Dina Simunic

University of Zagreb · Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER)

Upravljanje sigurnošću i jurisdikcija bilo koje države ranjivi su na kriminal. Upravo zbog toga, kriminalistička analiza postaje sve važnija, budući da ona koristi prikupljene prostorne i vremenske podatke kako bi se odredio točan trenutak i mjesto zločina. Ipak, metode koje su do sada korištene, poput dokumentacije, istražnih sudaca i statističke...

Jedna ključna upotreba strojnog učenja je predviđanje obiteljskog zlostavljanja, uključujući zlostavljanje usmjereno posebno na žene, koristeći Random Forest. Ovaj pristup može učinkovito analizirati različite tipove podataka, trendove razvitka i ponuditi pronicljive informacije o kritičnim komponentama potrebnim za prepoznavanje ovog problema. Nad...

Since its invention in the early 1990s the technology behind capsule endoscopy has been making rapid progress. The emergence of high-resolution miniature video cameras along with other microsensor technology have increased the data rate and power consumption requirements for the next generation of these capsules. These requirements along with other...

As per the World Health Organization (WHO) survey, around 60 million people are affected by epilepsy diseases. This is a brain disorder which needs to predict occurrences to prevent life-threatening situations. Epileptic seizures are a result of sudden changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals reflected as transient high peaks in EEGs. The EEG...

Since the innovation and standard are mutually interconnected, their life cycles are interconnected, too. When one process stops (e.g., innovation), the other starts (standardization). The innovation life cycle starts with an idea about an innovation, be it a goods, service, or process improvement or a completely new product. The innovation consist...

This chapter discusses the national innovation ecosystem via the defined National Innovation Circle, NIC. It also discusses the ecosystem of a National Standardization Organization via the defined National Standards Circle, NSC. NIC consists of the same stakeholders as in Chapters 3, 6, and 7, but with an organization on the national level. The mos...

Digital technologies have radically changed the life of the average citizen over the last 50 years. These technologies also changed substantially our approach to innovation. Before the digital or, as it was sometimes called, the information era, products were more or less physical entities (goods). Nowadays, the product spectrum is much wider, incl...

Stakeholders in the processes of innovation and standardization are interrelated due to the strong interrelation and perpetual interaction of both. Four main stakeholders are playing important roles in the innovation process: inventors, entrepreneurs, marketers, and users. The fifth stakeholder is a Standards Developing Organization, SDO. By taking...

Supranational innovation circle (SIC) involves four main stakeholders on the supranational level: Research and Education Institutions, or Industry as a nurturing place of inventors; Governmental and private organizations funding, forming the entrepreneurial level; Marketing Organizations, as organized places of marketers and users; and – most often...

Even though it can appear to an independent observer, who is not deeply involved in the standardization and innovation processes that standards are contributing only to a very static, quite predictable and maybe even boring, part of the community life, the real situation is quite different. As it will be shown later in the book, the standardization...

This chapter discusses global innovation and standardization ecosystems, or Global Innovation Circle, GIC, and Global Standards Circle, GSC. GIC consists of the same stakeholders as in Chap. 3 but with an organization on the global level. Various numbers of stakeholders can be a basis for GIC. GIC’s most important configuration types are discussed....

This book gives a thorough explanation of standardization, its processes, its life cycle, and its related organization on a national, regional and global level. The book provides readers with an insight in the interaction cycle between standardization organizations, government, industry, and consumers. The readers can gain a clear insight to standa...

Human Body Communication (HBC) is an attractive low complexity technology with promising applications in wearable biomedical sensors. In this paper, a simple parametric model based on the finite-element method (FEM) using a full human body model is developed to virtually emulate and examine the HBC channel. FEM allows better modeling and quantifica...

The beacon order and Superframe order parameter values, as defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard specification, constrain the number of data packets that can be transmitted through a network in a given period by inferring the length of the network’s active and inactive periods. Choosing a specific value of either parameter can have significant impa...

With the number of wireless smart devices growing rapidly due to the constant technological advances and product availability, significant effort has been put into optimizing their functioning to achieve the best possible performance. Using a wireless device usually implies them having an integrated power supply, and often without a possibility of...

The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is communication network of a mobile node without any prior infrastructure of communication. The network does not have any static support; it dynamically creates the network as per requirement by using available mobile nodes. This network has a challenging security problem. The security issue mainly contains a deni...

Independent living of older adults is one of the main challenges linked to the ageing population. Especially those living with diseases like COPD, MCI or frailty, need more support in everyday life and this is by itself a big societal challenge with impact in multiple sectors. In this paper we present eWALL, an innovative open-source eHealth platfo...

eWALL framework, under development in the European eWALL project (project no. 610658: “eWALL for Active Long Living”) is meant for care of population with age related impairments, mild dementia and COPD. Expanded eWALL (e2WALL) is planned to be an integrated quality framework for long-term care services which will cover very different types of care...

Due to development of different technologies there has been significant improvement in quality of life. As a result of that, average person’s lifetime duration has been increased. That triggers the problem of independent living of senior citizens. One of the main concerns of the world today is how to enable senior citizens to live independently. As...

Wearable sensors are considered to be a key component of cognitive infocommunications systems. These sensors, which are basically enabler of inter-cognitive communication, will provide physical interfaces between humans and future information and communication technology (ICT) devices. Due to their small size, such sensors are often powered by smal...

The Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less network of mobile component without any prior structure of communication within the network. The primary major challenge is security and privacy while communicating mobile nodes in the network because of open environment of the MANET. MANETs are vulnerable to Packet Drop Attack is a type o...

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are widely used in military and civilian applications. The dynamic topology of MANETs allows nodes to join and leave the network at any point of time. This general characteristic of MANET has rendered it susceptible to security attacks. The black hole attack is a well known severely occurring security threat in wirel...

MANET is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure less networks consisting of mobile devices which are connected by no any wired connection. Mobile devices are always in moving state. While transmission of data from one node to another the nodes establish a path with the help of intermediate nodes. Due to the mobility of nodes in the network...

Software Defined Radio systems are predicted to be radio access networks of next generation in all kind of wireless communications systems. Their use is not limited to radio front end that is first chosen for system operation. They can be upgraded by time as system needs changes or evolves which gives them radio front end flexibility never seen bef...

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) operate like self organizing entity. The mobile nodes are operate in a host as well as in a router and dynamic topology. In MANET every network node operates autonomously. It has limited resources like power, bandwidth and storage capacity. Selection of a propagation model plays the vital role of application possibili...

New ordinance proposal regulating protection from electromagnetic (EM) fields in Croatia has been written, and it is currently in the evaluation process. This paper gives an overview of that proposal, compared with the current regulation and the ICNIRP 1998 recommendation. Proposed electromagnetic fields legal requirements were challenge taking int...

The cognitive radio technology is the new paradigm to fulfill ever increasing need of bandwidth ultimately the radio spectrum by accommodating the radio spectrum dynamically to secondary users/unlicensed users without causing the interference. In cognitive radio, the spectrum opportunities have been checked for Space, Time and frequency dimensions...

Radiofrequency (RF) localization is used in many fields of daily routine of almost everyone. It is becoming crucial application in many fields, starting from industry to everyday life. Location is calculated using radio waves in many applications such as GPS system, indoor localization using WLAN system, localization based on mobile network paramet...

Radiofrequency positioning problem within indoor space becomes significant with respect to the specific area for which the radiolocation is required. The area of interest may be an apartment, shop or storage area of any shape and size. The specificity of the space defines various requirements on the radiolocation system and the need for software th...

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of communication devices or nodes that wish to communicate without any fixed infrastructure and predetermined organization of available links. Security is a major challenge for these networks owing to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies. A black hole is a malicious node that f...

By doing business the old way, retail chains don't use all the potential of developed technologies in order to increase their efficiency. Cash register lines optimization system uses RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to follow the number of shopping carts and baskets in front of cash register. Developed system consists of RFID reader...

The main aim of this paper is making connections between modern technologies, architecture and art, i.e. how to increase the interest for cultural sights and facilitate the retrieval of desirable information with use of modern technologies. Smart phones dominate worldwide mobile phone market and they are mainly used for display and information retr...

The cognitive radio has been proposed to meet the ever increasing demand of the radio spectrum by allocating the spectrum dynamically to secondary users on non-interfering basis. But, the conventional spectrum sensing methods seek for spectrum opportunities in either of three dimensions viz. time, frequency and space. However, other dimensions like...

In this paper, MIMO OFDM-CDMA downlink scheme is proposed as a solution for performance improvements of the OFDM-CDMA downlink system with pilot tone and threshold detection combining (optimum TDC). The new presented system with MIMO included uses space-time block coding applied to two, three and four transmit antennas. BER (Bit Error Rate) perform...

In this paper we present a new simple cooperative scheme for achieving 4th order diversity. The proposed scheme is compared with simple cooperative schemes with virtual orthogonal space time block coding (OSTBC) and quasi orthogonal space time block coding (QOSTBC). Every of these three schemes includes one base station with two antennas, two relay...

With Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) schemes employing digital signal processing algorithms in its smart antenna systems, it is possible to improve the system capacity of modern wireless communication systems by enabling user's angular separation. Angular separation ability enhances reception in Signal-of-Interest direction and minimizes inte...

Since the spectrum is a scarce natural resource, sensing a spectrum is an important part of Green Engineering. The cognitive radio has been proposed to meet the ever increasing demand of the radio spectrum by allocating the spectrum dynamically to allow unlicensed access on non-interfering basis. But, the conventional spectrum sensing methods are s...

With the average human life span increasing significantly due to numerous achievements in medical science, the need to modify the residential environments of individuals has grown accordingly. Some of these changes involve building fast and responsive systems designed to continuously monitor the activities within the space they are situated in. Suc...

In this paper, incorporation of MISO concept is proposed as a solution for increasing energy efficiency and improving BER performance of OFDMCDMA downlink system with pilot tone and threshold detection combining (optimum TDC). The new presented system with MISO included uses spacetime block coding applied to two, three and four transmit antennas. B...

In this paper we investigate the impact of different routing techniques on energy consumption in sensor networks with a central node. When multi-hop transmissions are used the sensors stationed closer to the central node will have to relay a large amount of traffic and expend their batteries faster. This leads to the "energy hole" problem ultimatel...

Ambient intelligence (AmI) is a multidisciplinary paradigm based on the Invisible Computer and Ubiquitous Computing. In AmI, technologies are deployed to make computers disappear in the background, while the human user moves into the foreground in complete control of the augmented environment. AmI is a user-centric paradigm, it supports a variety o...

The mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) technology is a self organized wireless interconnection of communication devices without the use of any fixed network infrastructure/backbone. The performance of Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol are two MANET protocol. This paper presents the performance analysis co...

The mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) are an emerging research area with applications. It has features like working as a router, dynamic topology and autonomous. In MANET, nodes have limited resources like battery power, storage space and bandwidth. There is a need to do more research for Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in MANET as compared to wire li...

The eCall is a public safety telecommunication service introduced and fostered by the European Commission, expected to become available nation-wide in the EU member states since 2014. Aimed to provide the automatic notification of a road traffic accident and a prioritised communication link between the vehicle occupants and a public safety answerin...

The complexity of wireless system requires a careful design, especially related to bandwidth and energy efficiency. The energy efficiency is getting more and more on importance, due to increasing penetration of various wireless systems in different battery-oriented applications, as well as due to the more conscious global view on the need for “gree...

Bandwidth efficiency is very important parameter, because it relates to frequency spectrum, which is naturally, limited resource. The cognitive radio has been proposed as the future technology to meet the ever increasing demand of the radio spectrum by allocating the spectrum dynamically to allow unlicensed access on non-interfering basis. Conventi...

The complexity of wireless networks requires careful design with special attention to energy and bandwidth efficiency. The energy efficiency is of more importance due to increasing penetration of wireless systems in different battery-operated applications as well as more conscious global view on the need for "Greening the Earth". Bandwidth efficien...

mobile ad-hoc networks are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. MANET has features like self organizing, working as router as well as host having dynamic topology. In MANET, nodes have limited resources like bandwidth, battery power and storage capacity. Gray hole attack is a kind of denial of service (DoS) attack in mobile ad hoc network...

This paper presents a radio environment mapping method developed for use with ad-hoc wireless networks. Variations of the mapping algorithm were implemented in environment visualization office simulation platform developed in Matlab as a result of cooperation between Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia, an...

In the entire world the wireless communication systems are represented by 2G and 3G systems with all stages of evolution towards 4G systems. The complexity of wireless networks requires a careful design, especially related to bandwidth and energy efficiency. Bandwidth efficiency is very important parameter, because it relates to frequency spectrum,...

In cognitive radio networks, the first cognitive task preceding any form of dynamic spectrum management is the spectrum sensing and identification of spectrum holes in wireless environment. In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is fundamental crucial task. Energy detection method is a basic method, which requires knowledge of noise power but suffers...

Since the spectrum is the scarce resource, spectrum sensing is an important part of Green Engineering. The cognitive radio has been proposed as the future technology to meet the ever increasing demand of the radio spectrum by allocating the spectrum dynamically to allow unlicensed access on non-interfering basis. In cognitive radio, spectrum sensin...

The mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) having features like self organizing, working as router and dynamic topology. In MANET, nodes are limited resources like bandwidth, battery power and storage space. Denial of service (DoS) attacks is common place in mobile ad hoc networks. As compared to wire line DoS attacks there is lack of research for DoS atta...

Around the world static allocation of spectrum scheme is commonly used which is allocated to specific technology based services, such as mobile, fixed, broadcast, fixed satellite and mobile satellite services on exclusive basis. These wireless communication systems are representatives of 2G and 3G systems with all evolution phases towards 4G system...

700MHz band attracted many researchers and stakeholders for mobile communications by providing a rare opportunity to have cost effective wireless solutions due to its excellent propagation characteristics compared to GSM 1800 MHz, 2.1 GHz or 2.5 GHz bands for 3G/BWA. In India, 698-806 MHz more specific 700MHz band mainly used by TV broadcast servic...

There is a global coordinated move for Digital Switchover (DSO) by discontinuing analogue TV transmission. In India the frequency band 470-806 MHz has been allotted to Fixed, mobile broadcasting services on primary basis and 698-806 MHz more specific 700MHz band mainly used by TV broadcast services. This Digital Dividend offers real opportunities f...

This article investigates wireless sensor network energy efficiency through sensor power demands and optimization of sensor power efficiency with cognitive radio and smart routing for use in green communications. Increase of energy efficiency of a local wireless sensor network for a predefined residential area using a smart routing system simulator...

In today's corporate world, many small businesses, as well as big commercial companies, manage small or large number of vehicles on which their business depends on. One of the main factors in leading an efficient business proved to be commanding a fleet of vehicles in the best and most efficient way. This basically means providing the route, which...

The power grid is aging, congested and faces new challenges and stresses that put at risk its ability to reliably deliver power to an economy that is increasingly dependent on electricity. A growing recognition of the need to modernize the grid to meet tomorrow's challenges has found articulation in the vision of a smart grid. The essence of this v...

The basic idea of cognitive radio is to reuse the spectrum whenever it finds the spectrum holes in wireless environment. In cognitive radio spectrum sensing is the fundamental problem. Energy detection method is the simplest method but suffers from noise uncertainty problem. Covariance absolute value exploits space-time signal correlation. In this...

Concept of wireless communication systems which use smart antennas is based on digital signal processing algorithms. Thus, the smart antennas systems become capable to locate and track signals by both: users and interferers and dynamically adapts the antenna pattern to enhance the reception in Signal-Of-Interest direction and minimizing interferenc...

Ubiquitous electromagnetic fields in the human environment ask for definition of interaction mechanisms to understand hazards from exposure of human body. Even though industrial and medical applications of electromagnetic fields are present in the human society more than hundred years, the interaction mechanisms of electromagnetic fields and human...

The paper discusses various aspects of modern health care transdisciplinarity, comprising of three important scientific domains: biomedicine and molecular biosciences, social sciences and information and communications technologies. The transdisciplinarity gives support not only to inclusion policy of European Commission, but also to increased effi...

Harmonization of regulation is always a time and energy consuming process. This is especially the case if the scientific evidence differs very much. This is the reason why World Health Organization developed the standard data base, as the first step for enabling harmonization process.

The objective of the work was to make a simple wireless one channel limited (3-lead) home electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission system for home and ambulance use. The wireless ECG monitoring system significantly improves the quality of life of the cardiac patients, reflected primarily in the permanent monitoring. In case of an accident, an immediate...

Advanced speech call items (ASCI) are a special set of speech call services designed on top of GSM standard to fulfill the requirements of International Union of Railways (in French Union Internationale des Chemins de fer - UIC). In collaboration with ETSI, railways' working-group EIRENE formed a set of functional and system requirement specificati...

This paper discusses dosimetry of electromagnetic fields designed for future Body Area Networks (BAN). Electromagnetic dosimetry, which quantifies the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological material, is primarily used for evaluation of human exposures due to wireless devices generating electromagnetic fields. The calculation of total...

SEMCAD is an electromagnetic simulation platform based on the finite difference time domain method, FDTD, with an especial feature of calculating specific absorption rate, SAR. SAR is a value corresponding to the power absorbed by the human tissue while exposed to microwave radiation. For antenna designers and cellular phone companies, this value i...

During the recent years, in relation with man's continuously changing environment, the problem about the complex monitoring of electromagnetic pollution attracts the increasing attention of both scientists and national authorities. The topicality of the problem lies in the increasing interest towards the local-, regional-, and global-aspect study a...

Electromagnetic dosimetry, which quantifies the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological material, is primarily used for the evaluation of human exposures due to mobile wireless devices generating electromagnetic fields. The term dosimetry refers to the absorbed energy in an object, while exposimetry encompasses external field measurem...

This paper gives an overview of the regulatory acts in non-ionising radiation in the world, with a special emphasis on basic guidelines issued by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). ICNIRP Guidelines are implemented in many countries worldwide. Croatia has also implemented them indirectly through the European...

Europe is the only region in the world with common legislative acts regulating exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) for both the general public and workers. Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC deals with the limitation of exposure of the general public to EMF (0 Hz-300 GHz). Directive 2004/40/EC regulates the minimum health and safety requiremen...

The rapid growth of mobile communications has not only led to a rising number of mobile telephones. It has also made base stations essential for these services widespread on many roofs. However, not everyone is aware that working close to sources of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), such as transmitter antennas for mobile phones, pagers...

This paper gives an overview of the regulatory acts in non-ionising radiation in the world, with a special emphasis on basic guidelines issued by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). ICNIRP Guidelines are implemented in many countries worldwide. Croatia has also implemented them indirectly through the European...

The strength of electromagnetic fields (EMF) to which humans are exposed has been increasing gradually with the growth of electric power generation and transmission, the development of new telecommunication systems, and advances in medical and industrial applications. Although the health effects of EMF on humans have been of research interest for s...

This paper describes the laboratory of "Microwave Communications" and its aims. User interface and its parameters are presented. A detailed description is given on the propagation simulation software used for reflection and diffraction calculations. Results from the student's view are provided, as well as the results achieved in improvement of educ...

Presented here is software for indoor signal strength prediction. Software parameters and calculation process using beam tracing for fast and accurate prediction are explained. Also given is the measurement equipment and setup used to verify the calculation process in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Received signal strength was measured inside an office buil...

This paper presents a fast and accurate method for indoor signal strength prediction. Method is based on pathloss precalculation for the whole coverage area of an access point in free space. Resulting matrix and object masks are used to calculate signal strength for all points simultaneously minimizing the number of needed calculations and reducing...

WLAN and Bluetooth both operate in the 2.4 GHz band and are seen as sharing the same environment. Due to their similar purposes, an interference issue has to be taken into account when planning collocation for these systems. SEAMCAT (spectrum engineering advanced Monte Carlo analysis tool) is the software implementation of a Monte Carlo radio simul...

The paper discusses measurements of different tissue simulating liquids, containing only sugar, salt, and water, that will match the goals values given by the recently issued CENELEC EN 50361 at mobile telephone frequencies and of IEEE std. 1528-200X. More specifically, measurements are performed at frequency of GSM system, i.e. 900 MHz. Requiremen...

Detailed coverage and capacity planning is of great importance when planning and designing a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) system. Using simulation software developed for educational purposes, we have calculated WCDMA FDD network basic coverage and the dependence on cell loading and on the service used. We present the results obtai...

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Far-field measurements with a spectrum analyzer and two different dipole antennas have been performed. The dipoles were tuned for the GSM and DECT frequency range. The results show that measured values in the working area and corridor are significantly lower (five orders of magnitude) than maximum permissible exposure levels in corresponding freque...

The dosimetry of electromagnetic fields in the radiofrequency part of the spectrum (3 kHz to 300 GHz) is a discipline oriented to determine the amount of absorbed energy in an object exposed to electromagnetic fields. Special attention of RF dosimetry has been focused to the pulsed fields dosimetry, because of a variety of applied sources using pul...

An application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become a part of the every-day medical diagnostics resulted in an interest in related possible human health effects. An appropriate way of a calculation of a RF electromagnetic energy deposition in the human body is performing a numerical simulation. These calculations have been performed for t...