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Perioperative pain management for appendicectomy: A systematic review and Procedure-specific Postoperative Pain Management recommendations

Authors:
Jacob C Freys
Jacob C Freys
Jacob C Freys
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Stephan M Bigalke
Stephan M Bigalke
Stephan M Bigalke
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Moritz Mertes at University of Münster
Moritz Mertes
Dileep N Lobo at University of Nottingham
Dileep N Lobo
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Abstract

Background: Despite being a commonly performed surgical procedure, pain management for appendicectomy is often neglected because of insufficient evidence on the most effective treatment options. Objective: To provide evidence-based recommendations by assessing the available literature for optimal pain management after appendicectomy. Design and data sources: This systematic review-based guideline was conducted according to the PROSPECT methodology. Relevant randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the English language from January 1999 to October 2022 were retrieved from MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Databases using PRISMA search protocols. Eligibility criteria: We included studies on adults and children. If articles reported combined data from different surgeries, they had to include specific information about appendicectomies. Studies needed to measure pain intensity using a visual analogue scale (VAS) or a numerical rating scale (NRS). Studies that did not report the precise appendicectomy technique were excluded. Results: Out of 1388 studies, 94 met the inclusion criteria. Based on evidence and consensus, the PROSPECT members agreed that basic analgesics [paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)] should be administered perioperatively for open and laparoscopic appendicectomies. A laparoscopic approach is preferred because of lower pain scores. Additional recommendations for laparoscopic appendicectomies include a three-port laparoscopic approach and the instillation of intraperitoneal local anaesthetic. For open appendicectomy, a preoperative unilateral transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block is recommended. If not possible, preincisional infiltration with local anaesthetics is an alternative. Opioids should only be used as rescue analgesia. Limited evidence exists for TAP block in laparoscopic appendicectomy, analgesic adjuvants for TAP block, continuous wound infiltration after open appendicectomy and preoperative ketamine and dexamethasone. Recommendations apply to children and adults. Conclusion: This review identified an optimal analgesic regimen for open and laparoscopic appendicectomy. Further randomised controlled trials should evaluate the use of regional analgesia and wound infiltrations with adequate baseline analgesia, especially during the recommended conventional three-port approach. Registration: The protocol for this study was registered with the PROSPERO database (Registration No. CRD42023387994).
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Single-incision compared with conventional laparoscopy for appendectomy in acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
  • INT J COLORECTAL DIS
Objective A meta-analysis of the relevant literature evaluated the feasibility, safety, and potential benefits of single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy (SILA) relative to those of conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (CLA). Methods The major biomedical databases, including ClinicalTrials.gov, were searched up to January 2022 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). SILA and CLA were compared regarding patient body mass index, operative time, and perioperative complications. The Cochrane Handbook and RevMan 5.3 were used to judge trial quality and perform the meta-analysis, respectively. Results The 17 included RCTs comprised 2068 patients, of whom 1039 and 1029 patients underwent SILA and CLA, respectively. The operative time for SILA was longer than that for CLA (MD = 8.35 min, 95% CI = 6.58 to 10.11, P < 0.00001), but the cosmetic results from SILA were superior (SMD = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.58 to 1.03, P < 0.00001). However, the incidence rates were similar in terms of patient body mass index; postoperative pain scores; and rates of abdominal abscess, conversion to open surgery, ileus, surgical site infection, and overall perioperative complications between the two groups. Conclusion SILA is a safe technique for acute appendicitis, and its cosmetic outcomes are superior to those of CLA.
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Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block and lateral approach quadratus lumborum block after laparoscopic appendectomy: A randomized controlled trial
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2022
Background Laparoscopic appendectomy is the most performed emergency surgical technique worldwide. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks, which are easier to achieve with ultrasound, are frequently used in multimodal analgesia techniques for this surgery. Quadratus lumborum (QL) block has become a standard block, first used in gynecological and other abdominal surgeries. This study was planned to compare the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided QL and TAP blocks for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic appendectomy. Materials and methods A total of 136 patients aged 18–65 years who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy were randomized and divided into two groups. A volume of 40 ml of local anesthetic containing 0.375% bupivacaine was administered for block applications in group TAP (n = 68) and group QL (n = 68). In addition, a patient-controlled analgesia device was used to administer bolus tramadol hydrochloride at a dose of 10 mg to relieve pain in the postoperative period. Postoperative opioid consumption of patients was recorded as the primary outcome and pain scores (1, 6, 12, 18, 24 h) as the secondary outcome. Results Both groups were statistically similar in demographic and surgical data. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups over 24 hours in terms of intraoperative remifentanil consumption (p = 0.584), postoperative cumulative opioid consumption (p = 0.807), and pain scores. No complications were observed in either group related to the block. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided lateral approach QL block may provide adequate analgesia efficacy in patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy, like TAP block, and may be included in multimodal analgesia in pain control.
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Developing consensus on core outcome domains for assessing effectiveness in perioperative pain management: results of the PROMPT/IMI-PainCare Delphi Meeting
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2021
Postoperative pain management is still insufficient, leading to major deficits, including patient suffering, impaired surgical recovery, long-term opioid intake, and post-surgical chronic pain. Yet, identifying the best treatment options refers to a heterogeneous outcome assessment in clinical trials, not reflecting relevant pain-related aspects after surgery, and therefore hamper evidence synthesis. Establishing a core outcome set for perioperative pain management of acute pain after surgery may overcome such limitations. An international, stepwise consensus process on outcome domains ("what to measure") for pain management after surgery, e.g., after total knee arthroplasty, sternotomy, breast surgery, and surgery related to endometriosis, was performed. The process, guided by a steering committee, involved 9 international stakeholder groups and patient representatives. The face-to-face meeting was prepared by systematic literature searches identifying common outcome domains for each of the 4 surgical procedures and included break-out group sessions, world-café formats, plenary panel discussions, and final voting. The panel finally suggested an overall core outcome set for perioperative pain management with 5 core outcome domains: physical function (in terms of a condition-specific measurement), pain intensity at rest, pain intensity during activity, adverse events, and self-efficacy. Innovative aspects of this work were inclusion of the psychological domain self-efficacy, as well as the specific assessment of pain intensity during activity and physical function recommended to be assessed in a condition-specific manner. The IMI-PROMPT COS seeks to improve assessing efficacy and effectiveness of perioperative pain management in any clinical and observational studies as well as in clinical practice.
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Same-day discharge after appendectomy for acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2021
  • INT J COLORECTAL DIS
Purpose Patients presenting with acute appendicitis are usually hospitalized for a few days for appendectomy and postoperative recovery. Shortening length of stay may reduce costs and improve patient satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of same-day discharge after appendectomy for acute appendicitis. Methods A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search of EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar was conducted from inception to April 14, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the literature and selected studies that addressed discharge on the same calendar day as the appendectomy. Risk of bias was assessed with the ROBINS-I tool. Main outcomes were hospital readmission, complications, and unplanned hospital visits in the postoperative course. A random effects model was used to pool risk ratios for the main outcomes. Results Of the 1912 articles screened, 17 comparative studies and 8 non-comparative studies met the inclusion criteria. Most only included laparoscopic procedure for uncomplicated appendicitis. Most studies were considered at moderate or serious risk of bias. In meta-analysis, same-day discharge (vs. overnight hospitalization) was not associated with increased rates of readmission, complication, and unplanned hospital visits. Non-comparative studies demonstrated low rates of readmission, complications, and unplanned hospital visits after same-day discharge. Conclusion This study suggests that same-day discharge after laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis is safe without an increased risk of readmission, complications, or unplanned hospital visits. Hence, same-day discharge may be further encouraged in selected patients. Trial registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018115948
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The effect of inhalation aromatherapy of geranium on pain and physiological indices after appendectomy: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
Introduction The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with sweet-scented geranium essential oil on pain and physiological indices after appendectomy. Methods This double-blind clinical trial was performed on 120 patients undergoing appendectomy. Aromatherapy was performed with 1% sweet-scented geranium and sweet almond oil in the experimental placebo groups, respectively. Physiological symptoms were recorded before induction of anesthesia, before surgery, 30 minutes and 4 hours after surgery. The control group received no intervention and only pain intensity and physiological indices were recorded in the mentioned stages. The placebo group underwent sweet almond essential oil aromatherapy. Data collection tools included demographic information form, physiological index checklist, and visual pain scale. Results Results of 7 measurements showed significant differences between the experimental and placebo groups as well as the experimental and control groups in terms of mean heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood oxygen percentage, and pain (P<0.001). Conclusion Results of the present study showed that the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with sweet-scented geranium essential oil after appendectomy reduces pain and physiological indices. Therefore, the above aromatherapy can be used as a complementary treatment along with other treatments.
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PROSPECT guideline for tonsillectomy: systematic review and procedure‐specific postoperative pain management recommendations
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2020
Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures; however, pain management remains challenging. Procedure-specific efficacy as well as specific risks of treatment options should guide selection of pain management protocols based on evidence and should optimise analgesia without harm. The aims of this systematic review were to evaluate the available literature and develop recommendations for optimal pain management after tonsillectomy. A systematic review utilising preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines with procedure-specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) methodology was undertaken. Randomised controlled trials published in the English language up to November 2019 assessing postoperative pain using analgesic, anaesthetic or surgical interventions were identified. Out of the 719 potentially eligible studies identified, 226 randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, excluding the studies examining surgical techniques. Pre-operative and intra-operative interventions that improved postoperative pain were paracetamol; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; intravenous dexamethasone; ketamine (only assessed in children); gabapentinoids; dexmedetomidine; honey; and acupuncture. Inconsistent evidence was found for local anaesthetic infiltration; antibiotics; and magnesium sulphate. Limited evidence was found for clonidine. The analgesic regimen for tonsillectomy should include paracetamol; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and intravenous dexamethasone, with opioids as rescue analgesics. Analgesic adjuncts such as intra-operative and postoperative acupuncture as well as postoperative honey are also recommended. Ketamine (only for children); dexmedetomidine; or gabapentinoids may be considered when some of the first-line analgesics are contra-indicated. Further randomised controlled trials are required to define risk and combination of drugs most effective for postoperative pain relief after tonsillectomy.
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Postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal cancer surgery does not increase anastomotic leak rate; A systematic review and meta-analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2020
  • EJSO-EUR J SURG ONC
Background Evidence on the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on anastomotic leak (AL) rate after colorectal surgery is conflicting. Effects of NSAIDs might depend on the underlying disease. This meta-analysis aimed to review the effect of NSAIDs on AL rate in a homogeneous colorectal cancer patient population. Methods A systematic literature search using MEDLINE and EMBASE database was performed for studies with AL as primary outcome comparing NSAID use in the early postoperative phase with no NSAID administration in colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgical resection. Results Nine studies including 10,868 patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority, 7689 patients (70.7%) underwent low anterior resection and 3050 patients (28.1%) underwent colonic resection. The pooled incidence of AL was 8.6% (95%CI 7.0–10.0). Overall AL rate after colorectal cancer surgery was not increased in patients using NSAIDs for postoperative analgesia compared to non-users (p = 0.34, RR 1.23; 95%CI 0.81–1.86). This effect remained non-significant after stratification for low anterior resections (p = 0.07). Stratification for colonic resections could not be performed because AL results for this subgroup were not reported separately. Neither non-selective NSAID use nor COX-2 selective NSAID use caused an increased AL rate (p = 0.19, p = 0.26). The results were robust throughout sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Use of NSAIDs in cohorts with patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer does not increase overall AL rate. Since results were robust throughout several subgroup and sensitivity analyses, prescription of NSAIDs after colorectal cancer surgery seems safe.
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Single-port laparoscopic appendicectomy versus conventional three-port approach for acute appendicitis: A systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised controlled trials
Article
  • Mar 2021
  • SURG-J R COLL SURG E
Aims The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare outcomes of single-port laparoscopic appendicectomy (SPLA) and conventional three-port laparoscopic appendicectomy (CLA) in the management of acute appendicitis. Methods A comprehensive systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with subsequent meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of outcomes were conducted. Post-operative pain at 12-h, cosmesis, need for an additional port(s), operative time, port-site hernia, ileus, surgical site infection (SSI), intra-abdominal collection, length of hospital stay (LOS), readmission, and reoperation were the evaluated outcome parameters. Results Sixteen RCTs with total number of 2017 patients who underwent SPLA (n = 1009) or CLA (n = 1008) were included. SPLA was associated with a significantly higher cosmetic score (MD 1.11, P= 0.03) but significantly longer operative time (MD 7.08, P = 0.00001) compared to CLA. However, the difference was not significant between SPLA and CLA in the post-operative pain score at 12-h (MD −0.13, P = 0.69), need for additional port(s) (RR0.03, P = 0.07), port-site hernia (RD: 0.00, P = 0.68), ileus (RR 0.74, P = 0.51), SSI (RR 1.38, P = 0.28), post-operative intra-abdominal collection (RR 0.00, P = 0.62), LOS (MD −2.41, P = 0.16), readmission to the hospital (RR 0.45, P = 0.22), and return to theatre (RR 0.00, P = 0.49). Trial sequential analysis demonstrated that the meta-analysis is conclusive for most of the outcomes, except LOS and intra-abdominal collection. Conclusion Although SPLA is associated with a slightly longer operative time, its efficacy and safety are comparable to CLA in management of uncomplicated appendicitis. Moreover, it offers improved post-operative cosmesis. The available evidence is conclusive, and further trials may not be required.
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