouamaa Salima et al.
27 Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae Pin Leaves Decoction Oral
28 Myristica
fragransHoutt. Myristicaceae Nutmeg
Fruits Decoction / Powder Oral
29 Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Nettle Leaves /
Roots
Decoction / Poultice /
Powder
Oral / Direct
application
30 Origanum majorana
L. Lamiaceae Marjoram Leaves Decoction Oral
31 Brassica rapa L. Brassicaceae Turnip Rods Fresh juice / Raw Oral
32 Arisarum vulgare
O.Targ.Tozz. Araceae Loudly Leaves Poultice Direct application
The 32 species listed are grouped into 20 families, the
most represented of which is the Lamiaceae family, with
25%; the rest of the families are represented by a percentage
varying from 3% to 6% (Figure-02).
This result is consistent with ethnobotanical work
carried out in Algeria, Africa and the Mediterranean basin,
where we observed the dominance of the Lamiaceae family
(Benlamdini et al., 2014; Hseini and Kahouadji, 2007;
Lahsissene et al., 2009; Boutabbia et al., 2011; Brahmi et al.,
2022; Dieye and Sarr, 2021; Kouame et al., 2021; Koudouvo,
2009).
We can also note that all the species identified in the
Seraidi region were mentioned in the online survey
conducted by Hamdani and Houari (2020), carried out on 500
people, including 49% suffering from COVID-19, in
different regions of northern Algeria.
To this end, the most recommended medicinal plants
with antiviral interest for the treatment and prevention
against COVID-19 infection by the population of Seraidi,
and cited in the majority of research work carried out in
Algeria (Helali et al., 2019; Haoud and Mellali, 2021;
Brahmi et al., 2022; Boutabia et al., 2011; Bouafia et al.,
2021) and in Morocco (Benlamdini et al., 2014; Hseini and
Kahouadji, 2007 ; Lahsissene et al., 2009 ; Belhaj and
Zidane, 2021; Najem et al., 2022) are Origanum vulgare,
Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale, Eucalyptus globulus,
Artemisia herba-alba, Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum,
Citrus limon, Melissa officinalis, Pulmonaria officinalis,
Ziziphus lotus, Urtica dioica and Pistacia lentiscus.
Recent studies (Sehailia and Chemat, 2021; Tshibangu,
2020; Tahrioui et al., 2020; Asdadi et al., 2020;
Boughendjioua et al., 2022; Tahrioui et al., 2020; Belhaj
and Zidan, 2021; Fouedjou et al., 2021) have confirmed the
efficacy of the molecules extracted from the antiviral plants
cited above, as well as the recommendation of their use for
the treatment of patients with SRAS-CoV-2.
Fig. 02: Distribution of botanical families used in the
treatment of viral diseases in the Seraidi.
Ethnobotanical survey:
The information collected through the answers to the
quiz was analyzed and discussed using the graphs illustrated
below:
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest according
to gender:
Data analysis has shown that medical knowledge is
shared between men and women, with a slight advantage
going to the latter, with percentages of 57.5% for the female
sex and 42.5% for the male sex (Figure-03).
Fig. 03: Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest
according to sex
These results agree with the general rule of Mehdioui et
al., 2007, who affirm that women are holders of great
traditional phototherapeutic knowledge inherited from
mother to daughter.
Several ethnobotanical works also confirm the finding
of our study, eithernationaly scale (Aribi, 2013; Boutabia et
al., 2011; Chermat and Gharzouli, 2015; Hamel et al., 2018;
Helali et al., 2020; Hamdani and Houari, 2020; Brahmi et al.,
2022), or internationally (Koudouv, 2009; Benkhnigue et al.,
2011; Laarbya, 2017; Dougnon et al., 2018; Rhattas et al.,
2016; Kouame et al., 2021).
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest according
to age:
The use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest is
present in all age groups, with a predominance in people over
60 years old (33.33%).Then come the age groups [50-60] and
[40-50] with a percentage of 23.33% and 20.83%,
respectively. The age group [30-40] corresponds to a
frequencyof use of 14.16%. Among informants aged under

188
Ethnobotanical study on the use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest, case of SARS-COV-19, in the region of
Seraidi (Annaba, North-East Algeria)
30, the percentage of use of plants is less important, with
8.33% (Figure-04).
Fig. 04 : Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest
according to age
It should be noted that the elderly have a great
knowledge of medicinal plants in general(local vernacular
names, methods of use, parts used), thus preserving a
heritage from their parents.
These results also indicate the existence of a close link
between age and the degree of knowledge, confirming the
reliability of the information held by the elderly, because
they hold a good part of the ancestral knowledge that is part
of the local tradition (Anyinam, 1995; Tamboura et al., 1998;
Hsein and Kahouadji, 2007 ; Binkhnigue et al., 2011;
Mahdioui et al., 2007; Benlamdini et al., 2014; Kouame et
al., 2021).
However, Helali et al. (2020) reported that people
between the ages of 18 and 30 are the most frequent users of
medicinal plants (38%), while the lowest rate is noted among
people over 60, with a percentage of 6.5%. Brahmi et al.
(2022) observed the same results in western Algeria. The
people interviewed in the two studies cited above live in
urban areas, unlike the people questioned in this work, who
live in mountainous and riverside areas.
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest according
to family situation
According to the respondents, married people (79.16%)
use medicinal plants with antiviral interest much more than
single people (20.84%) (Figure-05). Users in couples are
more interested in the field of herbal medicine (Boughrara,
2016).
Indeed, married people are affected by the minimization
of expenses and pharmacists, mainly families with dependent
children (Bakiri et al., 2016). These families use medicinal
plants with antiviral interest as first aid against viral
infections in order to lower fever and avoid convulsions. This
has been confirmed through the results obtained from
ethnobotanical studies conducted by Boutabbia et al. (2011),
El-Hafian et al. (2014), El-Hilah et al. (2015), Jdaidi and
Hasnaoui (2016), Boughrara (2016) and Hamel et al. (2018).
Fig. 05 : Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest
according to family situation
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest according
to level of study :
The highest percentage of users of medicinal plants
with antiviral interest was observed in the illiterate category,
with a rate of 33.66%, followed by those with a level average
of 30%. People with a primary level represent 15.83%.
However, we noted, through the answers obtained, that high
school students represent a percentage of use medicinal
plants lesser, but not negligible, antiviral interest, with
respectively 11.66% and 10.83% (Figure-06).
Fig. 06 : Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest
according to level of study
The observed percentages of users of medicinal plants
with antiviral interest, according to the level of study
correlate perfectly with the percentages in relation to age,
where the age groups [> à 60ans] and [50 – 60ans]
correspond to people not having benefited from high-level
studies (maximum college). However, high school students
and university students whose age groups are less than 30
years old, correspond to the category of people whose use of
plants is less important (< 9%).

189
Djouamaa Salima et al.
These results reflect the socio-cultural level of the local
population of the Seraidi region, which has an agricultural
vocation, thus favoring the development of local
products(beekeeping, development of Aromatic and
Medicinal Plants, breeding of cattle and goats, market
gardening, ….etc.), on the one hand. On the other hand, we
can see that the population has retained their knowledge
regarding the use medicinal plants as a remedy for the
various pathologies encountered, through the elderly.
These results are encountered in the work of
Benlamdini et al. (2014), in Morocco, in the eastern High
Atlas (High Moulouya), with a large percentage of illiterate
users, medicinal plants with antiviral interest. Academics, on
the other hand, are wary of the consumption of medicinal
plants, for fear of confusion, since they have no knowledge
of their identifications, their virtues and especially their
toxicities.
However, our results contradict those reported by Helali
et al. (2020), Hamdi and Houari (2020) and Brahmi et al.
(2022), where the majority of users of herbal medicine have a
university level, with the percentage varying from 60 à 90%,
while people with an average, primary or illiterate level
represent rates below 20%, this can be explained by the fact
that the people interviewed are in urban areas, far from any
contact with nature (Brahmi et al. 2022).
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest
according to the different parts of plant
Our survey of medicinal plants with antiviral activity
shows that the leaf is the most used organ (48.88%), followed
by the fruits, which represent 8.88% each. The other parts,
namely the stems, the roots, the seeds, and the bulbs, occupy
a rate, of 3.84%. The bark is the least used part, with 2.22%
(Figure-07).
Fig. 7 : Distribution of plants according to parts used
The extensive use of the leaves is explained by the ease
and speed of harvesting (Bitsindou, 1986), but also by the
fact that they are the seat of photosynthesis and the storage of
secondary metabolites responsible for the biological activities
of plants in certain species (Bigendakou-polugeni and Lejoly,
1990). This is also reported in other works such as Ouattara
(2006), Benkhnigue et al. (2010-2011), Boutabia et al.
(2011), Zerbou et al. (2011), Tahri et al. (2012), Diatta et al.
(2013), Chermat and Gharyouli (2015), Jdaidi and Hasnaoui
(2016) and Kouame et al. (2021).
The roots areamong the parts of the plant least used in
the preparations of therapeutic remedies, because the removal
of the roots actively contributes to the destruction of the
species (Koné, 2009 ; Bouayyadi, 2015; El Amrani, 2010 ;
Slimani, 2016), knowing that the harvests are carried out in a
spontaneous and uncultivated state. However, we observed
root consumption of Ziziphus lotus and Urtica dioica. The
use of bulbs is encountered in the genus Allium, Allium cepa
and Allium sativum.
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest according
to the method of preparation:
Users prepare phytomedicines with several methods.
The decoction is the most frequent method with 26.59%,
followed by the infusion with 21.52%, the powder with a
percentage of 15.19%, the maceration at 10.12%, the poultice
at 8.86%, the fresh juice at 6.33%, and the form gross at
6.33%. While the least used, being the use of essential oils,
representing 5.06% (Figure-08).
Fig. 08 : Distribution of plants according to method of
preparation
Information on how to use medicinal plants and their
therapeutic properties may differ from person to person
(Serine, 2008). The preparation of medicinal plants by the
method of decoction not only makes it possible to warm the
body and disinfect it (Tahri et al., 2012), but also makes it
possible to reduce toxicity when mixed with other plants, or
even to cancel it altogether (Salhi et al., 2010).
Use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest according
to the route of administration :
The plant preparations used for the treatment in a
traditional way are often administered orally, inhaled or by
direct application. The oral route is the most used with a
frequency of 71.56%, direct application represents 23.33%
and 5.11% of the plants are used in the form of inhalation
(Figure-09).
Oral administration correlates with the method of
preparation, by decoction, infusion, or maceration. This form
of preparation can only be administered orally. This explains
the high percentage of users of medicinal plants with
antiviral interest by oral administration (Helali et al., 2020;
Hamdi and Houari, 2020 ; Brahmi et al., 2022 ; Boutabia et
al., 2011; Kouame et al., 2021; Chraibi et al., 2018).
The direct applications of medicinal plants with
antiviral interest are found in turmeric, which is also
considered, as a condiment, highly appreciated in the
Algerian kitchen, and licorice, recommended as natural
dental care.

190
Ethnobotanical study on the use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest, case of SARS-COV-19, in the region of
Seraidi (Annaba, North-East Algeria)
Fig. 09 : Distribution of plants according to route of
administration
Conclusion
The ethnobotanical survey carried out in the region of
Seraidi (state of Annaba, North-East Algeria), relating to the
traditional use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest by
the local population, has brought us very considerable
information that can be exploited in the field of the
valorization of medicinal plants having antiviral activities. A
number of 32 species have been identified by healers,
herbalists, rural women’s cooperatives, as well as local
people as medicinal plants used for their antiviral activities
and the treatment and prevention against COVID-19. These
32species are grouped into 20 families, of which the
Lamiaceae family is the most represented with 25%.
The collection and analysis of the data collected from
the interviewees showed that older women use medicinal
plants with antiviral interest more than men. In addition, the
frequency of use of these plants according to intellectual
level has shown that people who have not purdued higher
education have a better knowledge of medicinal plants. The
leaves represent the most used part of the plant, administered
orally after maceration, decoction, or infusion. The other
parts of the plant are consumed to lesser degrees.
This ethnobotanical work oriented us towards a sharp
selection of antiviral medicinal plants, with the aim of in-
depth phytochemical study, which will be presented through
other scientific and research publications.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Algerian Ministry of
Higher Education and Scientific Research; Directorate
General for Scientific Research and Technological
Development, “Functional and Evolutionary
Ecology”research laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Life
Sciences, Chadli Bendjedid University, El Tarf, Algeria.
References
Aboudou A.D. et Koffi K. (2021) Enquête ethnobotanique
sur les plantes médicinales utilisées dans la prise en
charge traditionnelle des maladies infectieuses dans la
région sanitaire Lomé-Commune du Togo. European
Scientific Journal, ESJ, 17(21) : 46 – 58.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the
orders and families of flowering plants: APG III,
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Wiley-
Blackwell, Linnean Society of London et Oxford
University Press, vol. 161, n
o
2, 2009, p. 105–121
(ISSN 0024-4074 et 1095 8339, DOI 10.1111/J.1095-
8339.2009.00996.X)
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and families of flowering
plants: APG IV. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.
The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of
the Linnean Society, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/boj.12385
Anyinam, C. (1995). Ecology and ethnomedicine: exploring
links between current environmental crisis and
indigenous medical practices. Soc. Sci. Med., 40(3) :
321-329. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)
E0098-D
Aribi, I. (2013). Etude ethnobotanique de plantes médicinales
de la région de Jijel : étude anatomique, phytochimique,
et recherche d’activités biologiques de deux espèces.
Mémoire de magister, Univ. Houari Boumediène
(USTHB), Algérie, pp. 69-71.
Bakiri, N.; Bezzi, M.; Khelifi, L. and Khelifi-Slaoui, M.
(2016). Enquête ethnobotanique d’une plante
médicinale Peganum harmala L., dans la région de
M’sila, Revue Agriculture. Numéro spécial, 1 : 38 – 42.
Belhaj, S. and Zidane, L. (2021). Medicinal plants used to
boost immunity and decrease the intensity of infection
caused by SARS-COV-2 in Morocco. Ethnobotany
Research and Applications, 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/
10.32859/era.21.41.1-17
Benkhnigue, O.; Zidane L.; Fadli M.; Elyacoubi H.; Rochdi
A. and Douira A. (2010-2011). Ethnobotanical study of
medicinal plants in the Mechraâ Bel Ksiri region of
Morocco. Acta Bot. Barc., 53 : 191–216.
Benlamdini N.; Elhafian M.; Rochdi A. et Zidane L. (2014)
Etude floristique et ethnobotanique de la flore
médicinale du Haut Atlas oriental (Haute Moulouya).
Journal of Applied Biosciences, 78:6771–6787.
Bigendako-Polygenis, M.J. et Lejoly, J. (1990) La
pharmacopée traditionnelle au Burundi. Pesticides et
médicaments en santé animale. Pres. Univ. Namur. 425-
442.
Bouafia M.; Amamou F.; Gherib M.; Benaissa M.; Azzi R.
and Nemmiche S. (2021). Ethnobotanical and
ethnomedicinal analysis of wild medicinal plants
traditionally used in Naâma, southwest Algeria.
Vegetos, 34 : 654–662. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007//
s42535-021-00229-7.
Bouayyadi, L.; El-Hafian, M. and Zidane, L. (2015). Étude
floristique et ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale dans
la région du Gharb, Maroc. Journal of Applied
Biosciences, 93:8760-8769.
Boughendjioua, H.; Aiouaz, S.; Medkour, L.; Meramria, M.
and Metnani, Z. (2022). Chemical composition (a New
Chemotype) of Algerian mugwort (Artemisia Herba-
Alba Asso) Essential oil and his possible potential
against COVID-19. HERMED-D-22-00266.http://dx.
doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.4085464.
Boughrara, B. (2016). Inventaire et étude ethnobotanique et
chimique des plantes à intérêts thérapeutiques et nutritif
du Parc National El Kala. Thèse de Doctorat Es-
Sciences, option : Phytochimie, Université Badji
Mokhtar–Annaba.
Boutabia, L.; Telailia, S. and Menaa, M. (2011). Utilisation
thérapeutiques traditionnelles du Marrubium vulgare L.
par les populations locales de la région de Haddada
(Souk Ahras, Algérie)

191
Djouamaa Salima et al.
Bouzid-Ouelaa, S. (2019). Caractérisation et écologie des
peuplements d’Amphibiens dans le Nord-Est Algérien.
Thèse de Doctorat Es-Sciences, option : Biodiversité,
évolution et écologie de la santé, Université Badji
Mokhtar–Annaba-
Brahmi, F.; Iblhoulen, Y.; Issaadi, H.; Elsebaï, M.F.; Madani,
K. and Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L. (2022).
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of bejaia
localities from Algeria to prevent and treat coronavirus
(COVID-19) infection shortened title: phytomedicine to
manage COVID-19 pandemic. ADV TRADIT MED
(ADTM) (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-022-
00649-z
Chermat, S. and Gharzouli, R. (2015). Ethnobotanical Study
of Medicinal Flora in the North East of Algeria-An
Empirical Knowledge in Djebel Zdimm (Setif). Journal
of Materials Science and Engineering A, 5(1-2): 50-59.
DOI:10.17265/2161-6213/2015.1-2.007.
Cragg, M.G. and Newman, J.D. (2002). Drugs from nature:
achievements, future prospects. Ethnomedicine and
Drug Discovery. Iwu M, Wootton J (Eds). Elsevier,
New York, USA, 23–37. DOI : 10.1016/S1572-557X
(02)80010-1.
Chraibi, M.; Fikri-Benbrahim, K.; Amrani, M.; Farah, A.;
Bari, A. BenzianeOuaritini, Z. (2018) Etude
ethnobotanique sur l’utilisation de Mentha pulegium,
Mentha piperita et Pelargonium graveolens au Nord du
Maroc (Taounate) et évaluation de leur pouvoir
antimicrobien. European Scientific Journal. 14(24) :
113-133. DOI : https://doi.org/10.19044/ esj.2018.
v14n24p113.
Ditta, C.D.; Gueye, M. and Akpo, L.E. (2013). Les plantes
médicinales utilisées contre les dermatoses dans la
pharmacopée Baïnounk de Djibonker, région de
Ziguinchor (Sénégal). Journal of Applied Biosciences,
70: 5599–5607.
Dieye, P.I. and Sarr, S.O. (2021). Lutte contre la COVID-19 :
la phytothérapie africaine au secours de la médecine
moderne en panne. Afrique SCIENCE, 18(3) :13–21.
Dougnon, V.; Legba, B.; Yadouléton, A.; Agbankpe, J.;
Koudokpon, H.; Hounmanou, G.; Amadou, A.; Fabiyi,
K.; Assogba, P.; Hounsa, E.; Aniambossou, A.;
Déguenon, E.; De Souza, M.; Bankolé, H.S.; Dougnon,
J. and Baba-Moussa, L. (2018). Utilisation des plantes
du Sud-Bénin dans le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde :
rôle des herboristes. Ethnopharmacologia, 60(11) : 60-
74.
El-Amrani, F.; Rhallab, A.; Alaoui, T.; El-Badaoui, K. and
Chakir, S. (2010). Étude ethnopharmacologique de
quelques plantes utilisées dans le traitement du diabète
dans la région de Meknès-Tafilalet (Maroc).
Phytothérapie, 8: 161-165.
El-Hafian, M.; Benlamdini, N.; Elyacoubi, H.; Zidane, L. and
Rochdi, A. (2014). Étude floristique et ethnobotanique
des plantes médicinales utilisées au niveau de la
préfecture d’Agadir-Ida-Outanane (Maroc). Journal of
Applied Biosciences, 81: 7198-7213.
El-Hilah, F.; Ben Akka, F.; Dahmani, J.; Belahbib, N. and
Zidane, L. (2015). Étude ethnobotanique des plantes
médicinales utilisées dans le traitement des infections
du système respiratoire dans le plateau central
marocain. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 25(2):
3886-3897.
Fouedjou, R.T.; Chtita, S.; Bakhouch, M.; Belaidi, S.;
Ouassaf, M.; Djoumbissie, L.A.; Tapondjou, L.A. and
Qais, F.A. (2021). Cameroonian medicinal plants as
potential candidates of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Journal
of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. DOI:
10.1080/07391102.2021.1914170
Hamdani, F.Z. and Houari, N. (2020). Phytothérapie et
Covid-19. Une étude fondée sur une enquête dans le
nord de l’Algérie. Phytothérapie, 18(5): 248–254. DOI
https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241
Hamel, T.; Sadou, N.; Seridi, R.; Boukhdir, S. and
Boulemtafes, A. (2018). Pratique traditionnelle
d'utilisation des plantes médicinales dans la population
de la péninsule de l'Edough (nord-est algérien).
Ethnopharmacologia, 59: 65-71.
Haoud, K. and Mellali, S. (2021). La phytothérapie et les
produits naturels au secours de la médecine
conventionnelle dans le traitement et la prévention de la
COVID-19. Algerian Journal of Health Sciences. 3(3):
79-87.
Helali, A.; Mokhtari, C.; Ghoul, M. and Belhadef, M.S.
(2020). Prévenir l’infection par le COVID-19 : Quelle
place pour les plantes médicinales selon la population
algérienne ? Algerian Journal of Pharmacy, 3(1) :
2602–2795.
Hseini, S. and Kahouadji, A. (2007). Etude ethnobotanique
de la flore médicinale dans la région de Rabat (Maroc
occidental). LAZAROA 28: 79-93.
Jdaidi, N. and Hasnaoui, B. (2016). Etude floristique et
ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales au nord-ouest
de la Tunisie: cas de la communauté d'OuledSedra.
Journal of Advanced Research in Science and
Technology, 3(1): 281-291.
Koné, D. (2009). Enquête ethnobotanique de six plantes
médicinales maliennes : extraction, identification
d’alcaloïdes-caractérisation, quantification de
polyphénols : étude de leur activité antioxydante.
Biologie végétale. Université Paul Verlaine - Metz,
2009. Français. NNT : 2009METZ014S.
Kouame, K.B.; Annem B.J.; Yaom S.S.; Dianem K.M.;
Diplom T.F.; Ouattaram A.; Gollym K.J.; Coulibalym
K.J.; Konem M.W. and Dosso, M.J. (2021). Enquête sur
le niveau de connaissance des plantes médicinales
utilisées contre la maladie à Coronavirus, la grippe et le
rhume auprès des voyageurs venus pour le test COVID-
19 à l’Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire. Appl. Biosci.,
168: 17456–17467.
Koudouvo, K. (2009). Contribution à la recherche sur les
plantes médicinales à propriété antipaludique du Togo.
Thèse de Doctorat Unique de l’Université de Lomé en
Biologie de Développement. Option: Ethnobotanique et
Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles, 182p.
Lahsissene, H.; Kahouadji, A.; Tijane, M. and Hseini, S.
(2009). Catalogue des plantes médicinales utilisées dans
la région de zaër (Maroc occidental). Lejeunia, Revue
de Botanique, 186 : 1 - 30.
Leonti, M.; Stafford, G.I.; Dal, C.M.; Cabras, S.; Castellanos,
M.E.; Casu, L. and Weckerle, C.S. (2017). Reverse
ethnopharmacology and drug discovery. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 198 : 417-431. DOI : 10.1016/
j.jep.2016.12.044.
Najem, M.; Ibijbijen, J. and Nassiri, L. (2022). Phytotherapy
in response to COVID-19 and risks of intoxication: A
field study in the city of Meknes (Morocco). Journal of

192
Ethnobotanical study on the use of medicinal plants with antiviral interest, case of SARS-COV-19, in the region of
Seraidi (Annaba, North-East Algeria)
Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 10 (3) : 357-
386.
Mehdioui, R. and Kahouadji, A. (2007). Etude
ethnobotanique auprès de la population riveraine de la
forêt d’Amsittène : cas de la Commune d’Imi n’Tlit
(Province d’Essaouira). Bulletin de l’Institut
Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Vie. 29 : 11-
20.
MNHN & OFB [Ed]. (2003-2022) Inventaire National du
Patrimoine Naturel (INPN), site web : https:// inpn.
mnhn.fr. Mise à jour le 15 Juillet 2022.
Rhattas, M.; Douira, A. and Zidane, L. (2016). Étude
ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales dans le Parc
National de Talassemtane (Rif occidental du Maroc).
Journal of Applied Biosciences, 97: 9187–9211.
Rivière, C.; Nicolas, J.P.; Caradec, M.L.; Desirea, O.;
Hassan, D.A.; Rémy, G. and Dupont, F. (2005).
Importance de l'identification botanique dans la
démarche ethnopharmacologique; cas d'une
Bignoniaceae malgache, Perichlaena richardii Baill.
Acta Botanica Gallica, 152(3): 377-388.
Saadi, H. (2013). Les facteurs du dépérissement des
subéraies de l’Edough (Séraidi). Etude des ravageurs
des feuilles et des glands du chêne-liège (Quercus suber
L.). Mémoire en Vue de l’Obtention du Diplôme de
Magistère en Biologie Environnementale, Option :
Biologie Animale, Université Mohamed Chérif
Messadia, Souk Ahras.
Salhi, S.; Fadli, M.; Zidane, L. and Douira, A. (2010). Études
floristique et ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales de
la ville de Kénitra (Maroc). Lazaroa, 31: 133-146.
Sehailia, M. and Chemat, S. (2021). In-silico Studies of
Antimalarial-agent Artemisinin and Derivatives
Portray More Potent Binding to Lys353 and Lys31-
Binding Hotspots of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein than
Hydroxychloroquine: Potential Repurposing of
Artenimol for COVID-19. ChemRxiv. Cambridge:
Cambridge Open Engage; this content is a preprint and
has not been peer-reviewed.
Slimani, I.; Najem, M.; Belaidi, R.; Bachiri, L.; Bouiamrine,
H.; Nassiri, L. and Ibijbijen, J. (2016). Étude
ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans la
région de Zerhoun-Maroc. International Journal of
Innovation and Applied Studies, 15(4): 846-863.
Soh, N.P. and Benoit-Vical, F. (2007). West African plants, a
source of future antimalarial drugs. Journal of
ethnopharmacology, 114(2): 130-140.
Tahri, N.; El-Basti, A.; Zidane, L.; Rochdi, A. and Douira, A.
(2012). Étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales
dans la Province de Settat (Maroc). Kastamonu Üni.;
OrmanFakültesiDergisi, Journal of Forestry Faculty,
12(2): 192-208.
Tahrioui, A.; Ortiz, S.; Azuama, O.C.; Bouffartigues, E.;
Benalia, N.; Tortuel, D.; Maillot, O.; Chemat, S.;
Kritsanida, M.; Feuilloley, M.; Orange, N.; Michel, S.;
Lesouhaitier, O.; Cornelis, P.; Grougnet, R.;
Boutefnouchet, S. and Chevalier, S. (2020). Membrane-
Interactive Compounds FromPistacialentiscus L.
Thwart Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence. Front.
Microbiol., 11: 1068.
Tamboura, H.; Kaboré, H. and Yaméogo, S.M. (1998).
Ethnomédecine vétérinaire pharmacopée traditionnelle
dans le plateau central du Burkina Faso : cas de la
province du Passoré. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.,
2(3): 181-191.
Toubal–Boumaza, O. (1989). Les ressources phytogénétiques
du Massif de l’Edough (Algérie Nord-Orientale). Ann.
Inst. Nat. Agron. El-Harrach, 13: (106–125).
Tshibangu, D.S.T.; Matondo, A.; Lengbiye, E.M.; Inkoto,
C.L.; Ngoyi1, E.M.; Kabengele, C.N.; Bongo, G.N.;
Gbolo, B.Z.; Kilembe, J.T.; Mwanangombo, D.T.;
Mbadiko, C.M.; Mihigo, S.O.; Tshilanda, D.D.;
Ngbolua, K. and Mpiana, P.T. (2020). Possible Effect
of Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils against COVID-
19: Review of Their Antiviral Activity. Journal of
Complementary and Alternative Medical Research,
11(1): 10-22.